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Azonsivo R, Albuquerque KCOD, Castro ALG, Correa-Barbosa J, Souza HJRD, Almada-Vilhena AOD, Ferreira GG, Souza AAD, Marinho AMDR, Percario S, Nagamachi CY, Pieczarka JC, Dolabela MF. Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Evaluation of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam and In Silico Studies of Its Alkaloids. Molecules 2023; 28:5336. [PMID: 37513210 PMCID: PMC10386057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaloids isolated from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium have demonstrated great pharmacological potential; however, the toxic profiles of these extracts and fractions are still not well elucidated. This study evaluated the toxicity of the ethanol extract (EEZR) and neutral (FNZR) and alkaloid (FAZR) fractions. Chemical characterization was performed by chromatographic methods: thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The cytotoxicity of the samples was evaluated in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells using the cell viability method (MTT) and mutagenicity by the Allium cepa assay (ACA). Alkaloids isolated from the species were selected for toxicity prediction using preADMET and PROTOX. The molecular docking of the topoisomerase II protein (TOPOII) was used to investigate the mechanism of cell damage. In the EEZR, FNZR, and FAZR, the presence of alkaloids was detected in TCL and HPLC-DAD analyses. These samples showed a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) greater than 400 μg/mL in HepG2 cells. In ACA, time- and concentration-dependent changes were observed, with a significant reduction in the mitotic index and an increase in chromosomal aberrations for all samples. Nuclear sprouts and a micronucleus of the positive control (PC) were observed at 10 µg/mL and in the FAZR at 30 µg/mL; a chromosomal bridge in FNZR was observed at 105 µg/mL, CP at a concentration of 40 µg/mL, and nuclear bud and mitotic abnormalities in the EEZR were observed at 170 µg/mL. The alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine were selected for the in silico study, as structural alterations demonstrated certain toxic effects. Molecular docking with topo II demonstrated that all alkaloids bind to the protein. In summary, the fractionation of Z. rhoifolium did not interfere with toxicity; it seems that alkaloids with a benzophenanthridine nucleus may be involved in this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufine Azonsivo
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Laura Gadelha Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Juliana Correa-Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Helena Joseane Raiol de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Risk and Natural Disaster Management in the Amazon, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Andryo Orfi de Almada-Vilhena
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Gleison Gonçalves Ferreira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Percario
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Cleusa Yoshiko Nagamachi
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Pieczarka
- Center for Advanced Studies of the Biodiversity and Cell Culture Laboratory, Guamá Science and Technology Park, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-750, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE Network, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Innovation, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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