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Nicoliche CYN, Pascon AM, Bezerra ÍRS, de Castro ACH, Martos GR, Bettini J, Alves WA, Santhiago M, Lima RS. In Situ Nanocoating on Porous Pyrolyzed Paper Enables Antibiofouling and Sensitive Electrochemical Analyses in Biological Fluids. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:2522-2533. [PMID: 34990106 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical detection in complex biofluids is a long-standing challenge as electrode biofouling hampers its sensing performance and commercial translation. To overcome this drawback, pyrolyzed paper as porous electrode coupled with the drop casting of an off-the-shelf polysorbate, that is, Tween 20 (T20), is described here by taking advantage of the in situ formation of a hydrophilic nanocoating (2 nm layer of T20). The latter prevents biofouling while providing the capillarity of samples through paper pores, leveraging redox reactions across both only partially fouled and fresh electrodic surfaces with increasing detection areas. The nanometric thickness of this blocking layer is also essential by not significantly impairing the electron-transfer kinetics. These phenomena behave synergistically to enhance the sensibility that further increases over long-term exposures (4 h) in biological fluids. While the state-of-the-art antibiofouling strategies compromise the sensibility, this approach leads to peak currents that are up to 12.5-fold higher than the original currents after 1 h exposure to unprocessed human plasma. Label-free impedimetric immunoassays through modular bioconjugation by directly anchoring spike protein on gold nanoparticles are also allowed, as demonstrated for the COVID-19 screening of patient sera. The scalability and simplicity of the platform combined with its unique ability to operate in biofluids with enhanced sensibility provide the generation of promising biosensing technologies toward real-world applications in point-of-care diagnostics, mass testing, and in-home monitoring of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Y N Nicoliche
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline M Pascon
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ítalo R S Bezerra
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Ana C H de Castro
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Martos
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Faculty of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13087-571, Brazil
| | - Jefferson Bettini
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
| | - Wendel A Alves
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Murilo Santhiago
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Renato S Lima
- Brazilian Nanotechnology National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC, Santo André, São Paulo 09210-580, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo 13566-590, Brazil
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