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Tessari P, Toffolon A, Vettore M, Iori E, Lante A, Feller E, Rocco EA, Vedovato M, Verlato G, Bellettato M. Neither Incretin or Amino Acid Responses, nor Casein Content, Account for the Equal Insulin Response Following Iso-Lactose Loads of Natural Human and Cow Milk in Healthy Young Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081624. [PMID: 35458186 PMCID: PMC9026711 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains <50% less protein (casein) than cow milk, but is equally effective in insulin secretion despite lower postingestion hyperaminoacidemia. Such potency of human milk might be modulated either by incretins (glucagon-like polypeptide-1,GLP-1); glucose-inhibitory-polypeptide, GIP), and/or by milk casein content. Healthy volunteers of both sexes were fed iso-lactose loads of two low-protein milks, i.e., human [Hum] (n = 8) and casein-deprived cow milk (Cow [↓Cas]) (n = 10), as well as loads of two high-protein milks, i.e., cow (n = 7), and casein-added human-milk (Hum [↑Cas]) (n = 7). Plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, incretins and amino acid concentrations were measured for 240′. All milks induced the same transient hyperglycemia. The early [20′−30′] insulin and C-peptide responses were comparable among all milk types apart from the low-protein (Cow [↓Cas]) milk, where they were reduced by <50% (p < 0.05 vs. others). When comparing the two high-protein milks, GLP-1 and GIP [5’−20’] responses with the (Hum [↑Cas]) milk were lower (by ≈2−3 fold, p < 0.007 and p < 0.03 respectively) than those with cow milk, whereas incretin secretion was substantially similar. Plasma amino acid increments largely reflected the milk protein content. Thus, neither casein milk content, nor incretin or amino acid concentrations, can account for the specific potency of human milk on insulin secretion, which remains as yet unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tessari
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandro Toffolon
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vettore
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Elisabetta Iori
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Anna Lante
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals & Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35123 Padova, Italy;
| | - Emiliano Feller
- Centrale del Latte di Vicenza Spa, via A. Faedo 60, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Alma Rocco
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Monica Vedovato
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), Diabetes and Metabolism Division, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.T.); (M.V.); (E.I.); (E.A.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Giovanna Verlato
- Department of Pediatrics, Padova City Hospital, via Giustiniani 1, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Massimo Bellettato
- Department of Pediatrics, Vicenza City Hospital, viale Rodolfi, 37, 36100 Vicenza, Italy;
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Prado DML, Rocco EA, Silva AG, Rocco DF, Pacheco MT, Furlan V. Effect of exercise training on ventilatory efficiency in patients with heart disease: a review. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:S0100-879X2016000700301. [PMID: 27332771 PMCID: PMC4918788 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20165180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of ventilatory efficiency in cardiopulmonary exercise testing has proven useful for assessing the presence and severity of cardiorespiratory diseases. During exercise, efficient pulmonary gas exchange is characterized by uniform matching of lung ventilation with perfusion. By contrast, mismatching is marked by inefficient pulmonary gas exchange, requiring increased ventilation for a given CO2 production. The etiology of increased and inefficient ventilatory response to exercise in heart disease is multifactorial, involving both peripheral and central mechanisms. Exercise training has been recommended as non-pharmacological treatment for patients with different chronic cardiopulmonary diseases. In this respect, previous studies have reported improvements in ventilatory efficiency after aerobic exercise training in patients with heart disease. Against this background, the primary objective of the present review was to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in abnormal ventilatory response to exercise, with an emphasis on both patients with heart failure syndrome and coronary artery disease. Secondly, special focus was dedicated to the role of aerobic exercise training in improving indices of ventilatory efficiency among these patients, as well as to the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M L Prado
- Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP , Brasil, Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E A Rocco
- Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP , Brasil, Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A G Silva
- Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP , Brasil, Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP , Brasil, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - D F Rocco
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP , Brasil, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - M T Pacheco
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP , Brasil, Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - V Furlan
- Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP , Brasil, Grupo TotalCare-Amil, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Prado DML, Rocco EA, Silva AG, Rocco DF, Pacheco MT, Silva PF, Furlan V. Effects of continuous vs interval exercise training on oxygen uptake efficiency slope in patients with coronary artery disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2016; 49:e4890. [PMID: 26871969 PMCID: PMC4742972 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20154890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) is a submaximal index incorporating
cardiovascular, peripheral, and pulmonary factors that determine the ventilatory
response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of
continuous exercise training and interval exercise training on the OUES in patients
with coronary artery disease. Thirty-five patients (59.3±1.8 years old; 28 men, 7
women) with coronary artery disease were randomly divided into two groups: continuous
exercise training (n=18) and interval exercise training (n=17). All patients
performed graded exercise tests with respiratory gas analysis before and 3 months
after the exercise-training program to determine ventilatory anaerobic threshold
(VAT), respiratory compensation point, and peak oxygen consumption (peak
VO2). The OUES was assessed based on data from the second minute of
exercise until exhaustion by calculating the slope of the linear relation between
oxygen uptake and the logarithm of total ventilation. After the interventions, both
groups showed increased aerobic fitness (P<0.05). In addition, both the continuous
exercise and interval exercise training groups demonstrated an increase in OUES
(P<0.05). Significant associations were observed in both groups: 1) continuous
exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.57; OUES and VO2 VAT
r=0.57); 2) interval exercise training (OUES and peak VO2 r=0.80; OUES and
VO2 VAT r=0.67). Continuous and interval exercise training resulted in
a similar increase in OUES among patients with coronary artery disease. These
findings suggest that improvements in OUES among CAD patients after aerobic exercise
training may be dependent on peripheral and central mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M L Prado
- Amil, Grupo TotalCare, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - E A Rocco
- Amil, Grupo TotalCare, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A G Silva
- Amil, Grupo TotalCare, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - D F Rocco
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - M T Pacheco
- Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos, SP, Brasil
| | - P F Silva
- Amil, Grupo TotalCare, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - V Furlan
- Amil, Grupo TotalCare, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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