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Kiweler N, Schwarz H, Nguyen A, Matschos S, Mullins C, Piée-Staffa A, Brachetti C, Roos WP, Schneider G, Linnebacher M, Brenner W, Krämer OH. The epigenetic modifier HDAC2 and the checkpoint kinase ATM determine the responses of microsatellite instable colorectal cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:2401-2419. [PMID: 35608750 PMCID: PMC10547618 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09731-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The epigenetic modifier histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2) is frequently dysregulated in colon cancer cells. Microsatellite instability (MSI), an unfaithful replication of DNA at nucleotide repeats, occurs in about 15% of human colon tumors. MSI promotes a genetic frameshift and consequently a loss of HDAC2 in up to 43% of these tumors. We show that long-term and short-term cultures of colorectal cancers with MSI contain subpopulations of cells lacking HDAC2. These can be isolated as single cell-derived, proliferating populations. Xenografted patient-derived colon cancer tissues with MSI also show variable patterns of HDAC2 expression in mice. HDAC2-positive and HDAC2-negative RKO cells respond similarly to pharmacological inhibitors of the class I HDACs HDAC1/HDAC2/HDAC3. In contrast to this similarity, HDAC2-negative and HDAC2-positive RKO cells undergo differential cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction in response to the frequently used chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil, which becomes incorporated into and damages RNA and DNA. 5-fluorouracil causes an enrichment of HDAC2-negative RKO cells in vitro and in a subset of primary colorectal tumors in mice. 5-fluorouracil induces the phosphorylation of KAP1, a target of the checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), stronger in HDAC2-negative cells than in their HDAC2-positive counterparts. Pharmacological inhibition of ATM sensitizes RKO cells to cytotoxic effects of 5-fluorouracil. These findings demonstrate that HDAC2 and ATM modulate the responses of colorectal cancer cells towards 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kiweler
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Cancer Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Helena Schwarz
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nguyen
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Stephanie Matschos
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christina Mullins
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Brachetti
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wynand P. Roos
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Günter Schneider
- Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women’s Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H. Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Fischer MA, Mustafa AHM, Hausmann K, Ashry R, Kansy AG, Liebl MC, Brachetti C, Piée-Staffa A, Zessin M, Ibrahim HS, Hofmann TG, Schutkowski M, Sippl W, Krämer OH. Novel hydroxamic acid derivative induces apoptosis and constrains autophagy in leukemic cells. J Adv Res 2023:S2090-1232(23)00197-2. [PMID: 37467961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Posttranslational modification of proteins by reversible acetylation regulates key biological processes. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze protein deacetylation and are frequently dysregulated in tumors. This has spurred the development of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Such epigenetic drugs modulate protein acetylation, eliminate tumor cells, and are approved for the treatment of blood cancers. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify novel, nanomolar HDACi with increased potency over existing agents and selectivity for the cancer-relevant class I HDACs (HDAC1,-2,-3,-8). Moreover, we wanted to define how such drugs control the apoptosis-autophagy interplay. As test systems, we used human leukemic cells and embryonic kidney-derived cells. METHODS We synthesized novel pyrimidine-hydroxamic acid HDACi (KH9/KH16/KH29) and performed in vitro activity assays and molecular modeling of their direct binding to HDACs. We analyzed how these HDACi affect leukemic cell fate, acetylation, and protein expression with flow cytometry and immunoblot. The publicly available DepMap database of CRISPR-Cas9 screenings was used to determine sensitivity factors across human leukemic cells. RESULTS Novel HDACi show nanomolar activity against class I HDACs. These agents are superior to the clinically used hydroxamic acid HDACi SAHA (vorinostat). Within the KH-series of compounds, KH16 (yanostat) is the most effective inhibitor of HDAC3 (IC50 = 6 nM) and the most potent inducer of apoptosis (IC50 = 110 nM; p<0.0001) in leukemic cells. KH16 though spares embryonic kidney-derived cells. Global data analyses of knockout screenings verify that HDAC3 is a dependency factor in 115 human blood cancer cells of different lineages, independent of mutations in the tumor suppressor p53. KH16 alters pro- and anti-apoptotic protein expression, stalls cell cycle progression, and induces caspase-dependent processing of the autophagy proteins ULK1 and p62. CONCLUSION These data reveal that HDACs are required to stabilize autophagy proteins through suppression of apoptosis in leukemic cells. HDAC3 appears as a valid anti-cancer target for pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten A Fischer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
| | - Kristin Hausmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Ramy Ashry
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Anita G Kansy
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Magdalena C Liebl
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthes Zessin
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Hany S Ibrahim
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Badr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Mike Schutkowski
- Department of Enzymology, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Wachholz V, Mustafa AHM, Zeyn Y, Henninger SJ, Beyer M, Dzulko M, Piée-Staffa A, Brachetti C, Haehnel PS, Sellmer A, Mahboobi S, Kindler T, Brenner W, Nikolova T, Krämer OH. Inhibitors of class I HDACs and of FLT3 combine synergistically against leukemia cells with mutant FLT3. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:177-193. [PMID: 34665271 PMCID: PMC8748367 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) is a clinically unresolved problem. AML cells frequently have a dysregulated expression and activity of epigenetic modulators of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family. Therefore, we tested whether a combined inhibition of mutant FLT3 and class I HDACs is effective against AML cells. Low nanomolar doses of the FLT3 inhibitor (FLT3i) AC220 and an inhibition of class I HDACs with nanomolar concentrations of FK228 or micromolar doses of the HDAC3 specific agent RGFP966 synergistically induce apoptosis of AML cells that carry hyperactive FLT3 with an internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD). This does not occur in leukemic cells with wild-type FLT3 and without FLT3, suggesting a preferential toxicity of this combination against cells with mutant FLT3. Moreover, nanomolar doses of the new FLT3i marbotinib combine favorably with FK228 against leukemic cells with FLT3-ITD. The combinatorial treatments potentiated their suppressive effects on the tyrosine phosphorylation and stability of FLT3-ITD and its downstream signaling to the kinases ERK1/ERK2 and the inducible transcription factor STAT5. The beneficial pro-apoptotic effects of FLT3i and HDACi against leukemic cells with mutant FLT3 are associated with dose- and drug-dependent alterations of cell cycle distribution and DNA damage. This is linked to a modulation of the tumor-suppressive transcription factor p53 and its target cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. While HDACi induce p21, AC220 suppresses the expression of p53 and p21. Furthermore, we show that both FLT3-ITD and class I HDAC activity promote the expression of the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and WEE1, thymidylate synthase, and the DNA repair protein RAD51 in leukemic cells. A genetic depletion of HDAC3 attenuates the expression of such proteins. Thus, class I HDACs and hyperactive FLT3 appear to be valid targets in AML cells with mutant FLT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wachholz
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven J Henninger
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Dzulko
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Brachetti
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia S Haehnel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,German Consortia for Translational Cancer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Sellmer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kindler
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,German Consortia for Translational Cancer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Berte N, Piée-Staffa A, Piecha N, Wang M, Borgmann K, Kaina B, Nikolova T. Targeting Homologous Recombination by Pharmacological Inhibitors Enhances the Killing Response of Glioblastoma Cells Treated with Alkylating Drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2665-2678. [PMID: 27474153 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas exhibit a high level of intrinsic and acquired drug resistance and have a dismal prognosis. First- and second-line therapeutics for glioblastomas are alkylating agents, including the chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU) lomustine, nimustine, fotemustine, and carmustine. These agents target the tumor DNA, forming O6-chloroethylguanine adducts and secondary DNA interstrand cross-links (ICL). These cross-links are supposed to be converted into DNA double-strand breaks, which trigger cell death pathways. Here, we show that lomustine (CCNU) with moderately toxic doses induces ICLs in glioblastoma cells, inhibits DNA replication fork movement, and provokes the formation of DSBs and chromosomal aberrations. Since homologous recombination (HR) is involved in the repair of DSBs formed in response to CNUs, we elucidated whether pharmacologic inhibitors of HR might have impact on these endpoints and enhance the killing effect. We show that the Rad51 inhibitors RI-1 and B02 greatly ameliorate DSBs, chromosomal changes, and the level of apoptosis and necrosis. We also show that an inhibitor of MRE11, mirin, which blocks the formation of the MRN complex and thus the recognition of DSBs, has a sensitizing effect on these endpoints as well. In a glioma xenograft model, the Rad51 inhibitor RI-1 clearly enhanced the effect of CCNU on tumor growth. The data suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of HR, for example by RI-1, is a reasonable strategy for enhancing the anticancer effect of CNUs. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2665-78. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Berte
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Piecha
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mengwan Wang
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Borgmann
- Laboratory of Radiobiology & Experimental Radiooncology, Center of Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Usanova S, Piée-Staffa A, Sied U, Thomale J, Schneider A, Kaina B, Köberle B. Cisplatin sensitivity of testis tumour cells is due to deficiency in interstrand-crosslink repair and low ERCC1-XPF expression. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:248. [PMID: 20846399 PMCID: PMC3098011 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin based chemotherapy cures over 80% of metastatic testicular germ cell tumours (TGCT). In contrast, almost all other solid cancers in adults are incurable once they have spread beyond the primary site. Cell lines derived from TGCTs are hypersensitive to cisplatin reflecting the clinical response. Earlier findings suggested that a reduced repair capacity might contribute to the cisplatin hypersensitivity of testis tumour cells (TTC), but the critical DNA damage has not been defined. This study was aimed at investigating the formation and repair of intrastrand and interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) induced by cisplatin in TTC and their contribution to TTC hypersensitivity. Results We observed that repair of intrastrand crosslinks is similar in cisplatin sensitive TTC and resistant bladder cancer cells, whereas repair of ICLs was significantly reduced in TTC. γH2AX formation, which serves as a marker of DNA breaks formed in response to ICLs, persisted in cisplatin-treated TTC and correlated with sustained phosphorylation of Chk2 and enhanced PARP-1 cleavage. Expression of the nucleotide excision repair factor ERCC1-XPF, which is implicated in the processing of ICLs, is reduced in TTC. To analyse the causal role of ERCC1-XPF for ICL repair and cisplatin sensitivity, we over-expressed ERCC1-XPF in TTC by transient transfection. Over-expression increased ICL repair and rendered TTC more resistant to cisplatin, which suggests that ERCC1-XPF is rate-limiting for repair of ICLs resulting in the observed cisplatin hypersensitivity of TTC. Conclusion Our data indicate for the first time that the exceptional sensitivity of TTC and, therefore, very likely the curability of TGCT rests on their limited ICL repair due to low level of expression of ERCC1-XPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Usanova
- Institute of Toxicology, Clinical Centre of University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Glatt H, Pauly K, Piée-Staffa A, Seidel A, Hornhardt S, Czich A. Activation of promutagens by endogenous and heterologous sulfotransferases expressed in continuous cell cultures. Toxicol Lett 1994; 72:13-21. [PMID: 8202924 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(94)90005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Various environmental chemicals are metabolised to chemically reactive sulfuric acid esters, which may covalently bind to cellular macromolecules and induce mutations and tumours. This activation pathway is usually not taken into account in external xenobiotic-metabolising systems used in short-term tests. We therefore analysed the abilities of cytosols from mammalian cell lines to activate benzylic alcohols (1-hydroxymethylpyrene and 9-hydroxymethylanthracene) to mutagens detectable in Salmonella typhimurium TA98. No activation was observed in cell lines which are commonly used in mutagenicity and cell transformation assays, and only low activities were found in epithelial cell lines in culture. We have therefore constructed Chinese hamster V79-derived cell lines which stably express a heterologous sulfotransferase, rat hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase a. Cytosol of these cells effectively activated 1-hydroxymethylpyrene and 9-hydroxymethylanthracene to mutagens detected in S. typhimurium. The hepatocarcinogen 6-hydroxymethylbenzo[a]pyrene induced gene mutations in sulfotransferase-expressing V79-derived cells, whereas it elicited only marginal effects in sulfotransferase-deficient control cells. The new cell lines may allow the detection of novel classes of mutagens, since some externally generated reactive sulfuric acid esters may not readily penetrate target cells due to their short life span and their ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Glatt
- Department of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Germany
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