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Gordon KS, Kyung T, Perez CR, Holec PV, Ramos A, Zhang AQ, Agarwal Y, Liu Y, Koch CE, Starchenko A, Joughin BA, Lauffenburger DA, Irvine DJ, Hemann MT, Birnbaum ME. Author Correction: Screening for CD19-specific chimaeric antigen receptors with enhanced signalling via a barcoded library of intracellular domains. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:599-602. [PMID: 36737667 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khloe S Gordon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caleb R Perez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick V Holec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Azucena Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Angela Q Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Health, Science, and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine E Koch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael E Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
- Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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2
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Emming S, Monteleone MM, Kambara H, Starchenko A, Alley J, Nolan MA, Li W, Kilty I, Schroder K. Quantifying Cell Death Induced by the NLRC4 Inflammasome. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2696:199-210. [PMID: 37578724 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3350-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The Nod-like Receptor (NLR) apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIPs) are cytosolic receptors that sense cytosolic bacterial proteins. NAIP ligation induces its association with NLRC4, leading to the assembly of the NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome, which induces the activation of the caspase-1 protease. Caspase-1 then cleaves pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, pro-IL-18, and gasdermin D and induces a form of pro-inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. These processes culminate in host defense against bacterial infection. Here we describe methods for activating NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome signalling in human and murine macrophages and quantifying inflammasome-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Emming
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Mercedes M Monteleone
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Li
- Quench Bio, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Kate Schroder
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, and Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.
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3
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Gordon KS, Kyung T, Perez CR, Holec PV, Ramos A, Zhang AQ, Agarwal Y, Liu Y, Koch C, Starchenko A, Joughin BA, Lauffenburger DA, Irvine DJ, Hemann MT, Birnbaum ME. Screening for CD19-specific chimaeric antigen receptors with enhanced signalling via a barcoded library of intracellular domains. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:855-866. [PMID: 35710755 PMCID: PMC9389442 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunostimulatory intracellular domains (ICDs) of chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) are essential for converting antigen recognition into antitumoural function. Although there are many possible combinations of ICDs, almost all current CARs rely on combinations of CD3𝛇, CD28 and 4-1BB. Here we show that a barcoded library of 700,000 unique CD19-specific CARs with diverse ICDs cloned into lentiviral vectors and transduced into Jurkat T cells can be screened at high throughput via cell sorting and next-generation sequencing to optimize CAR signalling for antitumoural functions. By using this screening approach, we identified CARs with new ICD combinations that, compared with clinically available CARs, endowed human primary T cells with comparable tumour control in mice and with improved proliferation, persistence, exhaustion and cytotoxicity after tumour rechallenge in vitro. The screening strategy can be adapted to other disease models, cell types and selection conditions, and could be used to improve adoptive cell therapies and to expand their utility to new disease indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khloe S. Gordon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Taeyoon Kyung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Caleb R. Perez
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Patrick V. Holec
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Azucena Ramos
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Angela Q. Zhang
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Health, Science, and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Catherine Koch
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Brian A. Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael T. Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael E. Birnbaum
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology Centre, Singapore 138602, Singapore,Ragon Institute of MIT, MGH, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA,Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to M.E.B.
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4
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Suarez-Lopez L, Shui B, Brubaker DK, Hill M, Bergendorf A, Changelian PS, Laguna A, Starchenko A, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. Cross-species transcriptomic signatures predict response to MK2 inhibition in mouse models of chronic inflammation. iScience 2021; 24:103406. [PMID: 34849469 PMCID: PMC8609096 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are genetically complex and exhibit significant inter-patient heterogeneity in disease presentation and therapeutic response. Here, we show that mouse models of IBD exhibit variable responses to inhibition of MK2, a pro-inflammatory serine/threonine kinase, and that MK2 inhibition suppresses inflammation by targeting inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils in murine models. Using a computational approach (TransComp-R) that allows for cross-species comparison of transcriptomic features, we identified an IBD patient subgroup that is predicted to respond to MK2 inhibition, and an independent preclinical model of chronic intestinal inflammation predicted to be non-responsive, which we validated experimentally. Thus, cross-species mouse-human translation approaches can help to identify patient subpopulations in which to deploy new therapies. MK2 kinase inhibition shows variable efficacy in different IBD mouse models TCT and TNFΔARE mice express distinct inflammatory and MK2-responsive genes “Response to MK2i” signature is enriched in monocytes and neutrophils Cross-species modeling identifies patient groups potentially responsive to MK2i
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Suarez-Lopez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bing Shui
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Douglas K. Brubaker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Marza Hill
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alexander Bergendorf
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Paul S. Changelian
- Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Aisha Laguna
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Corresponding author
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5
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Starchenko A, Graves-Deal R, Brubaker D, Li C, Yang Y, Singh B, Coffey RJ, Lauffenburger DA. Cell surface integrin α5ß1 clustering negatively regulates receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in colorectal cancer cells via glycogen synthase kinase 3. Integr Biol (Camb) 2021; 13:153-166. [PMID: 34037774 PMCID: PMC8204629 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a key process within the tissue microenvironment, integrin signaling can influence cell functional responses to growth factor stimuli. We show here that clustering of integrin α5ß1 at the plasma membrane of colorectal cancer-derived epithelial cells modulates their ability to respond to stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)-activating growth factors EGF, NRG and HGF, through GSK3-mediated suppression of Akt pathway. We observed that integrin α5ß1 is lost from the membrane of poorly organized human colorectal tumors and that treatment with the integrin-clustering antibody P4G11 is sufficient to induce polarity in a mouse tumor xenograft model. While adding RTK growth factors (EGF, NRG and HGF) to polarized colorectal cancer cells induced invasion and loss of monolayer formation in 2D and 3D, this pathological behavior could be blocked by P4G11. Phosphorylation of ErbB family members as well as MET following EGF, NRG and HGF treatment was diminished in cells pretreated with P4G11. Focusing on EGFR, we found that blockade of integrin α5ß1 increased EGFR phosphorylation. Since activity of multiple downstream kinase pathways were altered by these various treatments, we employed computational machine learning techniques to ascertain the most important effects. Partial least-squares discriminant analysis identified GSK3 as a major regulator of EGFR pathway activities influenced by integrin α5ß1. Moreover, we used partial correlation analysis to examine signaling pathway crosstalk downstream of EGF stimulation and found that integrin α5ß1 acts as a negative regulator of the AKT signaling cascade downstream of EGFR, with GSK3 acting as a key mediator. We experimentally validated these computational inferences by confirming that blockade of GSK3 activity is sufficient to induce loss of polarity and increase of oncogenic signaling in the colonic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Starchenko
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ramona Graves-Deal
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas Brubaker
- Purdue University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cunxi Li
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuping Yang
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biological Engineering, Cambridge, MA, USA
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6
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Brubaker DK, Kumar MP, Chiswick EL, Gregg C, Starchenko A, Vega PN, Southard-Smith AN, Simmons AJ, Scoville EA, Coburn LA, Wilson KT, Lau KS, Lauffenburger DA. An interspecies translation model implicates integrin signaling in infliximab-resistant inflammatory bowel disease. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/643/eaay3258. [PMID: 32753478 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay3258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy resistance is a major clinical challenge in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), due, in part, to insufficient understanding of disease-site, protein-level mechanisms. Although proteomics data from IBD mouse models exist, data and phenotype discrepancies contribute to confounding translation from preclinical animal models of disease to clinical cohorts. We developed an approach called translatable components regression (TransComp-R) to overcome interspecies and trans-omic discrepancies between mouse models and human subjects. TransComp-R combines mouse proteomic data with patient pretreatment transcriptomic data to identify molecular features discernable in the mouse data that are predictive of patient response to therapy. Interrogating the TransComp-R models revealed activated integrin pathway signaling in patients with anti-TNF-resistant colonic Crohn's disease (cCD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). As a step toward validation, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) on biopsies from a patient with cCD and analyzed publicly available immune cell proteomics data to characterize the immune and intestinal cell types contributing to anti-TNF resistance. We found that ITGA1 was expressed in T cells and that interactions between these cells and intestinal cell types were associated with resistance to anti-TNF therapy. We experimentally showed that the α1 integrin subunit mediated the effectiveness of anti-TNF therapy in human immune cells. Thus, TransComp-R identified an integrin signaling mechanism with potential therapeutic implications for overcoming anti-TNF therapy resistance. We suggest that TransComp-R is a generalizable framework for addressing species, molecular, and phenotypic discrepancies between model systems and patients to translationally deliver relevant biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Brubaker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.,Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Manu P Kumar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan L Chiswick
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cecil Gregg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Paige N Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Austin N Southard-Smith
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Scoville
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Center for Mucosal Inflammation and Cancer, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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Strasser SD, Ghazi PC, Starchenko A, Boukhali M, Edwards A, Suarez-Lopez L, Lyons J, Changelian PS, Monahan JB, Jacobsen J, Brubaker DK, Joughin BA, Yaffe MB, Haas W, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. Substrate-based kinase activity inference identifies MK2 as driver of colitis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 11:301-314. [PMID: 31617572 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating disorder that has few treatment options due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of its molecular pathogenesis. We used multiplexed mass spectrometry to collect high-content information on protein phosphorylation in two different mouse models of IBD. Because the biological function of the vast majority of phosphorylation sites remains unknown, we developed Substrate-based Kinase Activity Inference (SKAI), a methodology to infer kinase activity from phosphoproteomic data. This approach draws upon prior knowledge of kinase-substrate interactions to construct custom lists of kinases and their respective substrate sites, termed kinase-substrate sets that employ prior knowledge across organisms. This expansion as much as triples the amount of prior knowledge available. We then used these sets within the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis framework to infer kinase activity based on increased or decreased phosphorylation of its substrates in a dataset. When applied to the phosphoproteomic datasets from the two mouse models, SKAI predicted largely non-overlapping kinase activation profiles. These results suggest that chronic inflammation may arise through activation of largely divergent signaling networks. However, the one kinase inferred to be activated in both mouse models was mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a serine/threonine kinase that functions downstream of p38 stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment of mice with active colitis with ATI450, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the MK2 pathway, reduced inflammatory signaling in the colon and alleviated the clinical and histological features of inflammation. These studies establish MK2 as a therapeutic target in IBD and identify ATI450 as a potential therapy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Dale Strasser
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Phaedra C Ghazi
- Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Myriam Boukhali
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Amanda Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lucia Suarez-Lopez
- Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jesse Lyons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul S Changelian
- Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Joseph B Monahan
- Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Jon Jacobsen
- Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc., 4320 Forest Park Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Douglas K Brubaker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wilhelm Haas
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute and Division of Genetics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, 320 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Brubaker DK, Paulo JA, Sheth S, Poulin EJ, Popow O, Joughin BA, Strasser SD, Starchenko A, Gygi SP, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. Proteogenomic Network Analysis of Context-Specific KRAS Signaling in Mouse-to-Human Cross-Species Translation. Cell Syst 2019; 9:258-270.e6. [PMID: 31521603 PMCID: PMC6816257 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The highest frequencies of KRAS mutations occur in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The ability to target downstream pathways mediating KRAS oncogenicity is limited by an incomplete understanding of the contextual cues modulating the signaling output of activated K-RAS. We performed mass spectrometry on mouse tissues expressing wild-type or mutant Kras to determine how tissue context and genetic background modulate oncogenic signaling. Mutant Kras dramatically altered the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of preneoplastic and neoplastic colons and pancreases in a context-specific manner. We developed an approach to statistically humanize the mouse networks with data from human cancer and identified genes within the humanized CRC and PDAC networks synthetically lethal with mutant KRAS. Our studies demonstrate the context-dependent plasticity of oncogenic signaling, identify non-canonical mediators of KRAS oncogenicity within the KRAS-regulated signaling network, and demonstrate how statistical integration of mouse and human datasets can reveal cross-species therapeutic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K Brubaker
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joao A Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shikha Sheth
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emily J Poulin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olesja Popow
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Dale Strasser
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Kevin M Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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9
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Belkina AC, Starchenko A, Drake KA, Proctor EA, Pihl RMF, Olson A, Lauffenburger DA, Lin N, Snyder-Cappione JE. Multivariate Computational Analysis of Gamma Delta T Cell Inhibitory Receptor Signatures Reveals the Divergence of Healthy and ART-Suppressed HIV+ Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2783. [PMID: 30568654 PMCID: PMC6290897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with effective viral control, HIV-infected individuals are at a higher risk for morbidities associated with older age than the general population, and these serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) track with plasma inflammatory and coagulation markers. The cell subsets driving inflammation in aviremic HIV infection are not yet elucidated. Also, whether ART-suppressed HIV infection causes premature induction of the inflammatory events found in uninfected elderly or if a novel inflammatory network ensues when HIV and older age co-exist is unclear. In this study we measured combinational expression of five inhibitory receptors (IRs) on seven immune cell subsets and 16 plasma markers from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma samples, respectively, from a HIV and Aging cohort comprised of ART-suppressed HIV-infected and uninfected controls stratified by age (≤35 or ≥50 years old). For data analysis, multiple multivariate computational algorithms [cluster identification, characterization, and regression (CITRUS), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)] were used to determine if immune parameter disparities can distinguish the subject groups and to investigate if there is a cross-impact of aviremic HIV and age on immune signatures. IR expression on gamma delta (γδ) T cells exclusively separated HIV+ subjects from controls in CITRUS analyses and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators from γδ T cells tracked with TIGIT expression among HIV+ subjects. Also, plasma markers predicted the percentages of TIGIT+ γδ T cells in subjects with and without HIV in PSLR models, and a PLS-DA model of γδ T cell IR signatures and plasma markers significantly stratified all four of the subject groups (uninfected younger, uninfected older, HIV+ younger, and HIV+ older). These data implicate γδ T cells as an inflammatory driver in ART-suppressed HIV infection and provide evidence of distinct “inflamm-aging” processes with and without ART-suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nina Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Snyder-Cappione
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Snyder-Cappione JE, Belkina AC, Starchenko A, Drake K, Proctor E, Lauffenburger DA, Browning JL, Olson A, Lin NH. Inhibitory receptor signatures on gamma delta T cells predict ART-suppressed HIV infection, are synergistically altered by HIV and aging, and co-vary with inflammatory plasma analytes. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.182.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Virologically suppressed HIV+ individuals have an increased risk and earlier onset of age-associated diseases such as cardiovascular atherosclerosis, cancer, and osteoporosis, referred to as HIV-Associated Non-AIDS conditions (HANAs). Whether HIV drives HANAs via same mechanisms as normal aging or other processes is unclear. We analyzed PBMC from 45 ART-suppressed HIV+ subjects (20 ≤35yo ‘younger’, 25 ≥50yo ‘older’) and 39 uninfected controls (20 younger, 19 older) with a 16-color flow cytometry panel that measures the inhibitory receptors (IRs) PD-1, TIGIT, CD160, TIM-3, and LAG-3 on CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, NK cells, iNKT cells, and gd T cells. Bioinformatic (CITRUS) analysis revealed that gd T cell IR expression exclusively differentiated HIV+ subjects from controls. Also, a synergistic effect of HIV and aging on TIGIT+ and ≥ 2 IR gd T cell percentages was found. gd T cell functional profiling revealed a positive association between TIGIT expression and spontaneous release of granzymes A and B from HIV+ subjects but not controls. Using supervised multivariate modeling (Partial Least Squares discriminant analysis, PLS) of gd T IR signatures, gd T cell cytokine secretion, and inflammatory plasma analytes, all four subject groups (HIV+ and uninfected, ≤35 and ≥50yo) were effectively distinguished. Also, a statistically significant covariance between gd T cell IR signatures and levels of inflammatory plasma analytes, including IL-6, IL-1b and fibrinogen was found. Our data implicate gd T cells as a key inflammatory driver in ART-suppressed HIV infection and our PLS results suggest a divergence of ART-suppressed HIV inflammation and healthy aging processes, revealing differential “inflammaging” with and without HIV infection.
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11
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Lyons J, Ghazi PC, Starchenko A, Tovaglieri A, Baldwin KR, Poulin EJ, Gierut JJ, Genetti C, Yajnik V, Breault DT, Lauffenburger DA, Haigis KM. The colonic epithelium plays an active role in promoting colitis by shaping the tissue cytokine profile. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2002417. [PMID: 29596476 PMCID: PMC5892915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2002417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic condition driven by loss of homeostasis between the mucosal immune system, the commensal gut microbiota, and the intestinal epithelium. Our goal is to understand how these components of the intestinal ecosystem cooperate to control homeostasis. By combining quantitative measures of epithelial hyperplasia and immune infiltration with multivariate analysis of inter- and intracellular signaling, we identified epithelial mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling as a potential driver of inflammation in a mouse model of colitis. A kinetic analysis of mTOR inhibition revealed that the pathway regulates epithelial differentiation, which in turn controls the cytokine milieu of the colon. Consistent with our in vivo analysis, we found that cytokine expression of organoids grown ex vivo, in the absence of bacteria and immune cells, was dependent on differentiation state. Our study suggests that proper differentiation of epithelial cells is an important feature of colonic homeostasis because of its effect on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Lyons
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phaedra C. Ghazi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alessio Tovaglieri
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine R. Baldwin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily J. Poulin
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jessica J. Gierut
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Casie Genetti
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vijay Yajnik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David T. Breault
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kevin M. Haigis
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Arnold Egloff SA, Du L, Loomans HA, Starchenko A, Su PF, Ketova T, Knoll PB, Wang J, Haddad AQ, Fadare O, Cates JM, Lotan Y, Shyr Y, Clark PE, Zijlstra A. Shed urinary ALCAM is an independent prognostic biomarker of three-year overall survival after cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:722-741. [PMID: 27894096 PMCID: PMC5352192 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins involved in tumor cell migration can potentially serve as markers of invasive disease. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM) promotes adhesion, while shedding of its extracellular domain is associated with migration. We hypothesized that shed ALCAM in biofluids could be predictive of progressive disease. ALCAM expression in tumor (n = 198) and shedding in biofluids (n = 120) were measured in two separate VUMC bladder cancer cystectomy cohorts by immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The primary outcome measure was accuracy of predicting 3-year overall survival (OS) with shed ALCAM compared to standard clinical indicators alone, assessed by multivariable Cox regression and concordance-indices. Validation was performed by internal bootstrap, a cohort from a second institution (n = 64), and treatment of missing data with multiple-imputation. While ALCAM mRNA expression was unchanged, histological detection of ALCAM decreased with increasing stage (P = 0.004). Importantly, urine ALCAM was elevated 17.0-fold (P < 0.0001) above non-cancer controls, correlated positively with tumor stage (P = 0.018), was an independent predictor of OS after adjusting for age, tumor stage, lymph-node status, and hematuria (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.03–2.06; P = 0.002), and improved prediction of OS by 3.3% (concordance-index, 78.5% vs. 75.2%). Urine ALCAM remained an independent predictor of OS after accounting for treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, carcinoma in situ, lymph-node dissection, lymphovascular invasion, urine creatinine, and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02–1.19; P = 0.011). In conclusion, shed ALCAM may be a novel prognostic biomarker in bladder cancer, although prospective validation studies are warranted. These findings demonstrate that markers reporting on cell motility can act as prognostic indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna A Arnold Egloff
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liping Du
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Holli A Loomans
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pei-Fang Su
- Department of Statistics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tatiana Ketova
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Jifeng Wang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ahmed Q Haddad
- Department of Urology, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin M Cates
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Center for Quantitative Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peter E Clark
- Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Andries Zijlstra
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram-Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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13
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Starchenko A, Lauffenburger DA. In vivo systems biology approaches to chronic immune/inflammatory pathophysiology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2018; 52:9-16. [PMID: 29494996 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Systems biology offers an emphasis on integrative computational analysis of complex multi-component processes to enhance capability for predictive insights concerning operation of those processes. The immune system represents a prominent arena in which such processes are manifested for vital roles in physiology and pathology, encompassing dozens of cell types and hundreds of reciprocal interactions. Chronic, debilitating pathologies involving immune system dysregulation have become recognized as increasing in incidence over recent decades. While clinical consequences of immune dysregulation in such pathologies are well characterized, treatment options remain limited and focus on ameliorating symptoms. Because it is difficult to recapitulate more than a severely limited facet of the immune system in vitro, application of systems biology approaches to autoimmune and inflammatory pathophysiology in vivo has opened a new door toward discerning disease sub-groups and developing associated stratification strategies for patient treatment. In particular, early instances of these approaches have demonstrated advances in uncovering previously under-appreciated dysregulation of signaling networks between immune system and tissue cells, raising promise for improving upon current therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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14
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Yang YP, Ma H, Starchenko A, Huh WJ, Li W, Hickman FE, Zhang Q, Franklin JL, Mortlock DP, Fuhrmann S, Carter BD, Ihrie RA, Coffey RJ. A Chimeric Egfr Protein Reporter Mouse Reveals Egfr Localization and Trafficking In Vivo. Cell Rep 2018; 19:1257-1267. [PMID: 28494873 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
EGF receptor (EGFR) is a critical signaling node throughout life. However, it has not been possible to directly visualize endogenous Egfr in mice. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, we appended a fluorescent reporter to the C terminus of the Egfr. Homozygous reporter mice appear normal and EGFR signaling is intact in vitro and in vivo. We detect distinct patterns of Egfr expression in progenitor and differentiated compartments in embryonic and adult mice. Systemic delivery of EGF or amphiregulin results in markedly different patterns of Egfr internalization and trafficking in hepatocytes. In the normal intestine, Egfr localizes to the crypt rather than villus compartment, expression is higher in adjacent epithelium than in intestinal tumors, and following colonic injury expression appears in distinct cell populations in the stroma. This reporter, under control of its endogenous regulatory elements, enables in vivo monitoring of the dynamics of Egfr localization and trafficking in normal and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Haiting Ma
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Won Jae Huh
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - F Edward Hickman
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sabine Fuhrmann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Bruce D Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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15
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Singh B, Li C, Graves-Deal R, Ma H, Starchenko A, Fry WH, Lu Y, Wang Y, Bogatcheva G, Khan MP, Milne GL, Zhao S, Ayers GD, Li N, Washington MK, Yeatman TJ, McDonald OG, Liu Q, Coffey RJ. Abstract 5013: A 3D culture system identifies a new mode of cetuximab resistance and disease-relevant genes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-5013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We previously reported that single cells from a human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell line (HCA-7) formed either hollow single-layered polarized cysts or solid spiky masses when plated within type-I collagen in 3D. To begin in-depth analyses into whether clonal cysts and spiky masses possessed divergent malignant properties, individual colonies of each morphology were isolated and expanded. The lines thus derived faithfully retained the parental cystic and spiky morphologies and were termed CC (cystic) and SC (spiky), respectively. Although both CC and SC expressed EGF receptor (EGFR), cetuximab strongly inhibited growth of CC, whereas SC was resistant to growth inhibition and this was coupled to increased tyrosine phosphorylation of MET and RON. Addition of the dual MET/RON tyrosine kinase inhibitor, crizotinib, to cetuximab in SC restored cetuximab sensitivity. To characterize genome-wide divergence between CC and SC, we performed comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic analysis of CC and SC in 3D. One of the most upregulated genes in CC was the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH/HPGD and the most upregulated gene in SC was versican (VCAN) in 3D and xenografts. Analysis of a human CRC tissue microarray showed that epithelial, but not stromal, VCAN staining strongly correlated with reduced survival, and combined epithelial VCAN and absent HPGD staining portended a poorer prognosis. Thus, with this 3D system, we have identified a new mode of cetuximab resistance and a potential prognostic marker in CRC. As such, this represents a potentially powerful system to identify additional therapeutic sensitivities and disease-relevant genes for CRC.
Citation Format: Bhuminder Singh, Cunxi Li, Ramona Graves-Deal, Haiting Ma, Alina Starchenko, William H. Fry, Yuanyuan Lu, Yang Wang, Galina Bogatcheva, Mohseen P. Khan, Ginger L. Milne, Shilin Zhao, Gregory D. Ayers, Nenggan Li, Mary K. Washington, Timothy J. Yeatman, Oliver G. McDonald, Qi Liu, Robert J. Coffey. A 3D culture system identifies a new mode of cetuximab resistance and disease-relevant genes in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5013. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5013
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cunxi Li
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Haiting Ma
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | - Yuanyuan Lu
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Yang Wang
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | | | | | - Shilin Zhao
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Nenggan Li
- 2Jiaen Genetics Laboratory, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | - Qi Liu
- 1Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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16
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Starchenko A, Graves-Deal R, Yang YP, Li C, Zent R, Singh B, Coffey RJ. Clustering of integrin α5 at the lateral membrane restores epithelial polarity in invasive colorectal cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1288-1300. [PMID: 28356422 PMCID: PMC5426844 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicobasolateral polarity is a fundamental property of epithelial cells, and its loss is a hallmark of cancer. Integrin-mediated contact with the extracellular matrix defines the basal surface, setting in motion E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contact, which establishes apicobasolateral polarity. Role(s) for lateral integrins in this polarization process and the consequences of their disruption are incompletely understood. We show that addition of an integrin β1-activating monoclonal antibody, P4G11, to invasive colorectal cancer cells in three-dimensional type 1 collagen reverts the invasive phenotype and restores apicobasolateral polarity. P4G11 induces clustering of integrin α5β1 at lateral, intercellular surfaces. This leads to deposition and polymerization of fibronectin and recruitment of paxillin to sites of lateral integrin α5β1 clustering and is followed by tight junction formation, as determined by ZO-1 localization. Inducible elimination of integrin α5 abrogates the epithelial-organizing effects of P4G11. In addition, polymerization of fibronectin is required for the effects of P4G11, and addition of polymerized superfibronectin is sufficient to induce tight junction formation and apicobasolateral polarization. In the normal human colon, we show that integrin α5 localizes to the lateral membrane of terminally differentiated colonocytes and that integrin α5 staining may be reduced in colorectal cancer. Thus we propose a novel role for integrin α5β1 in regulating epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Starchenko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Ramona Graves-Deal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Yu-Ping Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Cunxi Li
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Roy Zent
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 .,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37212
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17
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Singh B, Bogatcheva G, Starchenko A, Sinnaeve J, Lapierre LA, Williams JA, Goldenring JR, Coffey RJ. Induction of lateral lumens through disruption of a monoleucine-based basolateral-sorting motif in betacellulin. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3444-55. [PMID: 26272915 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.170852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed delivery of EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands to the apical or basolateral surface is a crucial regulatory step in the initiation of EGFR signaling in polarized epithelial cells. Herein, we show that the EGFR ligand betacellulin (BTC) is preferentially sorted to the basolateral surface of polarized MDCK cells. By using sequential truncations and site-directed mutagenesis within the BTC cytoplasmic domain, combined with selective cell-surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence, we have uncovered a monoleucine-based basolateral-sorting motif (EExxxL, specifically (156)EEMETL(161)). Disruption of this sorting motif led to equivalent apical and basolateral localization of BTC. Unlike other EGFR ligands, BTC mistrafficking induced formation of lateral lumens in polarized MDCK cells, and this process was significantly attenuated by inhibition of EGFR. Additionally, expression of a cancer-associated somatic BTC mutation (E156K) led to BTC mistrafficking and induced lateral lumens in MDCK cells. Overexpression of BTC, especially mistrafficking forms, increased the growth of MDCK cells. These results uncover a unique role for BTC mistrafficking in promoting epithelial reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuminder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Galina Bogatcheva
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justine Sinnaeve
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lynne A Lapierre
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Janice A Williams
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Cell Imaging Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James R Goldenring
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Li C, Ma H, Wang Y, Cao Z, Graves-Deal R, Powell AE, Starchenko A, Ayers GD, Washington MK, Kamath V, Desai K, Gerdes MJ, Solnica-Krezel L, Coffey RJ. Excess PLAC8 promotes an unconventional ERK2-dependent EMT in colon cancer. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2172-87. [PMID: 24691442 DOI: 10.1172/jci71103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcriptional program is characterized by repression of E-cadherin (CDH1) and induction of N-cadherin (CDH2), and mesenchymal genes like vimentin (VIM). Placenta-specific 8 (PLAC8) has been implicated in colon cancer; however, how PLAC8 contributes to disease is unknown, and endogenous PLAC8 protein has not been studied. We analyzed zebrafish and human tissues and found that endogenous PLAC8 localizes to the apical domain of differentiated intestinal epithelium. Colon cancer cells with elevated PLAC8 levels exhibited EMT features, including increased expression of VIM and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1), aberrant cell motility, and increased invasiveness. In contrast to classical EMT, PLAC8 overexpression reduced cell surface CDH1 and upregulated P-cadherin (CDH3) without affecting CDH2 expression. PLAC8-induced EMT was linked to increased phosphorylated ERK2 (p-ERK2), and ERK2 knockdown restored cell surface CDH1 and suppressed CDH3, VIM, and ZEB1 upregulation. In vitro, PLAC8 directly bound and inactivated the ERK2 phosphatase DUSP6, thereby increasing p-ERK2. In a murine xenograft model, knockdown of endogenous PLAC8 in colon cancer cells resulted in smaller tumors, reduced local invasion, and decreased p-ERK2. Using MultiOmyx, a multiplex immunofluorescence-based methodology, we observed coexpression of cytosolic PLAC8, CDH3, and VIM at the leading edge of a human colorectal tumor, supporting a role for PLAC8 in cancer invasion in vivo.
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Hansen AG, Freeman TJ, Arnold SA, Starchenko A, Jones-Paris CR, Gilger MA, Washington MK, Fan KH, Shyr Y, Beauchamp RD, Zijlstra A. Elevated ALCAM shedding in colorectal cancer correlates with poor patient outcome. Cancer Res 2013; 73:2955-64. [PMID: 23539446 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers of cancer are needed to assist histologic staging in the selection of treatment, outcome risk stratification, and patient prognosis. This is particularly important for patients with early-stage disease. We show that shedding of the extracellular domain of activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is prognostic for outcome in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Previous reports on the prognostic value of ALCAM expression in CRC have been contradictory and inconclusive. This study clarifies the prognostic value of ALCAM by visualizing ectodomain shedding using a dual stain that detects both the extracellular and the intracellular domains in formalin-fixed tissue. Using this novel assay, 105 patients with primary CRCs and 12 normal mucosa samples were evaluated. ALCAM shedding, defined as detection of the intracellular domain in the absence of the corresponding extracellular domain, was significantly elevated in patients with CRC and correlated with reduced survival. Conversely, retention of intact ALCAM was associated with improved survival, thereby confirming that ALCAM shedding is associated with poor patient outcome. Importantly, analysis of patients with stage II CRC showed that disease-specific survival is significantly reduced for patients with elevated ALCAM shedding (P = 0.01; HR, 3.0), suggesting that ALCAM shedding can identify patients with early-stage disease at risk of rapid progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G Hansen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Carey SP, Starchenko A, McGregor AL, Reinhart-King CA. Leading malignant cells initiate collective epithelial cell invasion in a three-dimensional heterotypic tumor spheroid model. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:615-30. [PMID: 23328900 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors consist of genetically and phenotypically diverse subpopulations of cancer cells with unique capacities for growth, differentiation, and invasion. While the molecular and microenvironmental bases for heterogeneity are increasingly appreciated, the outcomes of such intratumor heterogeneity, particularly in the context of tumor invasion and metastasis, remain poorly understood. To study heterotypic cell-cell interactions and elucidate the biological consequences of intratumor heterogeneity, we developed a tissue-engineered multicellular spheroid (MCS) co-culture model that recapitulates the cellular diversity and fully three-dimensional cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions that characterize human carcinomas. We found that "invasion-competent" malignant cells induced the collective invasion of otherwise "invasion-incompetent" epithelial cells, and that these two cell types consistently exhibited distinct leader and follower roles during invasion. Analysis of extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture revealed that malignant cell invasion was accompanied by extensive ECM remodeling including matrix alignment and proteolytic track-making. Inhibition of cell contractility- and proteolysis-mediated matrix reorganization prevented leader-follower behavior and malignant cell-induced epithelial cell invasion. These results indicate that heterogeneous subpopulations within a tumor may possess specialized roles during tumor progression and suggest that complex interactions among the various subpopulations of cancer cells within a tumor may regulate critical aspects of tumor biology and affect clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Carey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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