The importance of respecting accreditation indicators to improve quality of care

Issue

The health and social-care facilities (HSF) of the Lombardy Region provide services specifically conceived for fragile populations, including elderly, disabled, addicts etc. Through its Accreditation Units, the Agency for Health Protection (ATS) in the Metropolitan City of Milan is responsible for overseeing authorization and accreditation indicators of HSFs in all afferent districts. Assessed requirements include the qualitative standard (presence of mandatory professional figures) and the quantitative standard (guaranteed weekly minimum time of care per patient) of operating staff, based on current legislation.

Description of the problem

These standards are evaluated at site-inspection by examining staff qualifications and by matching staff working hours to actual daily presence of patients, randomly selecting a recent past week. The resulting standards may thus not be fully representative of the whole year. In 2019, the Health and Social-care facilities Accreditation Unit of ATS began a retrospective quali-quantitative analysis of health service staffing data for 2017 and 2018. Data were extrapolated from two main databases: “Scheda Struttura”, a data collection tool regarding work hours, qualifications, waiting lists etc. compiled yearly by HSF managers; and economic data detailing reimbursements by the regional health service, based on effective daily presence of patients at the HSF.

Results

Preliminary results relating to 2017 showed that around 4% of HSFs do not guarantee qualitative staffing standards, and almost 30% do not guarantee quantitative staffing standards throughout the year.

Lessons

The proposed tool is useful for emphasizing potentially critical situations and may help define the annual inspection schedule with the aim of continuously improving quality of care among regional HSFs.

Key messages

Data management tools can help local health authorities monitor and identify facilities at risk of falling below the defined standards of care. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of health service staffing is useful for emphasizing potentially critical situations and may help define the annual inspection schedule.

Activation of 574 new Alzheimer’s special care unit beds in the Metropolitan City of Milan

Issue

Dementia is among the main causes of disability and dependency in the elderly. It was defined a public health priority by the WHO. The health and social-care system of the Lombardy region (SSR) plays a key role in implementing assistance and care pathways specifically designed for fragile populations, including those affected by dementia and Alzheimer's disease, its most common form.

Description of the Problem

The SSR provides residential care options especially conceived for dementia patients, known as Alzheimer's special care units (ASCU). However, waiting lists are concerning, and distribution of these facilities is inconsistent throughout the region. In 2018 there were 981 accredited and SSR-covered ASCU beds in the Metropolitan City of Milan (MCM), translating in 1.26 beds/1000 people aged ≥ 65. With regional legislation (DGR 1046/2018), the SSR proposed activation of new ASCU beds in all territories with less than 2 beds/1000 people aged ≥ 65. The MCM Agency for Health Protection (ATS) thus analyzed the distribution of ASCU beds in afferent districts, defining specific needs for each district. The aim was to fund and activate 574 new ASCU beds homogenously among previously accredited and SSR-covered residential care facilities, reaching the targeted 2 ASCU beds/1000 people aged ≥ 65. Applicant facilities had to respond to specific personnel, technological, therapeutic and structural requirements.

Results

Preliminary results indicate 29 residential care facilities applied for evaluation in 2019. The ATS received and evaluated all applications. Following site-inspection, 8 facilities were deemed inappropriate.

Lessons

In 2019, 21 residential care facilities were approved for funding and activation of 558 new ASCU beds. Residual beds will be funded in 2020. Main messages: Activation of new ASCU beds in 2019 and 2020 increased specialized long-term care beds for dementia patients by almost 60%, allowing a more homogenous distribution among MCM districts.

Key messages

The health and social-care system of the Lombardy region proposed activation of new Alzheimer’s special care units beds in all territories with less than 2 beds/1000 people aged ≥ 65. Activation of 574 new Alzheimer’s special care units beds increased by almost 60%, allowing a more homogenous distribution among Metropolitan City of Milan districts.

Diffusion and transmission of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in the medical and surgical wards of a university hospital in Milan, Italy

Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is emerging as a public health problem worldwide. In Italy, a remarkable increase in CRKP cases has been reported since 2010. In this study, CRKP diffusion, distribution and in-hospital transmission trends were evaluated in a university hospital in Milan, Italy, from January 2012 to December 2013. Isolates from 63 newly detected CRKP-positive patients were genotyped, and possible transmission was determined by combining the molecular results with data concerning the patients' admission and in-hospital transfers. Most of the cases (90.4%) were from general medical and surgery wards, and the remaining 9.6% were from the intensive care unit. Fifteen of the 46 hospital-associated cases (32.6%) were attributable to in-hospital transmission. After the introduction of targeted and hospital-wide control measures, the transmission index significantly decreased from 0.65 to 0.13 (p=0.01). There was also a decrease in the overall nosocomial case incidence, from 0.37 to 0.17 per 1000 person-days (p=0.07). Our findings indicate that the spread of CRKP in Northern Italy hospitals may go far beyond high-risk settings (i.e., intensive care units) and that strict surveillance should be extended to general areas of care.

Analysis of a recent epidemic due to penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae: epidemiologic and medical considerations

In Norfolk, Virginia, two epidemics of disease due to proved penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae were investigated intensively, both epidemiologically and medically. The first epidemic appeared in October 1976 and was controlled in one month; it was followed by a hiatus of four years before the emergence of the second epidemic in October 1980. The latter apparently was brought under control by December 1980, since no more patients with penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae have been discovered to date (March 1982). Certain interesting medical aspects emerged from the investigation. Resistant organisms were cultured from asymptomatic as well as symptomatic patients and from all potentially infected sites. At times, resistant organisms were cultured from only one of several sites in a given patient or both resistant and sensitive organisms were cultured from a single site. It was concluded that this type of gonorrhea can be contained by intensive epidemiologic investigation combined with adequate diagnosis and treatment.

One-capsule treatment of gonorrhea with minocycline

In an effort to determine the feasibility and accuracy of performing direct susceptibility tests from positive blood cultures, minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), determined by the agar dilution method, of direct and standardized tests with seven antibiotics were compared. Results were analyzed as to the number of very major (change in MIC from susceptible in preliminary direct testing to resistant in final standardized testing), major (change in MIC from resistant to susceptible), and minor (change in MIC without change in interpretation) discrepancies. The results for gram-positive cocci and for gram-negative bacilli were 5, 6, and 82 of 162 strains tested and 3, 12, and 79 of 90 strains tested, respectively. Of the total number of susceptibility tests compared, major and very major discrepancies occurred in only 1 and 2.4% of instances with gram-positive and -negative isolates, respectively. The majority of discrepancies were noted with Staphylococcus epidermidis (four very major, five major), Klebsiella (two very major, four major), and Alcaligenes (five major). The antibiotics most often exhibiting discrepancies were penicillin, ampicillin, and cephalothin. The results indicate that preliminary susceptibility testing directly from positive blood culture bottles is generally both feasible and accurate.