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Merrill BM, Macphee FL, Burrows-MacLean L, Coles EK, Wymbs BT, Chacko A, Walker K, Wymbs F, Garefino A, Robb Mazzant J, Gnagy EM, Waxmonsky JG, Massetti GM, Waschbusch DA, Fabiano GA, Pelham WE. Single and Combined Effects of Multiple Intensities of Behavioral Modification and Methylphenidate for Children with ADHD in the Home Setting. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:1481-1495. [PMID: 37382748 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01093-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral treatment, stimulants, and their combination are the recommended treatments for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study utilizes within-subjects manipulations of multiple doses of methylphenidate (placebo, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 mg/kg/dose t.i.d.) and intensities of behavioral modification (no, low, and high intensity) in the summer treatment program (STP) and home settings. Outcomes are evaluated in the home setting. Participants were 153 children (ages 5-12) diagnosed with ADHD. In alignment with experimental conditions implemented during the STP day, parents implemented behavioral modification levels in three-week intervals, child medication status varied daily, and the orders were randomized. Parents provided daily reports of child behavior, impairment, and symptoms and self-reported parenting stress and self-efficacy. At the end of the study, parents reported treatment preferences. Stimulant medication led to significant improvements across all outcome variables with higher doses resulting in greater improvement. Behavioral treatment significantly improved child individualized goal attainment, symptoms, and impairment in the home setting and parenting stress and self-efficacy. Effect sizes indicate that behavioral treatment combined with a low-medium dose (0.15 or 0.30 mg/kg/dose) of medication results in equivalent or superior outcomes compared to a higher dose (0.60 mg/kg/dose) of medication alone. This pattern was seen across outcomes. Parents overwhelmingly reported preferring treatment with a behavioral component as a first-choice treatment (99%). Results underscore the need to consider dosing as well as parent preference when utilizing combined treatment approaches. This study provides further evidence that combining behavioral treatment and stimulant medication may reduce the stimulant dose needed for beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M Merrill
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Fiona L Macphee
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | - Erika K Coles
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Brian T Wymbs
- Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Anil Chacko
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Wymbs
- Department of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Allison Garefino
- Department of Psychology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Jessica Robb Mazzant
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Gnagy
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - James G Waxmonsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Greta M Massetti
- State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel A Waschbusch
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gregory A Fabiano
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - William E Pelham
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
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Fabiano GA, Naylor J, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-MacLean L, Coles E, Chacko A, Wymbs BT, Walker KS, Wymbs F, Garefino A, Mazzant JR, Sastry AL, Tresco KE, Waschbusch DA, Massetti GM, Waxmonsky J. Special Education for Children with ADHD: Services Received and a Comparison to Children with ADHD in General Education. School Mental Health 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-022-09514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Burrows-MacLean L, Coles EK, Chacko A, Wymbs BT, Walker KS, Arnold F, Garefino A, Keenan JK, Onyango AN, Hoffman MT, Massetti GM, Robb JA. The Single and Combined Effects of Multiple Intensities of Behavior Modification and Methylphenidate for Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in a Classroom Setting. School Psychology Review 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02796015.2007.12087940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Coles EK, Pelham WE, Fabiano GA, Gnagy EM, Burrows-MacLean L, Wymbs BT, Chacko A, Walker KS, Wymbs F, Robb Mazzant J, Garefino A, Hoffman MT, Massetti GM, Page TF, Waschbusch DA, Waxmonsky JG, Pelham WE. Randomized Trial of First-Line Behavioral Intervention to Reduce Need for Medication in Children with ADHD. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2019; 49:673-687. [PMID: 31411903 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2019.1630835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A study conducted in an analogue summer treatment setting showed that when concurrently receiving behavioral intervention, many children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) did not need medication or maximized responsiveness at very low doses. The present study followed participants in that summer study into the subsequent school year to investigate whether the same pattern would extend to the natural school and home settings. There were 127 unmedicated children with ADHD between the ages of 5 and 13 who were randomly assigned to receive or not receive behavioral consultation (BC) at the start of the school year. Children were evaluated by teachers and parents each week to determine if central nervous system stimulant treatment was needed. Children who received BC were approximately half as likely those who did not (NoBC) to initiate medication use each week at school or home and used lower doses when medicated at school. This produced a 40% reduction in total methylphenidate exposure over the course of the school year. BC and NoBC groups did not significantly differ on end-of-year teacher or parent ratings of behavior, which were positive. Moreover, BC and NoBC groups did not significantly differ in cost of treatment; although children in the BC condition accrued additional costs via the BC, these costs were offset by the associated delay and reduction in medication use. Results add to a growing literature suggesting that the use of low-intensity behavioral intervention as a first-line treatment reduces or eliminates the need for medication in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika K Coles
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
| | | | - Gregory A Fabiano
- Department of Counseling, School, and Educational Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | | | | | | | - Anil Chacko
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin T Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Greta M Massetti
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo
| | - Timothy F Page
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Florida International University
| | - Daniel A Waschbusch
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - James G Waxmonsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University Milton S. Hershey Medical Center
| | - William E Pelham
- Center for Children and Families, Florida International University
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Helseth SA, Waschbusch DA, Gnagy EM, Onyango AN, Burrows-MacLean L, Fabiano GA, Coles EK, Chacko A, Wymbs BT, Walker KS, Wymbs FA, Garefino A, Massetti GM, Robb Mazzant J, Hoffman MT, Waxmonsky JG, Nichols-Lopez K, Pelham WE. Effects of behavioral and pharmacological therapies on peer reinforcement of deviancy in children with ADHD-only, ADHD and conduct problems, and controls. J Consult Clin Psychol 2014; 83:280-292. [PMID: 25495357 DOI: 10.1037/a0038505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the unique and combined effects of evidence-based treatments for ADHD-stimulant medication and behavior modification-on children's rates of reinforcement for deviant peer behavior (RDPB). METHOD Using a within-subjects design, 222 elementary school-age children attending a summer treatment program, including 151 children with ADHD (127 male), with and without comorbid conduct problems, and 71 control children (57 male), received varying combinations of behavior modification (no, low-intensity, and high-intensity) and methylphenidate (placebo, 0.15 mg/kg, 0.30 mg/kg, and 0.60 mg/kg). RDPB was measured through direct observation and compared across all behavior modification and medication conditions. RESULTS Children with ADHD reinforced the deviant behavior of their peers at a significantly higher rate than control children in the absence of either intervention. However, that difference largely disappeared in the presence of both behavior modification and medication. Both low and high-intensity behavior modification, as well as medium (0.30 mg/kg) and high (0.60 mg/kg) doses of methylphenidate, significantly reduced the rate of ADHD children's RDPB to levels similar to the control group. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that although untreated children with ADHD do engage in RDPB at a greater rate than their non-ADHD peers, existing evidence-based interventions can substantially decrease the presence of RDPB, thereby limiting potential iatrogenic effects in group-based treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Erika K Coles
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University
| | - Anil Chacko
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University
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Pelham WE, Burrows-MacLean L, Gnagy EM, Fabiano GA, Coles EK, Wymbs BT, Chacko A, Walker KS, Wymbs F, Garefino A, Hoffman MT, Waxmonsky JG, Waschbusch DA. A dose-ranging study of behavioral and pharmacological treatment in social settings for children with ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol 2014; 42:1019-31. [PMID: 24429997 PMCID: PMC4090274 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-013-9843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Placebo and three doses of methylphenidate (MPH) were crossed with 3 levels of behavioral modification (no behavioral modification, NBM; low-intensity behavioral modification, LBM; and high-intensity behavior modification, HBM) in the context of a summer treatment program (STP). Participants were 48 children with ADHD, aged 5-12. Behavior was examined in a variety of social settings (sports activities, art class, lunch) that are typical of elementary school, neighborhood, and after-school settings. Children received each behavioral condition for 3 weeks, order counterbalanced across groups. Children concurrently received in random order placebo, 0.15 mg/kg/dose, 0.3 mg/kg/dose, or 0.6 mg/kg/dose MPH, 3 times daily with dose manipulated on a daily basis in random order for each child. Both behavioral and medication treatments produced highly significant and positive effects on children's behavior. The treatment modalities also interacted significantly. Whereas there was a linear dose-response curve for medication in NBM, the dose-response curves flattened considerably in LBM and HBM. Behavior modification produced effects as large as moderate doses, and on some measures, high doses of medication. These results replicate and extend to social-recreational settings previously reported results in a classroom setting from the same sample (Fabiano et al., School Psychology Review, 36, 195-216, 2007). Results illustrate the importance of taking dosage/intensity into account when evaluating combined treatments; there were no benefits of combined treatments when the dosage of either treatment was high but combination of the low-dose treatments produced substantial incremental improvement over unimodal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Pelham
- Psychology and Psychiatry, Center for Children and Families MMC, Florida International University, AHC 1 Rm 146, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL, 33199, USA,
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