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Gall N, Butts DR, Chanoit GP, Major AC. Computer tomography measurements of the airway and thoracic cavity do not provide support for bronchial conformation as a predisposing factor of left cranial lung lobe torsion in pugs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2024; 65:255-263. [PMID: 38419292 DOI: 10.1111/vru.13345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective clinical study was to determine if airway or thoracic cavity measurements in pugs, particularly the left cranial lung lobe, were significantly different from brachycephalic and mesocephalic control. Thoracic computed tomographic studies of 10 pugs, French bulldogs (FB), and Jack Russell Terriers (JRT) were analyzed. Thoracic height: width ratio (H:W), cross-sectional areas of the left mainstem bronchus (CSA LMB), left cranial lung lobe bronchus (CSA LCrBr), left caudal lung lobe bronchus (CSA LCauBr), CSA LCrBr relative to length (CSA LCrBr/length) and CSA LCauBr/length were measured and adjusted to body weight (/kg). CSA LMB/kg, CSA LCauBr/length/kg, and CSA LCrBr/length /kg were smaller in pugs and FB compared with JRT (P < .05), but no differences were found between pugs and FB. Cross-sectional areas of left cranial lung lobe bronchus /kg and CSA LCauBr/kg were smaller in pugs than JRT (P < .05), but no differences were found between pugs and FB or FB and JRT. No difference was found in thoracic H:W between any breeds. This demonstrated that pugs and FB had significantly narrower bronchi CSA/lengths ratios compared with JRT, but this was not limited to the LCBr. Airway measurements were not significantly different between brachycephalic breeds; therefore, the pugs' predisposition to left cranial lung lobe torsion cannot be solely explained by narrower lower airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Gall
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Daniel R Butts
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Paran E, Major AC, Warren-Smith C, Hezzell MJ, MacFarlane P. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in dogs undergoing MRI for a thoracolumbar vertebral column pathology. J Small Anim Pract 2023; 64:321-329. [PMID: 36717107 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to investigate the prevalence and extent of gastroesophageal reflux, and the prevalence of regurgitation in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging, and to explore possible associations of reflux and regurgitation with signalment (breed, age, sex, neuter status), bodyweight, body condition score and drugs used in the anaesthetic protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS The thoracic part of the oesophagus was retrospectively assessed for presence and quantification of fluid on two T2 weighted sequences. Patient breed, age, sex, neuter status, weight and body condition score were recorded. Anaesthetic records were reviewed for the presence of regurgitation and detailed anaesthetic protocols. RESULTS Fifty percent [95% confidence interval (44.99, 56.81)] of included dogs had evidence of gastroesophageal reflux. Reflux was not associated with the individual breed, age, sex, neuter status or body weight. Brachycephalic dogs did not demonstrate significantly higher rates of reflux compared to non-brachycephalic dogs. A larger volume of reflux was associated with a higher chance of regurgitation. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Gastroesophageal reflux is a common finding in dogs undergoing thoracolumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs which regurgitated had higher volumes of reflux. Early detection and quantification of the volume of reflux is helpful as it may allow the anaesthetist to take measures which may reduce the risk of associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Paran
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.,University of Glasgow Small Animal Hospital, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A C Major
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - C Warren-Smith
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - P MacFarlane
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Lawn RW, Major AC, Giavitto AE, Liebel FX. What Is Your Neurologic Diagnosis? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-3. [PMID: 35263293 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.01.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sutton DR, Hernon T, Hezzell MJ, Meakin LB, Gould SM, Bradley KJ, Major AC. Computed tomographic staging of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 63:27-33. [PMID: 34608641 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective review of dogs with confirmed anal sac adenocarcinoma and available CT images of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis. RESULTS A population of 70 dogs were included in the study. No association was found between anal sac mass size and presence or absence of iliosacral lymph node enlargement. The prevalence of local metastatic disease characterised by iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in this study was 71%, with pulmonary metastases identified in 11% of cases. There were no cases of distant pulmonary metastasis without concurrent locoregional lymphadenomegaly. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In our population of dogs local metastatic spread of anal sac adenocarcinoma was common, with a relatively low prevalence of pulmonary metastasis. The study demonstrates the importance of thorough rectal examination and/or imaging to assess the iliosacral lymph centre in this disease irrespective of the size of the anal sac mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Sutton
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - T Hernon
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - M J Hezzell
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - L B Meakin
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - S M Gould
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - K J Bradley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - A C Major
- Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
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Coss P, Gilman O, Warren-Smith C, Major AC. The appearance of canine insulinoma on dual phase computed tomographic angiography. J Small Anim Pract 2021; 62:540-546. [PMID: 33769568 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To further evaluate the appearance of insulinoma in dogs on dual-phase CT angiography, given the disparity of findings in recent publications. To establish whether CT angiographic localisation of insulinoma correlates with surgical findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single centre study of dogs with a final diagnosis of insulinoma which underwent abdominal CT angiography. Scans were retrospectively re-evaluated for specific features by two board-certified veterinary radiologists. These findings were also subsequently compared to surgical and histopathological reports to determine the accuracy of lesion localisation on CT. RESULTS Thirty-five cases were included in final analysis, with pancreatic nodules identified in 33. Twenty-one were confirmed as insulinoma with histopathology. Jack Russell Terriers were over-represented. Twenty of 21 cases with confirmed insulinoma and 27 of 33 overall showed hyperattenuation in the arterial phase. The mean size of pancreatic insulinoma on CT was 15.1 mm, and 18.2% were larger than 20 mm. Eighteen of 21 confirmed and eight of 12 suspected insulinomas caused a deformation of the pancreatic shape, with two only identified as a result of this feature as these lesions were isoattenuating throughout the study. Pancreatic insulinoma location at surgery matched that described on the CT images in 17 of 19 cases where location was described in the surgical report. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In contrast to recent publications, this study suggests hyperattenuation of insulinomas in the arterial phase is a predominant feature, and that hypoattenuation or isoattenuation are much less common. CT angiography is accurate in prediction of lesion location before surgery in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Coss
- Langford Vets/University of Bristol, Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - O Gilman
- Highcroft Veterinary Referrals, 615 Wells Road, Whitchurch, Bristol, BS14 9BE, UK
| | - C Warren-Smith
- Langford Vets/University of Bristol, Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - A C Major
- Langford Vets/University of Bristol, Langford Vets, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
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Abstract
Objectives Thoracic CT is commonly performed in cats and has been shown to be more sensitive than radiography for the detection of lymphadenopathy. However, no studies to date have reported the normal CT appearance of feline intrathoracic lymph nodes. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution, number, size and attenuation of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats. Methods Retrospective analysis of the imaging archive in a teaching hospital identified cats that had undergone thoracic CT and were deemed to have no evidence of either intra- or extrathoracic disease that would influence the size of the intrathoracic lymph nodes. Lymph nodes were classified into lymph centres based on anatomical references. Descriptions of the position of each node, number of nodes in each centre, size of each node and attenuation pre- and post-contrast were recorded. Statistical analysis aimed to assess for correlations between these factors and the age, weight and sex of the subjects. Results Twenty cats were included in the study. One or more lymph nodes were identified in the sternal (n = 19/20), cranial mediastinal (n = 14/20) and tracheobronchial (n = 15/20) centres, while none were identified in other locations. Size varied between lymph centres and within lymph centres where more than one lymph node was identified. Tracheobronchial and sternal nodes were consistent in location, while mediastinal nodes were variable. All nodes were round to ellipsoid in shape and showed moderate enhancement post-contrast. No significant correlations were found with age, weight or sex. Conclusions and relevance This study describes the CT characteristics of presumed normal intrathoracic lymph nodes in cats, and only identified nodes in the sternal, cranial mediastinal and tracheobronchial locations. This study serves as a reference point for CT analysis of feline thoracic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dawn R Sutton
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
| | - Alison C Major
- Small Animal Referral Hospital, Langford Vets, Langford, UK
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Abstract
Case summary A 14-month-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat, which 2 months prior to presentation underwent hindlimb amputation following a road traffic accident, presented for investigation of four suspected generalised tonic–clonic seizures. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Routine blood work (haematology, biochemistry, ammonia, preprandial bile acids) was unremarkable. MRI of the brain identified marked symmetrical T2-weighted hyperintensities of the cerebellum and brainstem, mainly affecting the grey matter. Urine amino acid and mucopolysaccharide levels were unremarkable. Urine organic acids on two separate samples, 35 days apart, identified highly increased excretion of 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, indicative of 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. The cat was started on anticonvulsant therapy with phenobarbitone, which, at the point of writing, has improved seizure control, although the cat has not achieved seizure freedom. Relevance and novel information This case report describes the first reported case of a 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria, an inherited neurometabolic disorder, as a cause for seizure-like episodes in a cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Nye
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alison C Major
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Francois X Liebel
- School of Veterinary Science, Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Howes C, Longley M, Reyes N, Major AC, Gracis M, Fulton Scanlan A, Bailey S, Langley-Hobbs SJ. Skull pathology in 10 cats with patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 21:793-800. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18797368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Case series summary The aim of this case series is to describe the clinical and radiological features of mandibular and maxillary abnormalities in cats diagnosed with patellar fractures and dental anomalies, a condition that we have named ‘patellar fracture and dental anomaly syndrome’ (PADS), also known previously as ‘knees and teeth syndrome’. Where available, clinical records, skull and/or intraoral dental radiographs, head CT images, microbiology and histopathology reports were collected, and follow-up was obtained. Ten cats with mandibular or maxillary abnormalities were identified. Common clinical features included multiple persistent deciduous teeth, gingivitis and swellings of the jaw. Skull radiographs were available for 7/10 cats and head CT images were available for one cat. Findings included marked bony and periosteal proliferation, hypodontia, root resorption, root malformation and unerupted permanent teeth. Where available, microbiology and histopathology results were consistent with osteomyelitis. Relevance and novel information Mandibular and maxillary abnormalities are an additional unreported clinical feature of the rare condition that we have termed PADS. Radiologically, these lesions can have an aggressive appearance, which can mimic neoplasia. Medical management with antibiotic and anti-inflammatory therapy improves clinical signs in the short term; however, surgical extraction of persistent deciduous and unerupted permanent teeth, and debridement of proliferative and necrotic bone appear to be necessary for an improved outcome. Additional information on long-term outcome is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Howes
- Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Mark Longley
- Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalia Reyes
- Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alison C Major
- Langford Small Animal Hospital, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | - Steven Bailey
- Exclusively Cats Veterinary Hospital, Waterford, MI, USA
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Cartwright JA, Breheny C, Major AC, Hill TL, Gow AG. IMAGING DIAGNOSIS-A CASE OF SPONTANEOUS HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN GAS IN AN 11-MONTH-OLD WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:E54-7. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Cartwright
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Craig Breheny
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Alison C. Major
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Tracy L. Hill
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - Adam G. Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre; Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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Major AC, Caine A, Rodriguez SB, Cherubini GB. Imaging diagnosis--magnetic resonance imaging findings in a dog with sequential brain infarction. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:576-80. [PMID: 22731883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2012.01944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult greyhound was evaluated on three occasions for acute, intracranial neurologic signs. Based on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, there were T2-hyperintense and T1-hypointense, noncontrast enhancing lesions in the cerebellum, and brain stem. Using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), the lesions were characterized initially by restricted water diffusion. The presumptive diagnosis on each occasion was acute ischemic cerebrovascular accident leading to infarction. This allowed us to characterize the changes in appearance of infarcted neural tissue on the standard MR sequences over time, and to confirm that the DWI could be successfully used in low-field imaging. © 2012 Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Major
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridgeshire, CB8 0UH, UK.
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