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Anantharajan J, Baburajendran N, Lin G, Loh YY, Xu W, Ahmad NHB, Liu S, Jansson AE, Kuan JWL, Ng EY, Yeo YK, Hung AW, Joy J, Hill J, Ford HL, Zhao R, Keller TH, Kang C. Structure-activity relationship studies of allosteric inhibitors of EYA2 tyrosine phosphatase. Protein Sci 2022; 31:422-431. [PMID: 34761455 PMCID: PMC8819961 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human eyes absent (EYA) proteins possess Tyr phosphatase activity, which is critical for numerous cancer and metastasis promoting activities, making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. In this work, we demonstrate that the inhibitor-bound form of EYA2 does not favour binding to Mg2+ , which is indispensable for the Tyr phosphatase activity. We further describe characterization and optimization of this class of allosteric inhibitors. A series of analogues were synthesized to improve potency of the inhibitors and to elucidate structure-activity relationships. Two co-crystal structures confirm the binding modes of this class of inhibitors. Our medicinal chemical, structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies provide insight into the molecular interactions of EYA2 with these allosteric inhibitors. The compounds derived from this study are useful for exploring the function of the Tyr phosphatase activity of EYA2 in normal and cancerous cells and serve as reference compounds for screening or developing allosteric phosphatase inhibitors. Finally, the co-crystal structures reported in this study will aid in structure-based drug discovery against EYA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jothi Anantharajan
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Grace Lin
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Yong Yao Loh
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Weijun Xu
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Nur Huda Binte Ahmad
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Shuang Liu
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics ScienceBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Anna E. Jansson
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - John Wee Liang Kuan
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Elizabeth Yihui Ng
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Yee Khoon Yeo
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - Heide L. Ford
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColoradoUSA
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Drug Development CentreAgency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Singapore
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2
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Kwiatkowski J, Liu B, Pang S, Ahmad NHB, Wang G, Poulsen A, Yang H, Poh YR, Tee DHY, Ong E, Retna P, Dinie N, Kwek P, Wee JLK, Manoharan V, Low CB, Seah PG, Pendharkar V, Sangthongpitag K, Joy J, Baburajendran N, Jansson AE, Nacro K, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Stepwise Evolution of Fragment Hits against MAPK Interacting Kinases 1 and 2. J Med Chem 2020; 63:621-637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Shermaine Pang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Nur Huda Binte Ahmad
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Gang Wang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Yong Rui Poh
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Esther Ong
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Priya Retna
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Perlyn Kwek
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - John Liang Kuan Wee
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Vithya Manoharan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Choon Bing Low
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Peck Gee Seah
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Anna Elisabet Jansson
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Kassoum Nacro
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 10 Biopolis Way, Chromos #05-01/06, 138670 Singapore
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Baburajendran N, Kwiatkowski J, Liu B, Tee DHY, Keller TH, Hung AW, Hill J. Co-crystal structure of Protein kinase C-iota with inhibitor reveals a unique binding mode. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767319099471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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4
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Anantharajan J, Zhou H, Zhang L, Hotz T, Vincent MY, Blevins MA, Jansson AE, Kuan JWL, Ng EY, Yeo YK, Baburajendran N, Lin G, Hung AW, Joy J, Patnaik S, Marugan J, Rudra P, Ghosh D, Hill J, Keller TH, Zhao R, Ford HL, Kang C. Structural and Functional Analyses of an Allosteric EYA2 Phosphatase Inhibitor That Has On-Target Effects in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1484-1496. [PMID: 31285279 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
EYA proteins (EYA1-4) are critical developmental transcriptional cofactors that contain an EYA domain (ED) harboring Tyr phosphatase activity. EYA proteins are largely downregulated after embryogenesis but are reexpressed in cancers, and their Tyr phosphatase activity plays an important role in the DNA damage response and tumor progression. We previously identified a class of small-molecule allosteric inhibitors that specifically inhibit the Tyr phosphatase activity of EYA2. Herein, we determined the crystal structure of the EYA2 ED in complex with NCGC00249987 (a representative compound in this class), revealing that it binds to an induced pocket distant from the active site. NCGC00249987 binding leads to a conformational change of the active site that is unfavorable for Mg2+ binding, thereby inhibiting EYA2's Tyr phosphatase activity. We demonstrate, using genetic mutations, that migration, invadopodia formation, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells are dependent on EYA2 Tyr phosphatase activity, whereas growth and survival are not. Further, we demonstrate that NCGC00249987 specifically targets migration, invadopodia formation, and invasion of lung cancer cells, but that it does not inhibit cell growth or survival. The compound has no effect on lung cancer cells carrying an EYA2 F290Y mutant that abolishes compound binding, indicating that NCGC00249987 is on target in lung cancer cells. These data suggest that the NCGC00249987 allosteric inhibitor can be used as a chemical probe to study the function of the EYA2 Tyr phosphatase activity in cells and may have the potential to be developed into an antimetastatic agent for cancers reliant on EYA2's Tyr phosphatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hengbo Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lingdi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Taylor Hotz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie Y Vincent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Melanie A Blevins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Anna E Jansson
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Yee Khoon Yeo
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Grace Lin
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samarjit Patnaik
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Juan Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Pratyaydipta Rudra
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
| | - Heide L Ford
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Drug Discovery Centre, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
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5
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Kwiatkowski J, Baburajendran N, Poulsen A, Liu B, Tee DHY, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Ong EHQ, Dinie N, Cherian J, Jansson AE, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Fragment-based Discovery of a Small-Molecule Protein Kinase C-iota Inhibitor Binding Post-kinase Domain Residues. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:318-323. [PMID: 30891133 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The atypical protein kinase C-iota (PKC-ι) enzyme is implicated in various cancers and has been put forward as an attractive target for developing anticancer therapy. A high concentration biochemical screen identified pyridine fragment weakly inhibiting PKC-ι with IC50 = 424 μM. Driven by structure-activity relationships and guided by docking hypothesis, the weakly bound fragment was eventually optimized into a potent inhibitor of PKC-ι (IC50= 270 nM). Through the course of the optimization, an intermediate compound was crystallized with the protein, and careful analysis of the X-ray crystal structure revealed a unique binding mode involving the post-kinase domain (C-terminal tail) of PKC-ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Nithya Baburajendran
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Esther HQ Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Anna Elisabet Jansson
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Thomas H. Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667, Singapore
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6
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Li Y, Loh YR, Hung AW, Kang C. Characterization of molecular interactions between Zika virus protease and peptides derived from the C-terminus of NS2B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:691-696. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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7
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Kwiatkowski J, Liu B, Tee DHY, Chen G, Ahmad NHB, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Ang SH, Tan ESW, Ong EH, Nurul Dinie, Poulsen A, Pendharkar V, Sangthongpitag K, Lee MA, Sepramaniam S, Ho SY, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Hung AW. Fragment-Based Drug Discovery of Potent Protein Kinase C Iota Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4386-4396. [PMID: 29688013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C iota (PKC-ι) is an atypical kinase implicated in the promotion of different cancer types. A biochemical screen of a fragment library has identified several hits from which an azaindole-based scaffold was chosen for optimization. Driven by a structure-activity relationship and supported by molecular modeling, a weakly bound fragment was systematically grown into a potent and selective inhibitor against PKC-ι.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Kwiatkowski
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Doris Hui Ying Tee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Guoying Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nur Huda Binte Ahmad
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Shi Hua Ang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Eldwin Sum Wai Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Esther Hq Ong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Nurul Dinie
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Vishal Pendharkar
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Kanda Sangthongpitag
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - May Ann Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Sugunavathi Sepramaniam
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Soo Yei Ho
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11 , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
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8
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Li Y, Ng HQ, Ngo A, Liu S, Tan YW, Kwek PZ, Hung AW, Joy J, Hill J, Keller TH, Kang C. Backbone resonance assignments for the SET domain of human methyltransferase NSD3 in complex with its cofactor. Biomol NMR Assign 2017; 11:225-229. [PMID: 28808922 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-017-9753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
NSD3 is a histone H3 methyltransferase that plays an important role in chromatin biology. A construct containing the methyltransferase domain encompassing residues Q1049-K1299 of human NSD3 was obtained and biochemical activity was demonstrated using histone as a substrate. Here we report the backbone HN, N, Cα, C', and side chain Cβ assignments of the construct in complex with S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM). Based on these assignments, secondary structures of NSD3/SAM complex in solution were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Anna Ngo
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Shuang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Yih Wan Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Perlyn Zekui Kwek
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Joma Joy
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way Nanos, #03-01, Singapore, 138669, Singapore.
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9
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Li Y, Zhang Z, Phoo WW, Loh YR, Wang W, Liu S, Chen MW, Hung AW, Keller TH, Luo D, Kang C. Structural Dynamics of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Binding to Dipeptide Inhibitors. Structure 2017; 25:1242-1250.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Zhang Z, Li Y, Loh YR, Phoo WW, Hung AW, Kang C, Luo D. Crystal structure of unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease from Zika virus. Science 2016; 354:1597-1600. [PMID: 27940580 DOI: 10.1126/science.aai9309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has rapidly emerged as a global public health concern. Viral NS2B-NS3 protease processes viral polyprotein and is essential for the virus replication, making it an attractive antiviral drug target. We report crystal structures at 1.58-angstrom resolution of the unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease from ZIKV as free enzyme and bound to a peptide reversely oriented at the active site. The unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease adopts a closed conformation in which NS2B engages NS3 to form an empty substrate-binding site. A second protease in the same crystal binds to the residues K14K15G16E17 from the neighboring NS3 in reverse orientation, resisting proteolysis. These features of ZIKV NS2B-NS3 protease may accelerate the discovery of structure-based antiviral drugs against ZIKV and related pathogenic flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
| | - Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Ying Ru Loh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Wint Wint Phoo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921.,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921.,School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669.
| | - Dahai Luo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 03-07, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921. .,NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Experimental Medicine Building 06-01, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921
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11
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Wang Y, Wach JY, Sheehan P, Zhong C, Zhan C, Harris R, Almo SC, Bishop J, Haggarty SJ, Ramek A, Berry KN, O’Herin C, Koehler AN, Hung AW, Young DW. Diversity-Oriented Synthesis as a Strategy for Fragment Evolution against GSK3β. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:852-6. [PMID: 27660690 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) relies heavily on structural analysis of the hits bound to their targets. Herein, we present a complementary approach based on diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS). A DOS-based fragment collection was able to produce initial hit compounds against the target GSK3β, allow the systematic synthesis of related fragment analogues to explore fragment-level structure-activity relationship, and finally lead to the synthesis of a more potent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Wang
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jean-Yves Wach
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Sheehan
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chenyang Zhan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris
Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Richard Harris
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris
Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department
of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris
Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Joshua Bishop
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Department of Neurology & Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Alexander Ramek
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Kayla N. Berry
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Conor O’Herin
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Angela N. Koehler
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Damian W. Young
- Chemical
Biology Program, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 415
Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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12
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Li Y, Wong YL, Ng FM, Liu B, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Liu S, Then SW, Lee MY, Ng HQ, Huang Q, Hung AW, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Kang C. Escherichia coli Topoisomerase IV E Subunit and an Inhibitor Binding Mode Revealed by NMR Spectroscopy. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:17743-53. [PMID: 27365392 PMCID: PMC5016168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.737429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial topoisomerases are attractive antibacterial drug targets because of their importance in bacterial growth and low homology with other human topoisomerases. Structure-based drug design has been a proven approach of efficiently developing new antibiotics against these targets. Past studies have focused on developing lead compounds against the ATP binding pockets of both DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. A detailed understanding of the interactions between ligand and target in a solution state will provide valuable information for further developing drugs against topoisomerase IV targets. Here we describe a detailed characterization of a known potent inhibitor containing a 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole scaffold against the N-terminal domain of the topoisomerase IV E subunit from Escherichia coli (eParE). Using a series of biophysical and biochemical experiments, it has been demonstrated that this inhibitor forms a tight complex with eParE. NMR studies revealed the exact protein residues responsible for inhibitor binding. Through comparative studies of two inhibitors of markedly varied potencies, it is hypothesized that gaining molecular interactions with residues in the α4 and residues close to the loop of β1-α2 and residues in the loop of β3-β4 might improve the inhibitor potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Ying Lei Wong
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Fui Mee Ng
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Boping Liu
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Shuang Liu
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Siew Wen Then
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Michelle Yueqi Lee
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Qiwei Huang
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Alvin W Hung
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Joseph Cherian
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Thomas H Keller
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
| | - CongBao Kang
- From the Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, 03-01, Singapore 138669
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13
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Pobbati AV, Han X, Hung AW, Weiguang S, Huda N, Chen GY, Kang C, Chia CSB, Luo X, Hong W, Poulsen A. Targeting the Central Pocket in Human Transcription Factor TEAD as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic Strategy. Structure 2015; 23:2076-86. [PMID: 26592798 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human TEAD family of transcription factors (TEAD1-4) is required for YAP-mediated transcription in the Hippo pathway. Hyperactivation of TEAD's co-activator YAP contributes to tissue overgrowth and human cancers, suggesting that pharmacological interference of TEAD-YAP activity may be an effective strategy for anticancer therapy. Here we report the discovery of a central pocket in the YAP-binding domain (YBD) of TEAD that is targetable by small-molecule inhibitors. Our X-ray crystallography studies reveal that flufenamic acid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), binds to the central pocket of TEAD2 YBD. Our biochemical and functional analyses further demonstrate that binding of NSAIDs to TEAD inhibits TEAD-YAP-dependent transcription, cell migration, and proliferation, indicating that the central pocket is important for TEAD function. Therefore, our studies discover a novel way of targeting TEAD transcription factors and set the stage for therapeutic development of specific TEAD-YAP inhibitors against human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaybabu V Pobbati
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
| | - Xiao Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Seetoh Weiguang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Nur Huda
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Guo-Ying Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Cheng San Brian Chia
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Xuelian Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Wanjin Hong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, A(∗)STAR, 31 Biopolis Way, #3-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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14
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Hung AW, Silvestre HL, Wen S, George GPC, Boland J, Blundell TL, Ciulli A, Abell C. Optimization of Inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pantothenate Synthetase Based on Group Efficiency Analysis. ChemMedChem 2015; 11:38-42. [PMID: 26486566 PMCID: PMC4949533 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ligand efficiency has proven to be a valuable concept for optimization of leads in the early stages of drug design. Taking this one step further, group efficiency (GE) evaluates the binding efficiency of each appendage of a molecule, further fine‐tuning the drug design process. Here, GE analysis is used to systematically improve the potency of inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase, an important target in tuberculosis therapy. Binding efficiencies were found to be distributed unevenly within a lead molecule derived using a fragment‐based approach. Substitution of the less efficient parts of the molecule allowed systematic development of more potent compounds. This method of dissecting and analyzing different groups within a molecule offers a rational and general way of carrying out lead optimization, with potential broad application within drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin W Hung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Experimental Therapeutic Centre, A-STAR, 11 Biopolis Way, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - H Leonardo Silvestre
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Shijun Wen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Guillaume P C George
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jennifer Boland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tom L Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, 80 Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.,Division of Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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15
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Li Y, Wong YL, Ng FM, Liu B, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Then SW, Lee MY, Ng HQ, Hung AW, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Kang C. Characterization of the interaction between Escherichia coli topoisomerase IV E subunit and an ATP competitive inhibitor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:961-6. [PMID: 26471301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial topoisomerase IV (ParE) is essential for DNA replication and serves as an attractive target for antibacterial drug development. The X-ray structure of the N-terminal 24 kDa ParE, responsible for ATP binding has been solved. Due to the accessibility of structural information of ParE, many potent ParE inhibitors have been discovered. In this study, a pyridylurea lead molecule against ParE of Escherichia coli (eParE) was characterized with a series of biochemical and biophysical techniques. More importantly, solution NMR analysis of compound binding to eParE provides better understanding of the molecular interactions between the inhibitor and eParE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Ying Lei Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Fui Mee Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Siew Wen Then
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Michelle Yueqi Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, 138669, Singapore.
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16
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Li Y, Wong YX, Poh ZY, Wong YL, Lee MY, Ng HQ, Liu B, Hung AW, Cherian J, Hill J, Keller TH, Kang C. NMR structural characterization of the N-terminal active domain of the gyrase B subunit from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its complex with an inhibitor. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2683-9. [PMID: 26272827 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The N-terminal ATP binding domain of the DNA gyrase B subunit is a validated drug target for antibacterial drug discovery. Structural information for this domain (pGyrB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still missing. In this study, the interaction between pGyrB and a bis-pyridylurea inhibitor was characterized using several biophysical methods. We further carried out structural analysis of pGyrB using NMR spectroscopy. The secondary structures of free and inhibitor bound pGyrB were obtained based on backbone chemical shift assignment. Chemical shift perturbation and NOE experiments demonstrated that the inhibitor binds to the ATP binding pocket. The results of this study will be helpful for drug development targeting P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Yun Xuan Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Zhi Ying Poh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Ying Lei Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Michelle Yueqi Lee
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Boping Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Joseph Cherian
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 31 Biopolis Way, Nanos, #03-01, Singapore 138669, Singapore.
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17
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Chen GY, Ng FM, Tan YW, Poulsen A, Seetoh W, Lin G, Kang C, Then SW, Ahmad NH, Wong YL, Ng HQ, Chia CSB, Lau QY, Hill J, Hung AW, Keller TH. Application of Fragment-Based Drug Discovery against DNA Gyrase B. Chempluschem 2015; 80:1250-1254. [PMID: 31973307 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics remains a serious threat to global health. The gyrase B enzyme is a well-validated target for developing antibacterial drugs. Despite being an attractive target for antibiotic development, there are currently no gyrase B inhibitory drugs on the market. A fragment screen using 1,800 compounds identified 14 fragments that bind to Escherichia coli (E. coli) gyrase B. The detailed characterization of binding is described for all 14 fragments. With the aid of X-ray crystallography, modifications on a low-affinity fragment (KD =253 μM, IC50 =634 μM) has led to the development of a new class of potent phenyl aminopyrazole inhibitors against E. coli gyrase B (IC50 =160 nM). The study presented here combines the use of a set of biophysical techniques including differential scanning fluorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, isothermal titration calorimetry, and X-ray crystallography to methodically identify, quantify, and optimize fragments into new chemical leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Ying Chen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Fui Mee Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Yih Wan Tan
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Weiguang Seetoh
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Grace Lin
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - CongBao Kang
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Siew Wen Then
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Nur Huda Ahmad
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Ying Lei Wong
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Hui Qi Ng
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - C S Brian Chia
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Qiu Ying Lau
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Jeffrey Hill
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Alvin W Hung
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
| | - Thomas H Keller
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios #03-10/11, Singapore 138667 (Singapore)
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18
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Abrahams GL, Kumar A, Savvi S, Hung AW, Wen S, Abell C, Barry CE, Sherman DR, Boshoff HIM, Mizrahi V. Pathway-selective sensitization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for target-based whole-cell screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19:844-54. [PMID: 22840772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Whole-cell screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a mainstay of drug discovery, but subsequent target elucidation often proves difficult. Conditional mutants that underexpress essential genes have been used to identify compounds with known mechanism of action by target-based whole-cell screening (TB-WCS). Here, the feasibility of TB-WCS in Mtb was assessed by generating mutants that conditionally express pantothenate synthetase (panC), diaminopimelate decarboxylase (lysA), and isocitrate lyase (icl1). The essentiality of panC and lysA, and conditional essentiality of icl1 for growth on fatty acids, was confirmed. Depletion of PanC and Icl1 rendered mutants hypersensitive to target-specific inhibitors. Stable reporter strains were generated for use in high-throughput screening, and their utility was demonstrated by identifying compounds that display greater potency against a PanC-depleted strain. These findings illustrate the power of TB-WCS as a tool for tuberculosis drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garth L Abrahams
- Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit and DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa.
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19
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Kim YM, Gayen S, Kang C, Joy J, Huang Q, Chen AS, Wee JLK, Ang MJY, Lim HA, Hung AW, Li R, Noble CG, Lee LT, Yip A, Wang QY, Chia CSB, Hill J, Shi PY, Keller TH. NMR analysis of a novel enzymatically active unlinked dengue NS2B-NS3 protease complex. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12891-900. [PMID: 23511634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen responsible for an estimated 100 million human infections annually. The viral genome encodes a two-component trypsin-like protease that contains the cofactor region from the nonstructural protein NS2B and the protease domain from NS3 (NS3pro). The NS2B-NS3pro complex plays a crucial role in viral maturation and has been identified as a potential drug target. Using a DENV protease construct containing NS2B covalently linked to NS3pro via a Gly4-Ser-Gly4 linker ("linked protease"), previous x-ray crystal structures show that the C-terminal fragment of NS2B is remote from NS3pro and exists in an open state in the absence of an inhibitor; however, in the presence of an inhibitor, NS2B complexes with NS3pro to form a closed state. This linked enzyme produced NMR spectra with severe signal overlap and line broadening. To obtain a protease construct with a resolved NMR spectrum, we expressed and purified an unlinked protease complex containing a 50-residue segment of the NS2B cofactor region and NS3pro without the glycine linker using a coexpression system. This unlinked protease complex was catalytically active at neutral pH in the absence of glycerol and produced dispersed cross-peaks in a (1)H-(15)N heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectrum that enabled us to conduct backbone assignments using conventional techniques. In addition, titration with an active-site peptide aldehyde inhibitor and paramagnetic relaxation enhancement studies demonstrated that the unlinked DENV protease exists predominantly in a closed conformation in solution. This protease complex can serve as a useful tool for drug discovery against DENV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Kim
- Experimental Therapeutics Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138669
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20
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Wang Y, Jimenez M, Sheehan P, Zhong C, Hung AW, Tam CP, Young DW. Selective Access to Trisubstituted Macrocyclic E- and Z-Alkenes from the Ring-Closing Metathesis of Vinylsiloxanes. Org Lett 2013; 15:1218-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ol400134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yikai Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Miguel Jimenez
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Patrick Sheehan
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Chun Pong Tam
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Damian W. Young
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
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21
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Zhong C, Wang Y, Hung AW, Schreiber SL, Young DW. Diastereoselective Control of Intramolecular Aza-Michael Reactions Using Achiral Catalysts. Org Lett 2011; 13:5556-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol202276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhong
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yikai Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Stuart L. Schreiber
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Damian W. Young
- Chemical Biology Program, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, 7 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States, and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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22
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Sledz P, Silvestre HL, Hung AW, Ciulli A, Blundell TL, Abell C. Optimization of the interligand Overhauser effect for fragment linking: application to inhibitor discovery against Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:4544-5. [PMID: 20232910 DOI: 10.1021/ja100595u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fragment-based methods are a new and emerging approach for the discovery of protein binders that are potential new therapeutic agents. Several ways of utilizing structural information to guide the inhibitor assembly have been explored to date. One of the approaches, application of interligand Overhauser effect (ILOE) observations, is of particular interest, as it does not require the availability of a three-dimensional protein structure and is an NMR-based method that can be applied to targets that cannot be observed directly because of their size. Fragments, as small and often hydrophobic molecules, suffer from problems including compound aggregation in an aqueous environment and nonspecific binding contributions, especially when screened at higher concentrations suitable for ILOE observations. Here we report how this problem can be overcome by applying a step-by-step iterative procedure that includes the application of optimized probe molecules with known binding modes to elucidate the unknown binding modes of fragments. An enzyme substrate with well-characterized binding was used as a starting point, and the relative binding modes of modified fragments derived from ILOE observations were used to guide the fragment linking, leading to a potent inhibitor of our model system, Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase, a potential drug target. We have supported our NMR data with crystal structures, thus establishing the guidelines for optimizing the ILOE observations. This model study should expand the application of the technique in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Sledz
- University Chemical Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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23
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Bernardo PH, Wan KF, Sivaraman T, Xu J, Moore FK, Hung AW, Mok HYK, Yu VC, Chai CLL. Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Phenanthridine-Based Bcl-XL Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:6699-710. [DOI: 10.1021/jm8005433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul H. Bernardo
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Kah-Fei Wan
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Thirunavukkarasu Sivaraman
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jin Xu
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Felicity K. Moore
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Alvin W. Hung
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Henry Y. K. Mok
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Victor C. Yu
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Christina L. L. Chai
- Institute of Chemical & Engineering Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Institute of Molecular & Cell Biology, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Singapore 138673, Departmental of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
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