1
|
Severino AL, Evans CJ. Digging through the roots of addiction: Understanding the causes that underlie the insidious problem of substance use disorders (SUDs). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 106:3-4. [PMID: 31561848 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This issue features a selection of articles that explore mechanisms of processes that contribute to behaviors that are associated with addiction. We have identified selected articles which focus on the mechanisms underlying maladaptive consumption and affective dysregulation. In addition to the articles within this issue, we highlight the necessity of inclusive study design and acknowledgement of individual drug vulnerabilities.
Collapse
|
2
|
Hakimian JK, Dong TS, Barahona JA, Lagishetty V, Tiwari S, Azani D, Barrera M, Lee S, Severino AL, Mittal N, Cahill CM, Jacobs JP, Walwyn WM. Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduces Opioid-Seeking Behaviors and Alters the Gut Microbiome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081900. [PMID: 31416242 PMCID: PMC6723154 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are highly addictive substances with a relapse rate of over 90%. While preclinical models of chronic opioid exposure exist for studying opioid dependence, none recapitulate the relapses observed in human opioid addiction. The mechanisms associated with opioid dependence, the accompanying withdrawal symptoms, and the relapses that are often observed months or years after opioid dependence are poorly understood. Therefore, we developed a novel model of chronic opioid exposure whereby the level of administration is self-directed with periods of behavior acquisition, maintenance, and then extinction alternating with reinstatement. This profile arguably mirrors that seen in humans, with initial opioid use followed by alternating periods of abstinence and relapse. Recent evidence suggests that dietary interventions that reduce inflammation, including omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), may reduce substance misuse liability. Using the self-directed intake model, we characterize the observed profile of opioid use and demonstrate that an n-3-PUFA-enriched diet ameliorates oxycodone-seeking behaviors in the absence of drug availability and reduces anxiety. Guided by the major role gut microbiota have on brain function, neuropathology, and anxiety, we profile the microbiome composition and the effects of chronic opioid exposure and n-3 PUFA supplementation. We demonstrate that the withdrawal of opioids led to a significant depletion in specific microbiota genera, whereas n-3 PUFA supplementation increased microbial richness, phylogenetic diversity, and evenness. Lastly, we examined the activation state of microglia in the striatum and found that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduced the basal activation state of microglia. These preclinical data suggest that a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs could be used as a treatment to alleviate anxiety induced opioid-seeking behavior and relapse in human opioid addiction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua K Hakimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tien S Dong
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jorge A Barahona
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Venu Lagishetty
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suchi Tiwari
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Darien Azani
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matthew Barrera
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Suhjin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amie L Severino
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nitish Mittal
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- ZS Associates, San Mateo, CA 94402, USA
| | - Catherine M Cahill
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan P Jacobs
- The Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Microbiome Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Wendy M Walwyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Hatos Center for the Study of Opioids Receptors and Drugs of Abuse, UCLA Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Severino AL, Chen R, Hayashida K, Aschenbrenner CA, Sun H, Peters CM, Gutierrez S, Pan B, Eisenach JC. Plasticity and Function of Spinal Oxytocin and Vasopressin Signaling during Recovery from Surgery with Nerve Injury. Anesthesiology 2018; 129:544-556. [PMID: 29912007 PMCID: PMC6092206 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000002290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT THIS TOPIC WHAT THIS ARTICLE TELLS US THAT IS NEW: BACKGROUND:: Recovery from pain after surgery is faster after cesarean delivery than after other abdominal procedures. The authors hypothesized that recovery in rats after surgery could be reversed by antagonism of spinal oxytocin or vasopressin receptors, that there may be a sex difference, and that spinal oxytocin innervation could change after surgery. METHODS Male and female rats underwent partial spinal nerve ligation surgery. Effects of nonselective and selective oxytocin and vasopressin 1A receptor antagonists on mechanical hypersensitivity during partial recovery were assessed (n = 8 to 14/group). Oxytocin immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (n = 7 to 8/group) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression for oxytocin-binding receptors in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord (n = 8/group) were measured. RESULTS Intrathecal injection of oxytocin and vasopressin receptor antagonists were similarly effective at reducing withdrawal threshold (in all experiments from 22 [19, 26] median [first quartile, third quartile]) g to 8.3 [6.4, 12] g after injection) in both sexes, while having no or minimal effects in animals without surgery. Oxytocin fiber immunoreactivity was 3- to 5-fold greater in lumbar than other regions of the spinal cord and was increased more than 2-fold in lumbar cord ipsilateral to surgery. Injury was also associated with a 6.5-fold increase in oxytocin receptor and a 2-fold increase in vasopressin 1A receptor messenger RNA expression in the L4 dorsal root ganglion ipsilateral to surgery. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the capacity for oxytocin signaling in the spinal cord increases after surgery and that spinal oxytocin signaling plays ongoing roles in both sexes in recovery from mechanical hypersensitivity after surgery with known nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie L. Severino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Kenichiro Hayashida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Haiguo Sun
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M. Peters
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Silvia Gutierrez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Bethany Pan
- Department of School of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - James C. Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Severino AL, Shadfar A, Hakimian JK, Crane O, Singh G, Heinzerling K, Walwyn WM. Pain Therapy Guided by Purpose and Perspective in Light of the Opioid Epidemic. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:119. [PMID: 29740351 PMCID: PMC5925443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prescription opioid misuse is an ongoing and escalating epidemic. Although these pharmacological agents are highly effective analgesics prescribed for different types of pain, opioids also induce euphoria, leading to increasing diversion and misuse. Opioid use and related mortalities have developed in spite of initial claims that OxyContin, one of the first opioids prescribed in the USA, was not addictive in the presence of pain. These claims allayed the fears of clinicians and contributed to an increase in the number of prescriptions, quantity of drugs manufactured, and the unforeseen diversion of these drugs for non-medical uses. Understanding the history of opioid drug development, the widespread marketing campaign for opioids, the immense financial incentive behind the treatment of pain, and vulnerable socioeconomic and physical demographics for opioid misuse give perspective on the current epidemic as an American-born problem that has expanded to global significance. In light of the current worldwide opioid epidemic, it is imperative that novel opioids are developed to treat pain without inducing the euphoria that fosters physical dependence and addiction. We describe insights from preclinical findings on the properties of opioid drugs that offer insights into improving abuse-deterrent formulations. One finding is that the ability of some agonists to activate one pathway over another, or agonist bias, can predict whether several novel opioid compounds bear promise in treating pain without causing reward among other off-target effects. In addition, we outline how the pharmacokinetic profile of each opioid contributes to their potential for misuse and discuss the emergence of mixed agonists as a promising pipeline of opioid-based analgesics. These insights from preclinical findings can be used to more effectively identify opioids that treat pain without causing physical dependence and subsequent opioid abuse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amie L. Severino
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Arash Shadfar
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Joshua K. Hakimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Oliver Crane
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ganeev Singh
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Keith Heinzerling
- Department of Family Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Wendy M. Walwyn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- UCLA Brain Research Institute, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martin TJ, Sexton T, Kim SA, Severino AL, Peters CM, Young LJ, Childers SR. Regional differences in mu and kappa opioid receptor G-protein activation in brain in male and female prairie voles. Neuroscience 2015; 311:422-9. [PMID: 26523979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prairie voles are unusual mammals in that, like humans, they are capable of forming socially monogamous pair bonds, display biparental care, and engage in alloparental behaviors. Both mu and kappa opioid receptors are involved in behaviors that either establish and maintain, or result from pair bond formation in these animals. Mu and kappa opioid receptors both utilize inhibitory G-proteins in signal transduction mechanisms, however the efficacy by which these receptor subtypes stimulate G-protein signaling across the prairie vole neuraxis is not known. Utilizing [(35)S]GTPγS autoradiography, we characterized the efficacy of G-protein stimulation in coronal sections throughout male and female prairie vole brains by [D-Ala2,NMe-Phe4,Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (DAMGO) and U50,488H, selective mu and kappa opioid agonists, respectively. DAMGO stimulation was highest in the forebrain, similar to that found with other rodent species. U-50,488H produced greater stimulation in prairie voles than is typically seen in mice and rats, particularly in select forebrain areas. DAMGO produced higher stimulation in the core versus the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in females, while the distribution of U-50,488H stimulation was the opposite. There were no gender differences for U50,488H stimulation of G-protein activity across the regions examined, while DAMGO stimulation was greater in sections from females compared to those from males for NAc core, entopeduncular nucleus, and hippocampus. These data suggest that the kappa opioid system may be more sensitive to manipulation in prairie voles compared to mice and rats, and that female prairie voles may be more sensitive to mu agonists in select brain regions than males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T J Martin
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - T Sexton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - S A Kim
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - A L Severino
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - C M Peters
- Pain Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| | - L J Young
- Silvio O. Conte Center for Oxytocin and Cognition, Center for Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - S R Childers
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suto T, Severino AL, Eisenach JC, Hayashida KI. Gabapentin increases extracellular glutamatergic level in the locus coeruleus via astroglial glutamate transporter-dependent mechanisms. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:95-100. [PMID: 24495399 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gabapentin has shown to be effective in animals and humans with acute postoperative and chronic pain. Yet the mechanisms by which gabapentin reduces pain have not been fully addressed. The current study performed in vivo microdialysis in the locus coeruleus (LC) in normal and spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats to examine the effect of gabapentin on extracellular glutamate concentration and its mechanisms of action with focus on presynaptic GABA-B receptors, astroglial glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1), and interactions with α2δ subunits of voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels and endogenous noradrenaline. Basal extracellular concentration and tissue content of glutamate in the LC were greater in SNL rats than normal ones. Intravenously administered and LC-perfused gabapentin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC. The net amount of glutamate increased by gabapentin is larger in SNL rats compared with normal ones, although the percentage increases from the baseline did not differ. The gabapentin-related α2δ ligand pregabalin increased extracellular glutamate concentration in the LC, whereas another α2δ ligand, 3-exo-aminobicyclo [2.2.1] heptane-2-exo-carboxylic acid (ABHCA), did not. Selective blockade by the dihydrokainic acid or knock-down of GLT-1 by the small interfering RNA abolished the gabapentin-induced glutamate increase in the LC, whereas blockade of GABA-B receptors by the CGP-35348 and depletion of noradrenalin by the dopamine-β-hydroxylase antibody conjugated to saporin did not. These results suggest that gabapentin induces glutamate release from astrocytes in the LC via GLT-1-dependent mechanisms to stimulate descending inhibition. The present study also demonstrates that this target of gabapentin in astrocytes does not require interaction with α2δ subunits in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Suto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Amie L Severino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - James C Eisenach
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Ken-ichiro Hayashida
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|