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Gomes ARQ, Cruz JN, Castro ALG, Cordovil Brigido HP, Varela ELP, Vale VV, Carneiro LA, Ferreira GG, Percario S, Dolabela MF. Participation of Oxidative Stress in the Activity of Compounds Isolated from Eleutherine plicata Herb. Molecules 2023; 28:5557. [PMID: 37513429 PMCID: PMC10385196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
From Eleutherine plicata, naphthoquinones, isoeleutherine, and eleutherol were isolated, and previous studies have reported the antioxidant activity of these metabolites. The present work evaluated the role of oxidative changes in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with E. plicata extract, fraction, and isolated compounds, as well as to verify possible oxidative changes induced by these treatments. E. plicata extracts were prepared from powder from the bulbs, which were submitted to maceration with ethanol, yielding the extract (EEEp), which was fractionated under reflux, and the dichloromethane fraction (FDMEp) was submitted for further fractionation, leading to the isolation of isoeleutherine, eleutherine, and eleutherol. The antimalarial activity was examined using the suppressive test, evaluating the following parameters of oxidative stress: trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and reduced glutathione (GSH). Furthermore, the molecular docking of naphthoquinones, eleutherol, eleutherine, and isoeleutherine interactions with antioxidant defense enzymes was investigated, which was favorable for the formation of the receptor-ligand complex, according to the re-rank score values. Eleutherine and isoeleutherine are the ones with the lowest binding energy for catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx1), showing themselves as possible targets of these molecules in the involvement of redox balance. Data from the present study showed that treatments with E. plicata stimulated an increase in antioxidant capacity and a reduction in oxidative stress in mice infected with P. berghei, with naphthoquinones being responsible for reducing oxidative changes and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antônio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Jorddy Neves Cruz
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Gadelha Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brigido
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Valdicley Vieira Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Gleison Gonçalves Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Sandro Percario
- Oxidative Stress Research Lab, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Para, Belem 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Azonsivo R, Albuquerque KCOD, Castro ALG, Correa-Barbosa J, Souza HJRD, Almada-Vilhena AOD, Ferreira GG, Souza AAD, Marinho AMDR, Percario S, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Dolabela MF. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam and In Silico Studies of Its Alkaloids. Molecules 2023; 28:5336. [PMID: 37513210 PMCID: PMC10386057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloids isolated from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium have demonstrated great pharmacological potential; however, the toxic profiles of these extracts and fractions are still not well elucidated. This study evaluated the toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEZR) and neutral (FNZR) and alkaloid (FAZR) fractions. Chemical characterization was performed by chromatographic methods: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells using the cell viability method (MTT) and mutagenicity by the Allium cepa assay (ACA). Alkaloids isolated from the species were selected for toxicity prediction using preADMET and PROTOX. The molecular docking of the topoisomerase II protein (TOPOII) was used to investigate the mechanism of cell damage. In the EEZR, FNZR, and FAZR, the presence of alkaloids was detected in TCL and HPLC-DAD analyses. These samples showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 400 μg/mL in HepG2 cells. In ACA, time- and concentration-dependent changes were observed, with a significant reduction in the mitotic index and an increase in chromosomal aberrations for all samples. Nuclear sprouts and a micronucleus of the positive control (PC) were observed at 10 µg/mL and in the FAZR at 30 µg/mL; a chromosomal bridge in FNZR was observed at 105 µg/mL, CP at a concentration of 40 µg/mL, and nuclear bud and mitotic abnormalities in the EEZR were observed at 170 µg/mL. The alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine were selected for the in silico study, as structural alterations demonstrated certain toxic effects. Molecular docking with topo II demonstrated that all alkaloids bind to the protein. In summary, the fractionation of Z. rhoifolium did not interfere with toxicity; it seems that alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine nucleus may be involved in this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufine Azonsivo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Laura Gadelha Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana Correa-Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Helena Joseane Raiol de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Risk and Natural Disaster Management in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Andryo Orfi de Almada-Vilhena
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Gleison Gonçalves Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Percario
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Quadros Gomes AR, da Rocha Galucio NC, de Albuquerque KCO, Brígido HPC, Varela ELP, Castro ALG, Vale VV, Bahia MO, Rodriguez Burbano RM, de Molfeta FA, Carneiro LA, Percario S, Dolabela MF. Toxicity evaluation of Eleutherine plicata Herb. extracts and possible cell death mechanism. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1480-1487. [PMID: 34401358 PMCID: PMC8353407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol extract of Eleutherine plicata showed low in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic potential. The dichloromethane fraction was cytotoxic to HepG2 and caused DNA. However, no toxicity was observed in vivo. Isoeleutherin caused DNA damage by the comet method and activated caspase-8 in the in silico study.
Eleutherine plicata has been shown to be a promising medicinal plant, and its activity has been associated with naphthoquinones. The present study aimed at evaluating the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oral toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEEp), dichloromethane fraction (FDMEp) of E. plicata, and isoeleutherin. For the cytotoxicity evaluation, the viability test (MTT) was used. Genotoxicity was accessed through the Comet assay (alkaline version), acute and subacute oral toxicities were also evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of the samples in the wells where the cells were treated with E. plicata was evaluated. Furthermore, the participation of caspase-8 in the possible mechanism of action of isoeleutherin, eleutherin, and eleutherol was also investigated through a docking study. FDMEp and isoeleutherin were cytotoxic, with higher rates of DNA fragmentation observed for FDMEp and isoeleutherin, and all samples displayed higher antioxidant potential than the control. In the acute oral toxicity test, EEEp, FDMEp, and isoeleutherin did not cause significant clinical changes. In the subacute toxicity assay, EEEp and FDMEp also did not cause clinical, hematological, or biochemical changes. The three compounds bound similarly to caspase-8. Despite the results of cytotoxicity, in vitro studies demonstrated that the use of EEEp appears to be safe and cell death may involve its binding to caspase-8.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BCRJ, Cell bank of Rio de Janeiro
- BFS, bovine fetal serum
- Caspase-8
- DARP, dopamine releasing protein
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic
- EEEp, ethanol extract of Eleutherine plicata
- Eleutherin
- Eleutherine plicata
- Eleutherol
- FADD, Fas associated death domain
- FDMEp, dichloromethane fraction of Eleutherine plicata
- FrAE, ethyl acetate fraction of Elutherine plicata
- GA, Genetic Algorithm
- GOLD, Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, 50 % cytotoxic concentration
- Isoeleutherin
- MD, molecular dynamics
- MTT, ([3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide])
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- NMU, N-methyl-N-nitrosurea
- OECD, Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development
- PDB, Protein Data Bank
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPMI, Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium
- RSMD, root mean square deviation
- TLC, tin layer chromatography
- TNFR, tumour necrosis fator receptor
- Toxicity
- rpm, rotations per minute
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Rafael Quadros Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Natasha Costa da Rocha Galucio
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Heliton Patrick Cordovil Brígido
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Everton Luiz Pompeu Varela
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Ana Laura Gadelha Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Valdicley Vieira Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Oliveira Bahia
- Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rommel Mario Rodriguez Burbano
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Fábio Alberto de Molfeta
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Percario
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Oxidative Stress Research Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Federal University of Pará, Av. Augusto Corrêa, 1, Guamá, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil
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