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Villanueva-Saz S, Martínez M, Giner J, Pérez MD, Tobajas AP, Yzuel A, Verde MT, Lacasta D, Fernández A, Marteles D, Ruíz H. Evaluation of an immunochromatographic serologic test to detect the presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2023. [PMID: 36849629 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Different T. gondii confirmatory techniques, including serologic methods, are available to detect the presence of the parasite. Among serology techniques, immunochromatographic rapid testing could be a reliable alternative to serologic laboratory techniques. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated a commercial immunochromatographic test (FASTest TOXOPLASMA g) in seronegative and seropositive cats. METHODS Two indirect immunofluorescence antibody reference tests, an in-house technique, and a commercial test were used to classify 292 feline serum samples. The rapid test was evaluated in different groups of cats, including healthy seronegative cats (n = 121), seropositive cats with variable anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (n = 146), and cats with positive serologic results for other pathogens (n = 25). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, receiver operating characteristic curves, and kappa statistics were analyzed as performance measures. RESULTS Of the 292 samples, 146 were classified as T. gondii seropositive and 146 as T. gondii seronegative. Concordant results were obtained for all samples using immunofluorescence antibody tests. The diagnostic measures of this rapid test showed 98.63% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and 99.32% accuracy. The kappa statistics value was 0.986, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.993. CONCLUSIONS This rapid test showed diagnostic measurements similar to those of traditional quantitative serologic methods. In situations where laboratory techniques are not available, this test, under clinical conditions, could be a useful alternative to obtain accurate results rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Mariví Martínez
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pilar Tobajas
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Teresa Verde
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (University of Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruíz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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2
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Villanueva-Saz S, Martínez M, Giner J, González A, Tobajas AP, Pérez MD, Lira-Navarrete E, González-Ramírez AM, Macías-León J, Verde M, Yzuel A, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Arias M, Santiago L, Aguiló-Gisbert J, Ruíz H, Lacasta D, Marteles D, Fernández A. A cross-sectional serosurvey of SARS-CoV-2 and co-infections in stray cats from the second wave to the sixth wave of COVID-19 outbreaks in Spain. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:615-629. [PMID: 36229725 PMCID: PMC9560875 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is the causative agent of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in humans. Among domestic animals, cats are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 than dogs. The detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in seemingly healthy cats and/or infected cats which are in close contact with infected humans has been described. The presence of animals that tested positive by serology or molecular techniques could represent a potential transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2 that can spill over into urban wildlife. This study analyses the seroprevalence variation of SARS-CoV-2 in stray cats from different waves of outbreaks in a geographical area where previous seroepidemiological information of SARS-CoV-2 was available and investigate if SARS-CoV-2-seropositive cats were exposed to other co-infections causing an immunosuppressive status and/or a chronic disease that could lead to a SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. For this purpose, a total of 254 stray cats from Zaragoza (Spain) were included. This analysis was carried out by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using the receptor binding domain of Spike antigen and confirmed by serum virus neutralization assay. The presence of co-infections including Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus type 1, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus, was evaluated using different serological methods. A seropositivity of 1.57% was observed for SARS-CoV-2 including the presence of neutralizing antibodies in three cats. None of the seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 cats were positive to feline coronavirus, however, four SARS-CoV-2-seropositive cats were also seropositive to other pathogens such as L. infantum, D. immitis and FIV (n = 1), L. infantum and D. immitis (n = 1) and L. infantum alone (n = 1).Considering other pathogens, a seroprevalence of 16.54% was detected for L. infantum, 30.31% for D. immitis, 13.78%, for T. gondii, 83.86% for feline calicivirus, 42.52% for feline herpesvirus type 1, 3.15% for FeLV and 7.87% for FIV. Our findings suggest that the epidemiological role of stray cats in SARS-CoV-2 transmission is scarce, and there is no increase in seropositivity during the different waves of COVID-19 outbreaks in this group of animals. Further epidemiological surveillances are necessary to determine the risk that other animals might possess even though stray cats do not seem to play a role in transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Mariví Martínez
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana González
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pilar Tobajas
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Manuel González-Ramírez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Javier Macías-León
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain.,Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.,Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), University of Zaragoza, Edificio I+D, Campus Rio Ebro, Zaragoza, Spain.,, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maykel Arias
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Aguiló-Gisbert
- Servicio de Análisis, Investigación, Gestión de Animales Silvestres (SAIGAS), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, Valencia, Spain
| | - Héctor Ruíz
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain. .,Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), Zaragoza, Spain.
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3
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Villanueva‐Saz S, Giner J, Tobajas AP, Pérez MD, González‐Ramírez AM, Macías‐León J, González A, Verde M, Yzuel A, Hurtado‐Guerrero R, Pardo J, Santiago L, Paño‐Pardo JR, Ruíz H, Lacasta DM, Sánchez L, Marteles D, Gracia AP, Fernández A. Serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 and co-infections in stray cats in Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1056-1064. [PMID: 33686768 PMCID: PMC8250530 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2 emerged in Wuhan in 2019 and spread rapidly to the rest of the world causing the pandemic disease named coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19). Little information is known about the impact this virus can cause upon domestic and stray animals. The potential impact of SARS-CoV-2 has become of great interest in cats due to transmission among domestic cats and the severe phenotypes described recently in a domestic cat. In this context, there is a public health warning that needs to be investigated in relation with the epidemiological role of this virus in stray cats. Consequently, in order to know the impact of the possible transmission chain, blood samples were obtained from 114 stray cats in the city of Zaragoza (Spain) and tested for SARS-CoV-2 and other selected pathogens susceptible to immunosuppression including Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania infantum, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) from January to October 2020. Four cats (3.51%), based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen, were seroreactive to SARS-CoV-2. T. gondii, L. infantum, FeLV and FIV seroprevalence was 12.28%, 16.67%, 4.39% and 19.30%, respectively. Among seropositive cats to SARS-CoV-2, three cats were also seropositive to other pathogens including antibodies detected against T. gondii and FIV (n = 1); T. gondii (n = 1); and FIV and L. infantum (n = 1). The subjects giving positive for SARS-CoV-2 were captured in urban areas of the city in different months: January 2020 (2/4), February 2020 (1/4) and July 2020 (1/4). This study revealed, for the first time, the exposure of stray cats to SARS-CoV-2 in Spain and the existence of concomitant infections with other pathogens including T. gondii, L. infantum and FIV, suggesting that immunosuppressed animals might be especially susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva‐Saz
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Department of Pharmacology and PhysiologyVeterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Ana Pilar Tobajas
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - María Dolores Pérez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Andrés Manuel González‐Ramírez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)Edificio I+DCampus Rio EbroUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Javier Macías‐León
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
| | - Ana González
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Maite Verde
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Andrés Yzuel
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Ramón Hurtado‐Guerrero
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI)Edificio I+DCampus Rio EbroUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID)ZaragozaSpain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA)Edificio I+D, Campus Rio EbroUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Copenhagen Center for GlycomicsCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineSchool of DentistryUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Julián Pardo
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID)ZaragozaSpain
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain
- Department of MicrobiologyPediatrics, Radiology and Public HealthZaragoza University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | | | - José Ramón Paño‐Pardo
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón)ZaragozaSpain
- Infectious Disease DepartmentUniversity Hospital Lozano BlesaZaragozaSpain
| | - Héctor Ruíz
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Delia María Lacasta
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Lourdes Sánchez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Diana Marteles
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Ana Pilar Gracia
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón‐IA2 (Universidad de Zaragoza‐CITA)ZaragozaSpain
- Deparment of Animal Pathology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
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4
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Villanueva-Saz S, Giner J, Fernández A, Lacasta D, Ortín A, Ramos JJ, Ferrer LM, Ruiz de Arcaute M, Tobajas AP, Pérez MD, Verde M, Marteles D, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Pardo J, Santiago L, González-Ramírez AM, Macías-León J, García-García A, Taleb V, Lira-Navarrete E, Paño-Pardo JR, Ruíz H. Absence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Natural Environment Exposure in Sheep in Close Contact with Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1984. [PMID: 34359111 PMCID: PMC8300300 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the zoonotic causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that has caused a pandemic situation with millions of infected humans worldwide. Among domestic animals, there have been limited studies regarding the transmissibility and exposure to the infection in natural conditions. Some animals are exposed and/or susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as cats, ferrets and dogs. By contrast, there is no information about the susceptibility of ruminants to SARS-CoV-2. This study tested the antibody response in 90 ovine pre-pandemic serum samples and 336 sheep serum samples from the pandemic period (June 2020 to March 2021). In both cases, the animals were in close contact with a veterinary student community composed of more than 700 members. None of the serum samples analyzed was seroreactive based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike antigen. In this sense, no statistical difference was observed compared to the pre-pandemic sheep. Our results suggest that it seems unlikely that sheep could play a relevant role in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This is the first study to report the absence of evidence of sheep exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Villanueva-Saz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Jacobo Giner
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Delia Lacasta
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Aurora Ortín
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Juan José Ramos
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Luis Miguel Ferrer
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Marta Ruiz de Arcaute
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Ana Pilar Tobajas
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
- Department of Animal Production and Sciences of the Food, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maite Verde
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
| | - Diana Marteles
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Ramón Hurtado-Guerrero
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzada (LMA), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julián Pardo
- Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), 50018 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Department of Microbiology, Pediatrics, Radiology and Public Health, Zaragoza University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Aragon Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Andrés Manuel González-Ramírez
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
| | - Javier Macías-León
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
| | - Ana García-García
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
| | - Víctor Taleb
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
| | - Erandi Lira-Navarrete
- Institute for Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (R.H.-G.); (A.M.G.-R.); (J.M.-L.); (A.G.-G.); (V.T.); (E.L.-N.)
| | - José Ramón Paño-Pardo
- Infectious Disease Department, University Hospital Lozano Blesa, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Héctor Ruíz
- Department of Animal Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (J.G.); (A.F.); (D.L.); (A.O.); (J.J.R.); (L.M.F.); (M.R.d.A.); (M.V.); (D.M.)
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (A.P.T.); (M.D.P.)
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