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Barne LC, Giordano J, Collins T, Desantis A. Decoding Trans-Saccadic Prediction Error. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1933-1939. [PMID: 36759191 PMCID: PMC10027026 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0563-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We are constantly sampling our environment by moving our eyes, but our subjective experience of the world is stable and constant. Stimulus displacement during or shortly after a saccade often goes unnoticed, a phenomenon called the saccadic suppression of displacement. Although we fail to notice such displacements, our oculomotor system computes the prediction errors and adequately adjusts the gaze and future saccadic execution, a phenomenon known as saccadic adaptation. In the present study, we aimed to find a brain signature of the trans-saccadic prediction error that informs the motor system but not explicit perception. We asked participants (either sex) to report whether a visual target was displaced during a saccade while recording electroencephalography (EEG). Using multivariate pattern analysis, we were able to differentiate displacements from no displacements, even when participants failed to report the displacement. In other words, we found that trans-saccadic prediction error is represented in the EEG signal 100 ms after the displacement presentation, mainly in occipital and parieto-occipital channels, even in the absence of explicit perception of the displacement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Stability in vision occurs even while performing saccades. One suggested mechanism for this counterintuitive visual phenomenon is that external displacement is suppressed during the retinal remapping caused by a saccade. Here, we shed light on the mechanisms of trans-saccadic stability by showing that displacement information is not entirely suppressed and specifically present in the early stages of visual processing. Such a signal is relevant and computed for oculomotor adjustment despite being neglected for perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Catheryne Barne
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Salon-de-Provence 13661, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Jonathan Giordano
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Thérèse Collins
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, Office National d'Études et de Recherches Aérospatiales, Salon-de-Provence 13661, France
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (Unité Mixte de Recherche 8002), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Cité, Paris 75006, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (Unité Mixte de Recherche 7289), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13005, France
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Bonnet E, Masson GS, Desantis A. What over When in causal agency: Causal experience prioritizes outcome prediction over temporal priority. Conscious Cogn 2022; 104:103378. [PMID: 35939959 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Prior expectations strongly structure the way we perceive the world and ourselves. For instance, action-outcome prediction can modulate time perception and causal experience. We designed a study that allowed us to investigate whether action-outcome prediction has similar effects on time perception and intentional causality. Participants viewed a stimulus that was consistent or inconsistent with the action they, or another agent executed. The stimulus preceded or followed these actions and participants reported simultaneity or causal judgments. Observers were more likely to report the consistent outcomes as being generated by the action, even when the outcomes actually preceded the action. However, outcome consistency did not modulate simultaneity judgments. These results shed insight on the relationship between time and causal experience. It suggests that time perception and causal experience do not rely in the same way on temporal information, the latter being more permeable to contextual cues such as action-outcome consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Bonnet
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, Salon-de-Provence, France; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Guillaume S Masson
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, Salon-de-Provence, France; Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France; Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS and Université de Paris, Paris, France
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3
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Ficarella SC, Desantis A, Zénon A, Burle B. Preparing to React: A Behavioral Study on the Interplay between Proactive and Reactive Action Inhibition. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11060680. [PMID: 34067343 PMCID: PMC8224560 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11060680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor preparation, based on one's goals and expectations, allows for prompt reactions to stimulations from the environment. Proactive and reactive inhibitory mechanisms modulate this preparation and interact to allow a flexible control of responses. In this study, we investigate these two control mechanisms with an ad hoc cued Go/NoGo Simon paradigm in a within-subjects design, and by measuring subliminal motor activities through electromyographic recordings. Go cues instructed participants to prepare a response and wait for target onset to execute it (Go target) or inhibit it (NoGo target). Proactive inhibition keeps the prepared response in check, hence preventing false alarms. Preparing the cue-coherent effector in advance speeded up responses, even when it turned out to be the incorrect effector and reactive inhibition was needed to perform the action with the contralateral one. These results suggest that informative cues allow for the investigation of the interaction between proactive and reactive action inhibition. Partial errors' analysis suggests that their appearance in compatible conflict-free trials depends on cue type and prior preparatory motor activity. Motor preparation plays a key role in determining whether proactive inhibition is needed to flexibly control behavior, and it should be considered when investigating proactive/reactive inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania C. Ficarella
- CNRS—Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LNC, Aix Marseille University, F-13331 Marseille, France;
- The French Aerospace Lab ONERA, Département Traitement de l’Information et Systèmes, 13661 Salon-de-Provence, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-490170124
| | - Andrea Desantis
- The French Aerospace Lab ONERA, Département Traitement de l’Information et Systèmes, 13661 Salon-de-Provence, France;
- INCC—Integrative Neuroscience & Cognition Center UMR 8002, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Zénon
- Institut de Neuroscience Cognitive et Intégrative d’Aquitaine (UMR5287), CNRS and Université de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Boris Burle
- CNRS—Le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, LNC, Aix Marseille University, F-13331 Marseille, France;
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Desantis A, Chan-Hon-Tong A, Collins T, Hogendoorn H, Cavanagh P. Decoding the Temporal Dynamics of Covert Spatial Attention Using Multivariate EEG Analysis: Contributions of Raw Amplitude and Alpha Power. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:570419. [PMID: 33192401 PMCID: PMC7586305 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.570419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention can be oriented in space covertly without the need of eye movements. We used multivariate pattern classification analyses (MVPA) to investigate whether the time course of the deployment of covert spatial attention leading up to the observer’s perceptual decision can be decoded from both EEG alpha power and raw activity traces. Decoding attention from these signals can help determine whether raw EEG signals and alpha power reflect the same or distinct features of attentional selection. Using a classical cueing task, we showed that the orientation of covert spatial attention can be decoded by both signals. However, raw activity and alpha power may reflect different features of spatial attention, with alpha power more associated with the orientation of covert attention in space and raw activity with the influence of attention on perceptual processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, Palaiseau, France.,Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS and Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR 7289), CNRS and Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thérèse Collins
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Patrick Cavanagh
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center (UMR 8002), CNRS and Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States.,Department of Psychology, Glendon College, North York, ON, Canada
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Vidal M, Desantis A, Madelain L. Irrelevant auditory and tactile signals, but not visual signals, interact with the target onset and modulate saccade latencies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221192. [PMID: 32045415 PMCID: PMC7012454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic eye movements bring events of interest to the center of the retina, enabling detailed visual analysis. This study explored whether irrelevant auditory (experiments A, B & F), visual (C & D) or tactile signals (E & F) delivered around the onset of a visual target modulates saccade latency. Participants were instructed to execute a quick saccade toward a target stepping left or right from a fixation position. We observed an interaction between auditory beeps or tactile vibrations and the oculomotor reaction that included two components: a warning effect resulting in faster saccades when the signal and the target were presented simultaneously; and a modulation effect with shorter–or longer–latencies when auditory and tactile signals were delivered before–or after–the target onset. Combining both modalities only increased the modulation effect to a limited extent, pointing to a saturation of the multisensory interaction with the motor control. Interestingly, irrelevant visual stimuli (black background or isoluminant noise strips in peripheral vision, flashed for 10 ms) increased saccade latency whether they were presented just before or after target onset. The lack of latency reduction with visual signals suggests that the modulation observed in the auditory and tactile experiments was not related to priming effects but rather to low-level audio- and tactile-visual integration. The increase in saccade latency observed with irrelevant visual stimuli is discussed in relation to saccadic inhibition. Our results demonstrate that signals conveying no information regarding where and when a visual target would appear modulate saccadic reactivity, much like in multisensory temporal binding, but only when these signals come from a different modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Vidal
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, UMR 7290, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Département Traitement de l’Information et Systèmes, ONERA, Salon-de-Provence, France
- Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, UMR 8002, CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Madelain
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, UMR 7289, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, UMR 9193, CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Sahaï A, Desantis A, Grynszpan O, Pacherie E, Berberian B. Action co-representation and the sense of agency during a joint Simon task: Comparing human and machine co-agents. Conscious Cogn 2019; 67:44-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jacquet PO, Wyart V, Desantis A, Hsu YF, Granjon L, Sergent C, Waszak F. Human susceptibility to social influence and its neural correlates are related to perceived vulnerability to extrinsic morbidity risks. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13347. [PMID: 30190581 PMCID: PMC6127093 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans considerably vary in the degree to which they rely on their peers to make decisions. Why? Theoretical models predict that environmental risks shift the cost-benefit trade-off associated with the exploitation of others' behaviours (public information), yet this idea has received little empirical support. Using computational analyses of behaviour and multivariate decoding of electroencephalographic activity, we test the hypothesis that perceived vulnerability to extrinsic morbidity risks impacts susceptibility to social influence, and investigate whether and how this covariation is reflected in the brain. Data collected from 261 participants tested online revealed that perceived vulnerability to extrinsic morbidity risks is positively associated with susceptibility to follow peers' opinion in the context of a standard face evaluation task. We found similar results on 17 participants tested in the laboratory, and showed that the sensitivity of EEG signals to public information correlates with the participants' degree of vulnerability. We further demonstrated that the combination of perceived vulnerability to extrinsic morbidity with decoding sensitivities better predicted social influence scores than each variable taken in isolation. These findings suggest that susceptibility to social influence is partly calibrated by perceived environmental risks, possibly via a tuning of neural mechanisms involved in the processing of public information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre O Jacquet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Département d'Etudes Cognitives, INSERM U960, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, CNRS UMR8129, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Valentin Wyart
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), Département d'Etudes Cognitives, INSERM U960, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France
- Département Traitement de l'Information et Systèmes, ONERA, Salon-de-Provence, France
| | - Yi-Fang Hsu
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counselling, National Taiwan Normal University, 10610, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lionel Granjon
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Claire Sergent
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Florian Waszak
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, UMR 8242, 75006, Paris, France
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Khalighinejad N, Schurger A, Desantis A, Zmigrod L, Haggard P. Precursor processes of human self-initiated action. Neuroimage 2017; 165:35-47. [PMID: 28966084 PMCID: PMC5737384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual buildup of electrical potential over motor areas precedes self-initiated movements. Recently, such “readiness potentials” (RPs) were attributed to stochastic fluctuations in neural activity. We developed a new experimental paradigm that operationalized self-initiated actions as endogenous ‘skip’ responses while waiting for target stimuli in a perceptual decision task. We compared these to a block of trials where participants could not choose when to skip, but were instead instructed to skip. Frequency and timing of motor action were therefore balanced across blocks, so that conditions differed only in how the timing of skip decisions was generated. We reasoned that across-trial variability of EEG could carry as much information about the source of skip decisions as the mean RP. EEG variability decreased more markedly prior to self-initiated compared to externally-triggered skip actions. This convergence suggests a consistent preparatory process prior to self-initiated action. A leaky stochastic accumulator model could reproduce this convergence given the additional assumption of a systematic decrease in input noise prior to self-initiated actions. Our results may provide a novel neurophysiological perspective on the topical debate regarding whether self-initiated actions arise from a deterministic neurocognitive process, or from neural stochasticity. We suggest that the key precursor of self-initiated action may manifest as a reduction in neural noise. Self-initiated action was operationalized in a novel perceptual decision making task. EEG variability decreased prior to self-initiated action. These findings could be accounted for by a leaky stochastic accumulator model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Khalighinejad
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Aaron Schurger
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, CEA DRF/I2BM, INSERM, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, NeuroSpin Center, 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Leor Zmigrod
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK.
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Desantis A, Haggard P. How actions shape perception: learning action-outcome relations and predicting sensory outcomes promote audio-visual temporal binding. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39086. [PMID: 27982063 PMCID: PMC5159801 DOI: 10.1038/srep39086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain a temporally-unified representation of audio and visual features of objects in our environment, the brain recalibrates audio-visual simultaneity. This process allows adjustment for both differences in time of transmission and time for processing of audio and visual signals. In four experiments, we show that the cognitive processes for controlling instrumental actions also have strong influence on audio-visual recalibration. Participants learned that right and left hand button-presses each produced a specific audio-visual stimulus. Following one action the audio preceded the visual stimulus, while for the other action audio lagged vision. In a subsequent test phase, left and right button-press generated either the same audio-visual stimulus as learned initially, or the pair associated with the other action. We observed recalibration of simultaneity only for previously-learned audio-visual outcomes. Thus, learning an action-outcome relation promotes temporal grouping of the audio and visual events within the outcome pair, contributing to the creation of a temporally unified multisensory object. This suggests that learning action-outcome relations and the prediction of perceptual outcomes can provide an integrative temporal structure for our experiences of external events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Institute of cognitive neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of cognitive neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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10
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Abstract
Does sense of agency (SoA) arise merely from action-outcome associations, or does an additional real-time process track each step along the chain? Tracking control predicts that deviant intermediate steps between action and outcome should reduce SoA. In two experiments, participants learned mappings between two finger actions and two tones. In later test blocks, actions triggered a robot hand moving either the same or a different finger, and also triggered tones, which were congruent or incongruent with the mapping. The perceived delay between actions and tones gave a proxy measure for SoA. Action-tone binding was stronger for congruent than incongruent tones, but only when the robot movement was also congruent. Congruent tones also had reduced N1 amplitudes, but again only when the robot movement was congruent. We suggest that SoA partly depends on a real-time tracking control mechanism, since deviant intermediate action of the robot reduced SoA over the tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie A. Caspar
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrea Desantis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltan Dienes
- University of Sussex, School of psychology, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Axel Cleeremans
- Consciousness, Cognition and Computation Group (CO3), Center for Research in Cognition & Neurosciences (CRCN), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Humans experience themselves as agents, capable of controlling their actions and the outcomes they generate (i.e., the sense of agency). Inferences of agency are not infallible. Research shows that we often attribute outcomes to our agency even though they are caused by another agent. Moreover, agents report the sensory events they generate to be less intense compared to the events that are generated externally. These effects have been assessed using highly suprathreshold stimuli and subjective measurements. Consequently, it remains unclear whether experiencing oneself as an agent lead to a decision criterion change and/or a sensitivity change. Here, we investigate this issue. Participants were told that their key presses generated an upward dot motion but that on 30 % of the trials the computer would take over and display a downward motion. The upward/downward dot motion was presented at participant's discrimination threshold. Participants were asked to indicate whether they (upward motion) or the computer (downward motion) generated the motion. This group of participants was compared with a 'no-agency' group who performed the same task except that subjects did not execute any actions to generate the dot motion. We observed that the agency group reported seeing more frequently the motion they expected to generate (i.e., upward motion) than the no-agency group. This suggests that agency distorts our experience of (allegedly) caused events by altering perceptual decision processes, so that, in ambiguous contexts, externally generated events are experienced as the outcomes of one's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Florian Waszak
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Andrei Gorea
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes and CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
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12
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Desantis A, Haggard P. Action-outcome learning and prediction shape the window of simultaneity of audiovisual outcomes. Cognition 2016; 153:33-42. [PMID: 27131076 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To form a coherent representation of the objects around us, the brain must group the different sensory features composing these objects. Here, we investigated whether actions contribute in this grouping process. In particular, we assessed whether action-outcome learning and prediction contribute to audiovisual temporal binding. Participants were presented with two audiovisual pairs: one pair was triggered by a left action, and the other by a right action. In a later test phase, the audio and visual components of these pairs were presented at different onset times. Participants judged whether they were simultaneous or not. To assess the role of action-outcome prediction on audiovisual simultaneity, each action triggered either the same audiovisual pair as in the learning phase ('predicted' pair), or the pair that had previously been associated with the other action ('unpredicted' pair). We found the time window within which auditory and visual events appeared simultaneous increased for predicted compared to unpredicted pairs. However, no change in audiovisual simultaneity was observed when audiovisual pairs followed visual cues, rather than voluntary actions. This suggests that only action-outcome learning promotes temporal grouping of audio and visual effects. In a second experiment we observed that changes in audiovisual simultaneity do not only depend on our ability to predict what outcomes our actions generate, but also on learning the delay between the action and the multisensory outcome. When participants learned that the delay between action and audiovisual pair was variable, the window of audiovisual simultaneity for predicted pairs increased, relative to a fixed action-outcome pair delay. This suggests that participants learn action-based predictions of audiovisual outcome, and adapt their temporal perception of outcome events based on such predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Desantis A, Bruno T, Catena V, De Nicola F, Goeman F, Iezzi S, Sorino C, Gentileschi MP, Germoni S, Monteleone V, Pellegrino M, Kann M, De Meo PD, Pallocca M, Höpker K, Moretti F, Mattei E, Reinhardt HC, Floridi A, Passananti C, Benzing T, Blandino G, Fanciulli M. Che-1 modulates the decision between cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by its binding to p53. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1764. [PMID: 25996291 PMCID: PMC4669697 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is mainly involved in the transcriptional regulation of a large number of growth-arrest- and apoptosis-related genes. However, a clear understanding of which factor/s influences the choice between these two opposing p53-dependent outcomes remains largely elusive. We have previously described that in response to DNA damage, the RNA polymerase II-binding protein Che-1/AATF transcriptionally activates p53. Here, we show that Che-1 binds directly to p53. This interaction essentially occurs in the first hours of DNA damage, whereas it is lost when cells undergo apoptosis in response to posttranscriptional modifications. Moreover, Che-1 sits in a ternary complex with p53 and the oncosuppressor Brca1. Accordingly, our analysis of genome-wide chromatin occupancy by p53 revealed that p53/Che1 interaction results in preferential transactivation of growth arrest p53 target genes over its pro-apoptotic target genes. Notably, exposure of Che-1+/− mice to ionizing radiations resulted in enhanced apoptosis of thymocytes, compared with WT mice. These results confirm Che-1 as an important regulator of p53 activity and suggest Che-1 to be a promising yet attractive drug target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desantis
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - T Bruno
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - V Catena
- 1] Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy [2] Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio Coppito 2, L'Aquila, 67100, Italy
| | - F De Nicola
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - F Goeman
- Oncogenomic Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - S Iezzi
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - C Sorino
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - M P Gentileschi
- SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - S Germoni
- SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - V Monteleone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - M Pellegrino
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - M Kann
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - P D De Meo
- HPC CINECA, Via dei Tizii, 6, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - M Pallocca
- Oncogenomic Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - K Höpker
- Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - F Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - E Mattei
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Italian National Research Council, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - H C Reinhardt
- 1] Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Floridi
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - C Passananti
- IBMN-CNR, Department of Molecular Medicine, "Sapienza" University, Viale Regina Elena 291, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - T Benzing
- 1] Department II of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [2] Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany [3] Systems Biology of Aging, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Blandino
- Oncogenomic Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
| | - M Fanciulli
- 1] Epigenetics Laboratory, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy [2] SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via E. Chianesi 53, Rome, 00144, Italy
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Moutsopoulou K, Yang Q, Desantis A, Waszak F. Stimulus-classification and stimulus-action associations: Effects of repetition learning and durability. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 68:1744-57. [PMID: 25396708 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.984232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that acquired stimulus-response bindings result from at least two types of associations from the stimulus to the task (stimulus-task or stimulus-classification; S-C) and from the stimulus to the motor response (stimulus-response or stimulus-action; S-A). These types of associations have been shown to independently affect behaviour. This finding suggests that they are processed in different pathways or different parts of a pathway at the neural level. Here we test a hypothesis that such associations may be differentially affected by repetition learning and that such effects may be detected by measuring their durability against overwriting. We show that both S-C and S-A associations are in fact strengthened when learning is boosted by increasing repetitions of the primes. However, the results further suggest that associations between stimuli and actions have less durable effects on behaviour and that the durability of S-C and S-A associations is independent of repetition learning. This is an important finding for the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of associative learning and particularly raises the question of which processes may affect flexibility of learning.
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15
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Desantis A, Mamassian P, Lisi M, Waszak F. The prediction of visual stimuli influences auditory loudness discrimination. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3317-24. [PMID: 24980789 PMCID: PMC4168220 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The brain combines information from different senses to improve performance on perceptual tasks. For instance, auditory processing is enhanced by the mere fact that a visual input is processed simultaneously. However, the sensory processing of one modality is itself subject to diverse influences. Namely, perceptual processing depends on the degree to which a stimulus is predicted. The present study investigated the extent to which the influence of one processing pathway on another pathway depends on whether or not the stimulation in this pathway is predicted. We used an action–effect paradigm to vary the match between incoming and predicted visual stimulation. Participants triggered a bimodal stimulus composed of a Gabor and a tone. The Gabor was either congruent or incongruent compared to an action–effect association that participants learned in an acquisition phase.We tested the influence of action–effect congruency on the loudness perception of the tone. We observed that an incongruent–task-irrelevant Gabor stimulus increases participant’s sensitivity to loudness discrimination. An identical result was obtained for a second condition in which the visual stimulus was predicted by a cue instead of an action. Our results suggest that prediction error is a driving factor of the crossmodal interplay between vision and audition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,
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16
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Hughes G, Desantis A, Waszak F. Attenuation of auditory N1 results from identity-specific action-effect prediction. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 37:1152-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ferreira M, Moe K, Desantis A, Failor R. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery for the Treatment of Growth Hormone-Secreting Tumors Involving the Cavernous Sinus. Skull Base Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1314046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Desantis A, Weiss C, Schütz-Bosbach S, Waszak F. Believing and perceiving: authorship belief modulates sensory attenuation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37959. [PMID: 22666424 PMCID: PMC3362539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory attenuation refers to the observation that self-generated stimuli are attenuated, both in terms of their phenomenology and their cortical response compared to the same stimuli when generated externally. Accordingly, it has been assumed that sensory attenuation might help individuals to determine whether a sensory event was caused by themselves or not. In the present study, we investigated whether this dependency is reciprocal, namely whether sensory attenuation is modulated by prior beliefs of authorship. Participants had to judge the loudness of auditory effects that they believed were either self-generated or triggered by another person. However, in reality, the sounds were always triggered by the participants' actions. Participants perceived the tones' loudness attenuated when they believed that the sounds were self-generated compared to when they believed that they were generated by another person. Sensory attenuation is considered to contribute to the emergence of people's belief of authorship. Our results suggest that sensory attenuation is also a consequence of prior belief about the causal link between an action and a sensory change in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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19
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Hughes G, Desantis A, Waszak F. Mechanisms of intentional binding and sensory attenuation: the role of temporal prediction, temporal control, identity prediction, and motor prediction. Psychol Bull 2012; 139:133-51. [PMID: 22612280 DOI: 10.1037/a0028566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing of action effects has been shown to differ from that of externally triggered stimuli, with respect both to the perceived timing of their occurrence (intentional binding) and to their intensity (sensory attenuation). These phenomena are normally attributed to forward action models, such that when action prediction is consistent with changes in our environment, our experience of these effects is altered. Although much progress has been made in recent years in understanding sensory attenuation and intentional binding, a number of important questions regarding the precise nature of the predictive mechanisms involved remain unanswered. Moreover, these mechanisms are often not discussed in empirical papers, and a comprehensive review of these issues is yet to appear. This review attempts to fill this void. We systematically investigated the role of temporal prediction, temporal control, identity prediction, and motor prediction in previous published reports of sensory attenuation and intentional binding. By isolating the individual processes that have previously been contrasted and incorporating these experiments with research in the related fields of temporal attention and stimulus expectation, we assessed the degree to which existing data provide evidence for the role of forward action models in these phenomena. We further propose a number of avenues for future research, which may help to better determine the role of motor prediction in processing of voluntary action effects, as well as to improve understanding of how these phenomena might fit within a general predictive processing framework. Furthermore, our analysis has important implications for understanding disorders of agency in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gethin Hughes
- Universite Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France.
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20
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Gordon MK, Desantis A, Deshmukh M, Lacey CJ, Hahn RA, Beloni J, Anumolu SS, Schlager JJ, Gallo MA, Gerecke DR, Heindel ND, Svoboda KKH, Babin MC, Sinko PJ. Doxycycline hydrogels as a potential therapy for ocular vesicant injury. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 26:407-19. [PMID: 20925577 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2010.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The goals of this study were (1) to compare the injury at the basement membrane zone (BMZ) of rabbit corneal organ cultures exposed to half mustard (2 chloroethyl ethyl sulfide, CEES) and nitrogen mustard with that of in vivo rabbit eyes exposed to sulfur mustard (SM); (2) to test the efficacy of 4 tetracycline derivatives in attenuating vesicant-induced BMZ disruption in the 24-h period postexposure; and (3) to use the most effective tetracycline derivative to compare the improvement of injury when the drug is delivered as drops or hydrogels to eyes exposed in vivo to SM. METHODS Histological analysis of hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections was performed; the ultrastructure of the corneal BMZ was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy; matrix metalloproteinase-9 was assessed by immunofluorescence; doxycycline as drops or a hydrogel was applied daily for 28 days to eyes exposed in vivo to SM. Corneal edema was assessed by pachymetry and the extent of neovascularization was graded by length of longest vessel in each quadrant. RESULTS Injury to the BMZ was highly similar with all vesicants, but varied in degree of severity. The effectiveness of the 4 drugs in retaining BMZ integrity did not correlate with their ability to attenuate matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression at the epithelial–stromal border. Doxycycline was most effective on organ cultures; therefore, it was applied as drops or a hydrogel to rabbit corneas exposed in vivo to SM. Eyes were examined at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after exposure. At 7 and 28 days after SM exposure, eyes treated with doxycycline were greatly improved over those that received no therapy. Corneal thickness decreased somewhat faster using doxycycline drops, whereas the hydrogel formulation decreased the incidence of neovascularization. CONCLUSIONS Corneal cultures exposed to 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide and nitrogen mustard were effective models to simulate in vivo SM exposures. Doxycycline as drops and hydrogels ameliorated vesicant injury. With in vivo exposed animals, the drops reduced edema faster than the hydrogels, but use of the hydrogels significantly reduced neovascularization. The data provide proof of principle that a hydrogel formulation of doxycycline as a daily therapy for ocular vesicant injury should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion K Gordon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University , Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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21
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Desantis A, Roussel C, Waszak F. On the influence of causal beliefs on the feeling of agency. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:1211-20. [PMID: 21396831 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 02/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The sense of agency is the experience of being the origin of a sensory consequence. This study investigates whether contextual beliefs modulate low-level sensorimotor processes which contribute to the emergence of the sense of agency. We looked at the influence of causal beliefs on 'intentional binding', a phenomenon which accompanies self-agency. Participants judged the onset-time of either an action or a sound which followed the action. They were induced to believe that the tone was either triggered by themselves or by somebody else, although, in reality, the sound was always triggered by the participants. We found that intentional binding was stronger when participants believed that they triggered the tone, compared to when they believed that another person triggered the tone. These results suggest that high-level contextual information influences sensorimotor processes responsible for generating intentional binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Desantis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de la Perception, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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22
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Fiore C, Cagini C, Menduno P, Toniassoni I, Desantis A, Pennacchi A, Ricci G, Molini E. Evoked otoacoustic emissions behaviour in retinitis pigmentosa. Doc Ophthalmol 1994; 87:167-76. [PMID: 7835186 DOI: 10.1007/bf01204794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hearing function was studied in 26 patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and in their relatives. Sixteen patients showed bilateral normal hearing when examined with traditional audiometric methods. In these normoacusic patients evoked otoacoustic emissions (EOE) have been studied. The EOE offer a unique opportunity to measure objectively the function of outer hair cells: they record the amplitude of the energy produced by the outer hair cells of the coclea following an acoustic stimulation. The data have been statistically compared, using the Student's t-test, with those obtained in a homogeneous control-group of normal subjects. In normoacusic subjects with RP the average values of EOE intensity are statistically lower than those of normal subjects in 64 of the 127 frequency bands examined. Moreover, the distribution of the EOE in patients with retinitis pigmentosa proved to be more discontinous than that observed in the normal subjects. The EOE recorded in 14 normoacusic relatives show in some cases small anomalies but the data, on account of the limited sample group, cannot be statistically evaluated. Therefore a subclinical alteration of the Organ of Corti is found in 100% of the patients affected by RP, although they appear to be normoacusic to usual audiometric tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fiore
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Perugia, Italy
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23
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Desantis A, Laiacona M, Barbarotto R, Basso A, Villani R, Spagnoli D, Capitani E. Neuropsychological outcome of patients operated upon for an intracranial aneurysm: analysis of general prognostic factors and of the effects of the location of the aneurysm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989; 52:1135-40. [PMID: 2795039 PMCID: PMC1031697 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.52.10.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One hundred and fourteen patients operated on for an intracranial aneurysm were followed up in order to investigate their neuropsychological outcome and to detect if there were any clinical features assessed around the time of operation that had prognostic significance. The neuropsychological examination evaluated language, apraxia, memory, intelligence and spatial ability. In the statistical analysis the overall severity of neuropsychological disorder was studied. "Late surgery timing" had a negative influence upon the neuropsychological outcome. There was not a difference between different aneurysm sites. Several patients with an apparently good clinical outcome showed neuropsychological deficits. Neuropsychological assessment is important in the evaluation of outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Desantis
- Istituto di Neurochirurgia, Milan University (S Paolo Hospital), Italy
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Bertolotti F, Desantis A. [Magnesium chloride]. Boll Chim Farm 1969; 108:527-8. [PMID: 5364381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Ceschel G, Desantis A. [Semi-synthetic glycerides. Excipients for suppositories]. Boll Chim Farm 1969; 108:524-6. [PMID: 5364380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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