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Sivagurunathan S, Vahabikashi A, Yang H, Zhang J, Vazquez K, Rajasundaram D, Politanska Y, Abdala-Valencia H, Notbohm J, Guo M, Adam SA, Goldman RD. Expression of vimentin alters cell mechanics, cell-cell adhesion, and gene expression profiles suggesting the induction of a hybrid EMT in human mammary epithelial cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:929495. [PMID: 36200046 PMCID: PMC9527304 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.929495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vimentin is a Type III intermediate filament (VIF) cytoskeletal protein that regulates the mechanical and migratory behavior of cells. Its expression is considered to be a marker for the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) that takes place in tumor metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms regulated by the expression of vimentin in the EMT remain largely unexplored. We created MCF7 epithelial cell lines expressing vimentin from a cumate-inducible promoter to address this question. When vimentin expression was induced in these cells, extensive cytoplasmic VIF networks were assembled accompanied by changes in the organization of the endogenous keratin intermediate filament networks and disruption of desmosomes. Significant reductions in intercellular forces by the cells expressing VIFs were measured by quantitative monolayer traction force and stress microscopy. In contrast, laser trapping micro-rheology revealed that the cytoplasm of MCF7 cells expressing VIFs was stiffer than the uninduced cells. Vimentin expression activated transcription of genes involved in pathways responsible for cell migration and locomotion. Importantly, the EMT related transcription factor TWIST1 was upregulated only in wild type vimentin expressing cells and not in cells expressing a mutant non-polymerized form of vimentin, which only formed unit length filaments (ULF). Taken together, our results suggest that vimentin expression induces a hybrid EMT correlated with the upregulation of genes involved in cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA, United States
| | - Jun Zhang
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kelly Vazquez
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yuliya Politanska
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jacob Notbohm
- Biophysics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , MA, United States
| | - Stephen A Adam
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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Vahabikashi A, Adam SA, Medalia O, Goldman RD. Nuclear lamins: Structure and function in mechanobiology. APL Bioeng 2022; 6:011503. [PMID: 35146235 PMCID: PMC8810204 DOI: 10.1063/5.0082656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins that polymerize into complex filamentous meshworks at the nuclear periphery and in less structured forms throughout the nucleoplasm. Lamins interact with a wide range of nuclear proteins and are involved in numerous nuclear and cellular functions. Within the nucleus, they play roles in chromatin organization and gene regulation, nuclear shape, size, and mechanics, and the organization and anchorage of nuclear pore complexes. At the whole cell level, they are involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton, cell motility, and mechanotransduction. The expression of different lamin isoforms has been associated with developmental progression, differentiation, and tissue-specific functions. Mutations in lamins and their binding proteins result in over 15 distinct human diseases, referred to as laminopathies. The laminopathies include muscular (e.g., Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy), neurological (e.g., microcephaly), and metabolic (e.g., familial partial lipodystrophy) disorders as well as premature aging diseases (e.g., Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria and Werner syndromes). How lamins contribute to the etiology of laminopathies is still unknown. In this review article, we summarize major recent findings on the structure, organization, and multiple functions of lamins in nuclear and more global cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Stephen A. Adam
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert D. Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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McDowell CM, Kizhatil K, Elliott MH, Overby DR, van Batenburg-Sherwood J, Millar JC, Kuehn MH, Zode G, Acott TS, Anderson MG, Bhattacharya SK, Bertrand JA, Borras T, Bovenkamp DE, Cheng L, Danias J, De Ieso ML, Du Y, Faralli JA, Fuchshofer R, Ganapathy PS, Gong H, Herberg S, Hernandez H, Humphries P, John SWM, Kaufman PL, Keller KE, Kelley MJ, Kelly RA, Krizaj D, Kumar A, Leonard BC, Lieberman RL, Liton P, Liu Y, Liu KC, Lopez NN, Mao W, Mavlyutov T, McDonnell F, McLellan GJ, Mzyk P, Nartey A, Pasquale LR, Patel GC, Pattabiraman PP, Peters DM, Raghunathan V, Rao PV, Rayana N, Raychaudhuri U, Reina-Torres E, Ren R, Rhee D, Chowdhury UR, Samples JR, Samples EG, Sharif N, Schuman JS, Sheffield VC, Stevenson CH, Soundararajan A, Subramanian P, Sugali CK, Sun Y, Toris CB, Torrejon KY, Vahabikashi A, Vranka JA, Wang T, Willoughby CE, Xin C, Yun H, Zhang HF, Fautsch MP, Tamm ER, Clark AF, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Consensus Recommendation for Mouse Models of Ocular Hypertension to Study Aqueous Humor Outflow and Its Mechanisms. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:12. [PMID: 35129590 PMCID: PMC8842499 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their similarities in anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology to humans, mice are a valuable model system to study the generation and mechanisms modulating conventional outflow resistance and thus intraocular pressure. In addition, mouse models are critical for understanding the complex nature of conventional outflow homeostasis and dysfunction that results in ocular hypertension. In this review, we describe a set of minimum acceptable standards for developing, characterizing, and utilizing mouse models of open-angle ocular hypertension. We expect that this set of standard practices will increase scientific rigor when using mouse models and will better enable researchers to replicate and build upon previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Michael H. Elliott
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Darryl R. Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | | | - J. Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Markus H. Kuehn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Gulab Zode
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Ted S. Acott
- Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael G. Anderson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa; Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | | | - Jacques A. Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Terete Borras
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Lin Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - John Danias
- SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Michael Lucio De Ieso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yiqin Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Faralli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Rudolf Fuchshofer
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Embryology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Preethi S. Ganapathy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Samuel Herberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States
| | | | - Peter Humphries
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon W. M. John
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Paul L. Kaufman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Kate E. Keller
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Mary J. Kelley
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ruth A. Kelly
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David Krizaj
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brian C. Leonard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States
| | - Raquel L. Lieberman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Paloma Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Katy C. Liu
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Navita N. Lopez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Weiming Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Timur Mavlyutov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Fiona McDonnell
- Duke Eye Center, Duke Health, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Gillian J. McLellan
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Philip Mzyk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Andrews Nartey
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Louis R. Pasquale
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| | - Gaurang C. Patel
- Ophthalmology Research, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarreytown, New York, United States
| | | | - Donna M. Peters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | | | - Ponugoti Vasantha Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Naga Rayana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Urmimala Raychaudhuri
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruiyi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Douglas Rhee
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Uttio Roy Chowdhury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - John R. Samples
- Washington State University, Floyd Elson College of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States
| | | | - Najam Sharif
- Santen Inc., Emeryville, California, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York University, New York, New York, United States; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States; Center for Neural Science, College of Arts and Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Val C. Sheffield
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Cooper H. Stevenson
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, and North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Avinash Soundararajan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | | | - Chenna Kesavulu Sugali
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Yang Sun
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Carol B. Toris
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | | | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Janice A. Vranka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
| | - Colin E. Willoughby
- Genomic Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Xin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | - Michael P. Fautsch
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States
| | | | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Duke Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Vincent MP, Stack T, Vahabikashi A, Li G, Perkumas KM, Ren R, Gong H, Stamer WD, Johnson M, Scott EA. Surface Engineering of FLT4-Targeted Nanocarriers Enhances Cell-Softening Glaucoma Therapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:32823-32836. [PMID: 34232612 PMCID: PMC9131393 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma is associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) that damages the optic nerve and leads to gradual vision loss. Several agents that reduce the stiffness of pressure-regulating Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelial cells, in the conventional outflow pathway of the eye, lower IOP in glaucoma patients and are approved for clinical use. However, poor drug penetration and uncontrolled biodistribution limit their efficacy and produce local adverse effects. Compared to other ocular endothelia, FLT4/VEGFR3 is expressed at elevated levels by SC endothelial cells and can be exploited for targeted drug delivery. Here, we validate FLT4 receptors as clinically relevant targets on SC cells from glaucomatous human donors and engineer polymeric self-assembled nanocarriers displaying lipid-anchored targeting ligands that optimally engage this receptor. Targeting constructs were synthesized as lipid-PEGx-peptide, differing in the number of PEG spacer units (x), and were embedded in micelles. We present a novel proteolysis assay for quantifying ligand accessibility that we employ to design and optimize our FLT4-targeting strategy for glaucoma nanotherapy. Peptide accessibility to proteases correlated with receptor-mediated targeting enhancements. Increasing the accessibility of FLT4-binding peptides enhanced nanocarrier uptake by SC cells while simultaneously decreasing the uptake by off-target vascular endothelial cells. Using a paired longitudinal IOP study in vivo, we show that this enhanced targeting of SC cells translates to IOP reductions that are sustained for a significantly longer time as compared to controls. Confocal microscopy of murine anterior segment tissue confirmed nanocarrier localization to SC within 1 h after intracameral administration. This work demonstrates that steric effects between surface-displayed ligands and PEG coronas significantly impact the targeting performance of synthetic nanocarriers across multiple biological scales. Minimizing the obstruction of modular targeting ligands by PEG measurably improved the efficacy of glaucoma nanotherapy and is an important consideration for engineering PEGylated nanocarriers for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Trevor Stack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kristin M Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Ruiyi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Evan A Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Kittisopikul M, Vahabikashi A, Shimi T, Goldman RD, Jaqaman K. Adaptive multiorientation resolution analysis of complex filamentous network images. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:5093-5103. [PMID: 32653917 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Microscopy images of cytoskeletal, nucleoskeletal and other structures contain complex junctions of overlapping filaments with arbitrary geometry. Yet, state-of-the-art algorithms generally perform single orientation analysis to segment these structures, resulting in gaps near junctions, or assume particular junction geometries to detect them. RESULTS We developed a fully automated image analysis approach to address the challenge of determining the number of orientations and their values at each point in space to detect both lines and their junctions. Our approach does not assume any fixed number of orientations or any particular geometry in the case of multiple coincident orientations. It is based on analytically resolving coincident orientations revealed by steerable ridge filtering in an adaptive manner that balances orientation resolution and spatial localization. Combining this multiorientation resolution information with a generalization of the concept of non-maximum suppression allowed us to then identify the centers of lines and their junctions in an image. We validated our approach using a wide array of synthetic junctions and by comparison to manual segmentation. We also applied it to light microscopy images of cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal networks. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION https://github.com/mkitti/AdaptiveResolutionOrientationSpace. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kittisopikul
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Takeshi Shimi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- World Research Hub Initiative Cell Biology Center, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Khuloud Jaqaman
- Department of Biophysics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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6
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Patteson AE, Vahabikashi A, Goldman RD, Janmey PA. BioEssays 11/2020. Bioessays 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.202070113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Patteson AE, Vahabikashi A, Goldman RD, Janmey PA. Mechanical and Non-Mechanical Functions of Filamentous and Non-Filamentous Vimentin. Bioessays 2020; 42:e2000078. [PMID: 32893352 PMCID: PMC8349470 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) formed by vimentin are less understood than their cytoskeletal partners, microtubules and F-actin, but the unique physical properties of IFs, especially their resistance to large deformations, initially suggest a mechanical function. Indeed, vimentin IFs help regulate cell mechanics and contractility, and in crowded 3D environments they protect the nucleus during cell migration. Recently, a multitude of studies, often using genetic or proteomic screenings show that vimentin has many non-mechanical functions within and outside of cells. These include signaling roles in wound healing, lipogenesis, sterol processing, and various functions related to extracellular and cell surface vimentin. Extracellular vimentin is implicated in marking circulating tumor cells, promoting neural repair, and mediating the invasion of host cells by viruses, including SARS-CoV, or bacteria such as Listeria and Streptococcus. These findings underscore the fundamental role of vimentin in not only cell mechanics but also a range of physiological functions. Also see the video abstract here https://youtu.be/YPfoddqvz-g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Patteson
- Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
- BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL 60611
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Stack T, Vincent M, Vahabikashi A, Li G, Perkumas KM, Stamer WD, Johnson M, Scott E. Targeted Delivery of Cell Softening Micelles to Schlemm's Canal Endothelial Cells for Treatment of Glaucoma. Small 2020; 16:e2004205. [PMID: 33015961 PMCID: PMC7647937 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased stiffness of the Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelium in the aqueous humor outflow pathways has been associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma. Novel treatments that relax this endothelium, such as actin depolymerizers and rho kinase inhibitors, are in development. Unfortunately, these treatments have undesirable off-target effects and a lower than desired potency. To address these issues, a targeted PEG-b-PPS micelle loaded with actin depolymerizer latrunculin A (tLatA-MC) is developed. Targeting of SC cells is achieved by modifying the micelle surface with a high affinity peptide that binds the VEGFR3/FLT4 receptor, a lymphatic lineage marker found to be highly expressed by SC cells relative to other ocular cells. During in vitro optimization, increasing the peptide surface density increased micellar uptake in SC cells while unexpectedly decreasing uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The functional efficacy of tLatA-MC, as measured by decreased SC cell stiffness compared to non-targeted micelles (ntLatA-MC) or targeted blank micelles (tBL-MC), is verified using atomic force microscopy. tLatA-MC reduced IOP in an in vivo mouse model by 30-50%. The results validate the use of a cell-softening nanotherapy to selectively modulate stiffness of SC cells for therapeutic reduction of IOP and treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Stack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Guorong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Kristin M Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, 2351 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, 645 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Vahabikashi A, Gelman A, Dong B, Gong L, Cha EDK, Schimmel M, Tamm ER, Perkumas K, Stamer WD, Sun C, Zhang HF, Gong H, Johnson M. Increased stiffness and flow resistance of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal in glaucomatous human eyes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:26555-26563. [PMID: 31806762 PMCID: PMC6936716 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1911837116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of the elevated outflow resistance and consequent ocular hypertension characteristic of glaucoma is unknown. To investigate possible causes for this flow resistance, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) with 10-µm spherical tips to probe the stiffness of the inner wall of Schlemm's canal as a function of distance from the tissue surface in normal and glaucomatous postmortem human eyes, and 1-µm spherical AFM tips to probe the region immediately below the tissue surface. To localize flow resistance, perfusion and imaging methods were used to characterize the pressure drop in the immediate vicinity of the inner wall using giant vacuoles that form in Schlemm's canal cells as micropressure sensors. Tissue stiffness increased with increasing AFM indentation depth. Tissues from glaucomatous eyes were stiffer compared with normal eyes, with greatly increased stiffness residing within ∼1 µm of the inner-wall surface. Giant vacuole size and density were similar in normal and glaucomatous eyes despite lower flow rate through the latter due to their higher flow resistance. This implied that the elevated flow resistance found in the glaucomatous eyes was localized to the same region as the increased tissue stiffness. Our findings implicate pathological changes to biophysical characteristics of Schlemm's canal endothelia and/or their immediate underlying extracellular matrix as cause for ocular hypertension in glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Ariel Gelman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Biqin Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Lihua Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Elliott D. K. Cha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Margit Schimmel
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ernst R. Tamm
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
| | - Cheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
| | - Hao F. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
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Patteson AE, Vahabikashi A, Pogoda K, Adam SA, Mandal K, Kittisopikul M, Sivagurunathan S, Goldman A, Goldman RD, Janmey PA. Vimentin protects cells against nuclear rupture and DNA damage during migration. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:4079-4092. [PMID: 31676718 PMCID: PMC6891099 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201902046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian cells frequently migrate through tight spaces during normal embryogenesis, wound healing, diapedesis, or in pathological situations such as metastasis. Nuclear size and shape are important factors in regulating the mechanical properties of cells during their migration through such tight spaces. At the onset of migratory behavior, cells often initiate the expression of vimentin, an intermediate filament protein that polymerizes into networks extending from a juxtanuclear cage to the cell periphery. However, the role of vimentin intermediate filaments (VIFs) in regulating nuclear shape and mechanics remains unknown. Here, we use wild-type and vimentin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts to show that VIFs regulate nuclear shape and perinuclear stiffness, cell motility in 3D, and the ability of cells to resist large deformations. These changes increase nuclear rupture and activation of DNA damage repair mechanisms, which are rescued by exogenous reexpression of vimentin. Our findings show that VIFs provide mechanical support to protect the nucleus and genome during migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Patteson
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Physics Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Katarzyna Pogoda
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.,Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland
| | - Stephen A Adam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Kalpana Mandal
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mark Kittisopikul
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Anne Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago IL
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA .,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Vahabikashi A, Park CY, Perkumas K, Zhang Z, Deurloo EK, Wu H, Weitz DA, Stamer WD, Goldman RD, Fredberg JJ, Johnson M. Probe Sensitivity to Cortical versus Intracellular Cytoskeletal Network Stiffness. Biophys J 2019; 116:518-529. [PMID: 30685055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In development, wound healing, and pathology, cell biomechanical properties are increasingly recognized as being of central importance. To measure these properties, experimental probes of various types have been developed, but how each probe reflects the properties of heterogeneous cell regions has remained obscure. To better understand differences attributable to the probe technology, as well as to define the relative sensitivity of each probe to different cellular structures, here we took a comprehensive approach. We studied two cell types-Schlemm's canal endothelial cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)-using four different probe technologies: 1) atomic force microscopy (AFM) with sharp tip, 2) AFM with round tip, 3) optical magnetic twisting cytometry (OMTC), and 4) traction microscopy (TM). Perturbation of Schlemm's canal cells with dexamethasone treatment, α-actinin overexpression, or RhoA overexpression caused increases in traction reported by TM and stiffness reported by sharp-tip AFM as compared to corresponding controls. By contrast, under these same experimental conditions, stiffness reported by round-tip AFM and by OMTC indicated little change. Knockout (KO) of vimentin in MEFs caused a diminution of traction reported by TM, as well as stiffness reported by sharp-tip and round-tip AFM. However, stiffness reported by OMTC in vimentin-KO MEFs was greater than in wild type. Finite-element analysis demonstrated that this paradoxical OMTC result in vimentin-KO MEFs could be attributed to reduced cell thickness. Our results also suggest that vimentin contributes not only to intracellular network stiffness but also cortex stiffness. Taken together, this evidence suggests that AFM sharp tip and TM emphasize properties of the actin-rich shell of the cell, whereas round-tip AFM and OMTC emphasize those of the noncortical intracellular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Chan Young Park
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristin Perkumas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily K Deurloo
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Huayin Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Weitz
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - W Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert D Goldman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jeffrey J Fredberg
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois; Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois.
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12
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Stack T, Vahabikashi A, Johnson M, Scott E. Modulation of Schlemm's canal endothelial cell stiffness via latrunculin loaded block copolymer micelles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:1771-1779. [PMID: 29468812 PMCID: PMC5980717 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increased stiffness of Schlemm's canal endothelial cells (SC cells) is a major contributing factor to the increased pressure characteristic of primary open-angle glaucoma. New treatments for glaucoma are being developed using actin depolymerizers and rho kinase inhibitors to address this increased stiffness. However, these agents have off-target effects and are not as potent as had been hoped. We have developed a micellar nanocarrier assembled from poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) copolymers capable of encapsulating latrunculin A (Lat A) with the goal of modulating SC cell stiffness. Lat A-loaded nanocarriers were similar in size and morphology to unloaded poly (ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-bl-PPS) micelles, loaded Lat A at 62% encapsulation efficiency, and retained loaded Lat A for at least 22 days. The continued functional activity of Lat A following encapsulation within micelles was verified in murine macrophages, which are known to display decreased endocytosis in response to Lat A-dependent cytoskeletal disruption. Endocytic inhibition remained unchanged when comparing equal concentrations of micelle-loaded versus free form Lat A. Uptake of Lat A-loaded micelles by human SC cells was verified in vitro with no sign of cytotoxicity, and modulation of SC cell stiffness was measured by atomic force microscopy. Lat A-loaded micelles significantly decreased SC cell stiffness, which resulted in visible changes in cell morphology as observed by confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that PEG-bl-PPS micelles represent a tunable platform for the controlled intracellular delivery of latrunculin. These self-assembled polymeric nanobiomaterials may support the rational design and engineering of delivery systems for the treatment of glaucoma. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1771-1779, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Stack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
| | - Amir Vahabikashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
| | - Mark Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
- Department of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, Illinois
| | - Evan Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, 60208, Illinois
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, Illinois
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, 60611, Illinois
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Vargas-Pinto R, Gong H, Vahabikashi A, Johnson M. The effect of the endothelial cell cortex on atomic force microscopy measurements. Biophys J 2014; 105:300-9. [PMID: 23870251 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether the presence of the cell cortex might explain, in part, why previous studies using atomic force microscopy (AFM) to measure cell modulus (E) gave higher values with sharp tips than for larger spherical tips. We confirmed these AFM findings in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelial cells with AFM indentation ≤ 400 nm, two cell types with prominent cortices (312 ± 65 nm in HUVEC and 371 ± 91 nm in SC cells). With spherical tips, E (kPa) was 0.71 ± 0.16 in HUVEC and 0.94 ± 0.06 in SC cells. Much higher values of E were measured using sharp tips: 3.23 ± 0.54 in HUVEC and 6.67 ± 1.07 in SC cells. Previous explanations for this difference such as strain hardening or a substrate effect were shown to be inconsistent with our measurements. Finite element modeling studies showed that a stiff cell cortex could explain the results. In both cell types, Latrunculin-A greatly reduced E for sharp and rounded tips, and also reduced the ratio of the values measured with a sharp tip as compared to a rounded tip. Our results suggest that the cell cortex increases the apparent endothelial cell modulus considerably when measured using a sharp AFM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vargas-Pinto
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
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