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Lee JY, Park J, Hong D. HSPA5 and FGFR1 genes in the mesenchymal subtype of glioblastoma can improve a treatment efficacy. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:216-227. [PMID: 38770056 PMCID: PMC11104699 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2347538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have emerged as a potential treatment strategy for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, their efficacy is limited by various drug resistance mechanisms. To devise more effective treatments for GBM, genetic characteristics must be considered in addition to pre-existing treatments. We performed an integrative analysis with heterogeneous GBM datasets of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data from DepMap, TCGA and CPTAC. We found that poor prognosis was induced by co-upregulation of heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1). Co-up regulation of these two genes could regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway. GBM cell lines with co-upregulation of these two genes showed higher drug sensitivity to PI3K inhibitors. In the mesenchymal subtype, the co-upregulation of FGFR1 and HSPA5 resulted in the most malignant subtype of GBM. Furthermore, we found this newly discovered subtype was correlated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) In conclusion, we discovered novel druggable candidates within the group exhibiting co-upregulation of these two genes in GBM, suggest potential strategies for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Young Lee
- Department of Biomedicine and Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkeun Park
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwan Hong
- Department of Biomedicine and Health, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Precision Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- CMC Institute for Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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2
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Chen T, Xiao Z, Liu X, Wang T, Wang Y, Ye F, Su J, Yao X, Xiong L, Yang DH. Natural products for combating multidrug resistance in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2024; 202:107099. [PMID: 38342327 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently develop resistance to chemotherapeutic therapies and targeted drugs, which has been a significant challenge in cancer management. With the growing advances in technologies in isolation and identification of natural products, the potential of natural products in combating cancer multidrug resistance has received substantial attention. Importantly, natural products can impact multiple targets, which can be valuable in overcoming drug resistance from different perspectives. In the current review, we will describe the well-established mechanisms underlying multidrug resistance, and introduce natural products that could target these multidrug resistant mechanisms. Specifically, we will discuss natural compounds such as curcumin, resveratrol, baicalein, chrysin and more, and their potential roles in combating multidrug resistance. This review article aims to provide a systematic summary of recent advances of natural products in combating cancer drug resistance, and will provide rationales for novel drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Tingfang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Juan Su
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuan Yao
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Liyan Xiong
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Organ Repair, School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Dong-Hua Yang
- New York College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NY 11501, USA.
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3
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Parvin S, Akter J, Takenobu H, Katai Y, Satoh S, Okada R, Haruta M, Mukae K, Wada T, Ohira M, Ando K, Kamijo T. ATM depletion induces proteasomal degradation of FANCD2 and sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to PARP inhibitors. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:313. [PMID: 37020276 PMCID: PMC10077671 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10772-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genomic alterations, including loss of function in chromosome band 11q22-23, are frequently observed in neuroblastoma, which is the most common extracranial childhood tumour. In neuroblastoma, ATM, a DNA damage response-associated gene located on 11q22-23, has been linked to tumorigenicity. Genetic changes in ATM are heterozygous in most tumours. However, it is unclear how ATM is associated with tumorigenesis and cancer aggressiveness. METHODS To elucidate its molecular mechanism of action, we established ATM-inactivated NGP and CHP-134 neuroblastoma cell lines using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. The knock out cells were rigorously characterized by analyzing proliferation, colony forming abilities and responses to PARP inhibitor (Olaparib). Western blot analyses were performed to detect different protein expression related to DNA repair pathway. ShRNA lentiviral vectors were used to knockdown ATM expression in SK-N-AS and SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cell lines. ATM knock out cells were stably transfected with FANCD2 expression plasmid to over-expressed the FANCD2. Moreover, knock out cells were treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 to determine the protein stability of FANCD2. FANCD2, RAD51 and γH2AX protein expressions were determined by Immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS Haploinsufficient ATM resulted in increased proliferation (p < 0.01) and cell survival following PARP inhibitor (olaparib) treatment. However, complete ATM knockout decreased proliferation (p < 0.01) and promoted cell susceptibility to olaparib (p < 0.01). Complete loss of ATM suppressed the expression of DNA repair-associated molecules FANCD2 and RAD51 and induced DNA damage in neuroblastoma cells. A marked downregulation of FANCD2 expression was also observed in shRNA-mediated ATM-knockdown neuroblastoma cells. Inhibitor experiments demonstrated that the degradation of FANCD2 was regulated at the protein level through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Reintroduction of FANCD2 expression is sufficient to reverse decreased proliferation mediated by ATM depletion. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying ATM heterozygosity in neuroblastomas and elucidated that ATM inactivation enhances the susceptibility of neuroblastoma cells to olaparib treatment. These findings might be useful in the treatment of high-risk NB patients showing ATM zygosity and aggressive cancer progression in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Parvin
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Jesmin Akter
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Hisanori Takenobu
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Yutaka Katai
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Shunpei Satoh
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Ryu Okada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Masayuki Haruta
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Mukae
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Tomoko Wada
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Miki Ohira
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Kiyohiro Ando
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan
| | - Takehiko Kamijo
- Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, 818 Komuro, Ina, Saitama, 362-0806, Japan.
- Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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4
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Wan Y, Zhang Y, Meng H, Miao H, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Cheng W. Bractoppin, a BRCA1 carboxy-terminal domain (BRCT) inhibitor, suppresses tumor progression in ovarian borderline tumor organoids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 638:76-83. [PMID: 36442235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Borderline ovarian tumors are a special class of ovarian tumors between benign and malignant, which are not sensitive to traditional chemotherapy regimens, and the development of target drugs is limited due to the lack of cell lines. Tumor organoids can well preserve the genetic characteristics of the primary tumor, but there are only a few reports of application in borderline tumors. In this study, we successfully generated 13 ovarian borderline tumor organoids and tested the antitumor activity of Bractoppin, a BRCA1 carboxy-terminal domain (BRCT) inhibitor. Bractoppin promotes organoid apoptosis. Mechanistically, Bractoppin can inhibit organoid cell cycle progression, inhibit the repair of DSB damage and promote tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, Bractoppin can also promote the apoptosis of ovarian cancer cell lines and inhibit the HR and NHEJ repair ability of tumor cells. We demonstrate the value of ovarian borderline tumor organoids in the exploration of molecular therapy drugs, and Bractoppin may be a valuable small molecule drug in the treatment of BOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicong Wan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yashuang Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huangyang Meng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huixian Miao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Wenjun Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
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Carlsson MJ, Vollmer AS, Demuth P, Heylmann D, Reich D, Quarz C, Rasenberger B, Nikolova T, Hofmann TG, Christmann M, Fuhlbrueck JA, Stegmüller S, Richling E, Cartus AT, Fahrer J. p53 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis following DNA damage-dependent replication stress by the hepatotoxin methyleugenol. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1009. [PMID: 36446765 PMCID: PMC9708695 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05446-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most frequent tumor entities worldwide, which is causally linked to viral infection, fatty liver disease, life-style factors and food-borne carcinogens, particularly aflatoxins. Moreover, genotoxic plant toxins including phenylpropenes are suspected human liver carcinogens. The phenylpropene methyleugenol (ME) is a constituent of essential oils in many plants and occurs in herbal medicines, food, and cosmetics. Following its uptake, ME undergoes Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and sulfotransferase 1A1 (SULT1A1)-dependent metabolic activation, giving rise to DNA damage. However, little is known about the cellular response to the induced DNA adducts. Here, we made use of different SULT1A1-proficient cell models including primary hepatocytes that were treated with 1'-hydroxymethyleugenol (OH-ME) as main phase I metabolite. Firstly, mass spectrometry showed a concentration-dependent formation of N2-MIE-dG as major DNA adduct, strongly correlating with SULT1A1 expression as attested in cells with and without human SULT1A1. ME-derived DNA damage activated mainly the ATR-mediated DNA damage response as shown by phosphorylation of CHK1 and histone 2AX, followed by p53 accumulation and CHK2 phosphorylation. Consistent with these findings, the DNA adducts decreased replication speed and caused replication fork stalling. OH-ME treatment reduced viability particularly in cell lines with wild-type p53 and triggered apoptotic cell death, which was rescued by pan-caspase-inhibition. Further experiments demonstrated mitochondrial apoptosis as major cell death pathway. ME-derived DNA damage caused upregulation of the p53-responsive genes NOXA and PUMA, Bax activation, and cytochrome c release followed by caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavage. We finally demonstrated the crucial role of p53 for OH-ME triggered cell death as evidenced by reduced pro-apoptotic gene expression, strongly attenuated Bax activation and cell death inhibition upon genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of p53. Taken together, our study demonstrates for the first time that ME-derived DNA damage causes replication stress and triggers mitochondrial apoptosis via the p53-Bax pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. Carlsson
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Anastasia S. Vollmer
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.411544.10000 0001 0196 8249Present Address: Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Demuth
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Daniel Heylmann
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Diana Reich
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Caroline Quarz
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Birgit Rasenberger
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G. Hofmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Christmann
- grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Julia A. Fuhlbrueck
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simone Stegmüller
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Alexander T. Cartus
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- grid.7645.00000 0001 2155 0333Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany ,grid.410607.4Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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6
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McCarthy-Leo C, Darwiche F, Tainsky MA. DNA Repair Mechanisms, Protein Interactions and Therapeutic Targeting of the MRN Complex. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5278. [PMID: 36358700 PMCID: PMC9656488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of a DNA double-strand break relies upon a pathway of proteins to identify damage, regulate cell cycle checkpoints, and repair the damage. This process is initiated by a sensor protein complex, the MRN complex, comprised of three proteins-MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1. After a double-stranded break, the MRN complex recruits and activates ATM, in-turn activating other proteins such as BRCA1/2, ATR, CHEK1/2, PALB2 and RAD51. These proteins have been the focus of many studies for their individual roles in hereditary cancer syndromes and are included on several genetic testing panels. These panels have enabled us to acquire large amounts of genetic data, much of which remains a challenge to interpret due to the presence of variants of uncertain significance (VUS). While the primary aim of clinical testing is to accurately and confidently classify variants in order to inform medical management, the presence of VUSs has led to ambiguity in genetic counseling. Pathogenic variants within MRN complex genes have been implicated in breast, ovarian, prostate, colon cancers and gliomas; however, the hundreds of VUSs within MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 precludes the application of these data in genetic guidance of carriers. In this review, we discuss the MRN complex's role in DNA double-strand break repair, its interactions with other cancer predisposing genes, the variants that can be found within the three MRN complex genes, and the MRN complex's potential as an anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McCarthy-Leo
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Fatima Darwiche
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Michael A. Tainsky
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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7
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Nickoloff JA. Targeting Replication Stress Response Pathways to Enhance Genotoxic Chemo- and Radiotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154736. [PMID: 35897913 PMCID: PMC9330692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proliferating cells regularly experience replication stress caused by spontaneous DNA damage that results from endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA sequences that can assume secondary and tertiary structures, and collisions between opposing transcription and replication machineries. Cancer cells face additional replication stress, including oncogenic stress that results from the dysregulation of fork progression and origin firing, and from DNA damage induced by radiotherapy and most cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Cells respond to such stress by activating a complex network of sensor, signaling and effector pathways that protect genome integrity. These responses include slowing or stopping active replication forks, protecting stalled replication forks from collapse, preventing late origin replication firing, stimulating DNA repair pathways that promote the repair and restart of stalled or collapsed replication forks, and activating dormant origins to rescue adjacent stressed forks. Currently, most cancer patients are treated with genotoxic chemotherapeutics and/or ionizing radiation, and cancer cells can gain resistance to the resulting replication stress by activating pro-survival replication stress pathways. Thus, there has been substantial effort to develop small molecule inhibitors of key replication stress proteins to enhance tumor cell killing by these agents. Replication stress targets include ATR, the master kinase that regulates both normal replication and replication stress responses; the downstream signaling kinase Chk1; nucleases that process stressed replication forks (MUS81, EEPD1, Metnase); the homologous recombination catalyst RAD51; and other factors including ATM, DNA-PKcs, and PARP1. This review provides an overview of replication stress response pathways and discusses recent pre-clinical studies and clinical trials aimed at improving cancer therapy by targeting replication stress response factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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8
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Kelm JM, Samarbakhsh A, Pillai A, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Aruri H, Pandey DS, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ, Gavande NS. Recent Advances in the Development of Non-PIKKs Targeting Small Molecule Inhibitors of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Front Oncol 2022; 12:850883. [PMID: 35463312 PMCID: PMC9020266 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.850883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of cancer patients receive DNA-damaging drugs or ionizing radiation (IR) during their course of treatment, yet the efficacy of these therapies is tempered by DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Aberrations in DNA repair and the DDR are observed in many cancer subtypes and can promote de novo carcinogenesis, genomic instability, and ensuing resistance to current cancer therapy. Additionally, stalled or collapsed DNA replication forks present a unique challenge to the double-strand DNA break (DSB) repair system. Of the various inducible DNA lesions, DSBs are the most lethal and thus desirable in the setting of cancer treatment. In mammalian cells, DSBs are typically repaired by the error prone non-homologous end joining pathway (NHEJ) or the high-fidelity homology directed repair (HDR) pathway. Targeting DSB repair pathways using small molecular inhibitors offers a promising mechanism to synergize DNA-damaging drugs and IR while selective inhibition of the NHEJ pathway can induce synthetic lethality in HDR-deficient cancer subtypes. Selective inhibitors of the NHEJ pathway and alternative DSB-repair pathways may also see future use in precision genome editing to direct repair of resulting DSBs created by the HDR pathway. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in the development of inhibitors of the non-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (non-PIKKs) members of the NHEJ, HDR and minor backup SSA and alt-NHEJ DSB-repair pathways. The inhibitors described within this review target the non-PIKKs mediators of DSB repair including Ku70/80, Artemis, DNA Ligase IV, XRCC4, MRN complex, RPA, RAD51, RAD52, ERCC1-XPF, helicases, and DNA polymerase θ. While the DDR PIKKs remain intensely pursued as therapeutic targets, small molecule inhibition of non-PIKKs represents an emerging opportunity in drug discovery that offers considerable potential to impact cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Kelm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Amirreza Samarbakhsh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Athira Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Hariprasad Aruri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Deepti S. Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - John J. Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States,NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Navnath S. Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States,*Correspondence: Navnath S. Gavande, ; orcid.org/0000-0002-2413-0235
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9
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Abstract
Glioma is the most common primary intracranial malignancy in the central nervous system. At present, the most important treatment option is surgical resection of the tumor combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The principle of operation is to remove the tumor to the maximal extent on the basis of preserving brain function. However, prominent invasive and infiltrative proliferation of glioma tumor cells into the surrounding normal tissues frequently reduces the efficacy of treatment. This in turn worsens the prognosis, because the tumor cannot be completely removed, which can readily relapse. Chemotherapeutic agents when applied individually have demonstrated limited efficacy for the treatment of glioma. However, multiple different chemotherapeutic agents can be used in combination with other treatment modalities to improve the efficacy while circumventing systemic toxicity and drug resistance. Therefore, it is pivotal to unravel the inhibitory mechanism mediated by the different chemotherapeutic drugs on glioma cells in preclinical studies. The aim of the present review is to provide a summary for understanding the effects of different chemotherapeutic drugs in glioma, in addition to providing a reference for the preclinical research into novel chemotherapeutic agents for future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Shu Zhou
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology and Research Institute for Translation Medicine on Molecular Function and Artificial Intelligence Imaging, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, Guangdong 528000, P.R. China
| | - Na Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Cui Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Bai Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000, P.R. China
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10
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Hill P, Zellmann F, Vukova T, Marini F, Kolmar S, Kaina B, Hofmann TG, Nikolova T. Dose response to methylating agents in the γH2AX, SCE and colony formation assays: Effect of MGMT and MPG overexpression. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2022; 876-877:503462. [PMID: 35483785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cells have developed diverse protective mechanisms that enable them to tolerate low doses of genotoxic compounds. DNA repair processes attenuate the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of alkylating agents, and multiple studies indicate a key role of specific DNA repair factors and pathways in establishing non-linear dose response relationships. Using an overexpression approach, we investigated the impact of O6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT), which repairs O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) in a damage reversal reaction, and N-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase (MPG), which acts as an apical enzyme in the BER pathway, on the DNA damage response to the alkylating agents MNNG and MMS. Our data indicate a clear protective effect of MGMT against MNNG-induced nuclear γH2AX foci formation, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) and cytotoxicity, as determined in the colony formation assay. MGMT protected with similar efficiency against MMS-induced cytotoxicity and γH2AX foci formation, but suppressed SCE induction only weakly, which indicates that recombination events induced by MMS result from other lesions than O6MeG. In contrast, overexpression of MPG had only a very mild protective effect on the cellular defense against MMS and MNNG. Collectively, our data indicate that overexpression of MGMT results in non-linear DNA damage responses to O6MeG inducers. In contrast, MPG overexpression has only minor impact on the DNA damage response to alkylating drugs, indicating that other downstream enzymes in the BER pathway are limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Hill
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Zellmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tsvetomira Vukova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Kolmar
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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11
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Wachholz V, Mustafa AHM, Zeyn Y, Henninger SJ, Beyer M, Dzulko M, Piée-Staffa A, Brachetti C, Haehnel PS, Sellmer A, Mahboobi S, Kindler T, Brenner W, Nikolova T, Krämer OH. Inhibitors of class I HDACs and of FLT3 combine synergistically against leukemia cells with mutant FLT3. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:177-193. [PMID: 34665271 PMCID: PMC8748367 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03174-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with mutations in the FMS-like tyrosine kinase (FLT3) is a clinically unresolved problem. AML cells frequently have a dysregulated expression and activity of epigenetic modulators of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family. Therefore, we tested whether a combined inhibition of mutant FLT3 and class I HDACs is effective against AML cells. Low nanomolar doses of the FLT3 inhibitor (FLT3i) AC220 and an inhibition of class I HDACs with nanomolar concentrations of FK228 or micromolar doses of the HDAC3 specific agent RGFP966 synergistically induce apoptosis of AML cells that carry hyperactive FLT3 with an internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD). This does not occur in leukemic cells with wild-type FLT3 and without FLT3, suggesting a preferential toxicity of this combination against cells with mutant FLT3. Moreover, nanomolar doses of the new FLT3i marbotinib combine favorably with FK228 against leukemic cells with FLT3-ITD. The combinatorial treatments potentiated their suppressive effects on the tyrosine phosphorylation and stability of FLT3-ITD and its downstream signaling to the kinases ERK1/ERK2 and the inducible transcription factor STAT5. The beneficial pro-apoptotic effects of FLT3i and HDACi against leukemic cells with mutant FLT3 are associated with dose- and drug-dependent alterations of cell cycle distribution and DNA damage. This is linked to a modulation of the tumor-suppressive transcription factor p53 and its target cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. While HDACi induce p21, AC220 suppresses the expression of p53 and p21. Furthermore, we show that both FLT3-ITD and class I HDAC activity promote the expression of the checkpoint kinases CHK1 and WEE1, thymidylate synthase, and the DNA repair protein RAD51 in leukemic cells. A genetic depletion of HDAC3 attenuates the expression of such proteins. Thus, class I HDACs and hyperactive FLT3 appear to be valid targets in AML cells with mutant FLT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Wachholz
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Al-Hassan M Mustafa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Yanira Zeyn
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven J Henninger
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Mandy Beyer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Melanie Dzulko
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Piée-Staffa
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Brachetti
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Patricia S Haehnel
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,German Consortia for Translational Cancer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Sellmer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Siavosh Mahboobi
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, 93040, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kindler
- Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.,German Consortia for Translational Cancer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Women's Health, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Department of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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Chen CC, Chen CY, Cheng SF, Shieh TM, Leu YL, Chuang WY, Liu KT, Ueng SH, Shih YH, Chou LF, Wang TH. Hydroxygenkwanin Increases the Sensitivity of Liver Cancer Cells to Chemotherapy by Inhibiting DNA Damage Response in Mouse Xenograft Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189766. [PMID: 34575923 PMCID: PMC8471855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecules involved in DNA damage response (DDR) are often overexpressed in cancer cells, resulting in poor responses to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Although treatment efficacy can be improved with the concomitant use of DNA repair inhibitors, the accompanying side effects can compromise the quality of life of patients. Therefore, in this study, we identified a natural compound that could inhibit DDR, using the single-strand annealing yeast-cell analysis system, and explored its mechanisms of action and potential as a chemotherapy adjuvant in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines using comet assay, flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and functional analyses. We developed a mouse model to verify the in vitro findings. We found that hydroxygenkwanin (HGK) inhibited the expression of RAD51 and progression of homologous recombination, thereby suppressing the ability of the HCC cell lines to repair DNA damage and enhancing their sensitivity to doxorubicin. HGK inhibited the phosphorylation of DNA damage checkpoint proteins, leading to apoptosis in the HCC cell lines. In the mouse xenograft model, HGK enhanced the sensitivity of liver cancer cells to doxorubicin without any physiological toxicity. Thus, HGK can inhibit DDR in liver cancer cells and mouse models, making it suitable for use as a chemotherapy adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Yann-Lii Leu
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Yu Chuang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (W.-Y.C.); (S.-H.U.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Ting Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 32551, Taiwan
| | - Shir-Hwa Ueng
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (W.-Y.C.); (S.-H.U.)
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hwa Shih
- Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Fang Chou
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-F.C.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Tong-Hong Wang
- Tissue Bank, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (C.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.-F.C.); (T.-H.W.)
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13
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Schürmann L, Schumacher L, Roquette K, Brozovic A, Fritz G. Inhibition of the DSB repair protein RAD51 potentiates the cytotoxic efficacy of doxorubicin via promoting apoptosis-related death pathways. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:361-73. [PMID: 34389435 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The anthracycline derivative doxorubicin (Doxo) induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by inhibition of DNA topoisomerase type II. Defective mismatch repair (MMR) contributes to Doxo resistance and has been reported for colon and mammary carcinomas. Here, we investigated the outcome of pharmacological inhibition of various DNA repair-related mechanisms on Doxo-induced cytotoxicity employing MMR-deficient HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells. Out of different inhibitors tested (i.e. HDACi, PARPi, MRE11i, RAD52i, RAD51i), we identified the RAD51-inhibitor B02 as the most powerful compound to synergistically increase Doxo-induced cytotoxicity. B02-mediated synergism rests on pleiotropic mechanisms, including pronounced G2/M arrest, damage to mitochondria and caspase-driven apoptosis. Of note, B02 also promotes the cytotoxicity of oxaliplatin and 5-fluoruracil (5-FU) in HCT-116 cells and, furthermore, also increases Doxo-induced cytotoxicity in MMR-proficient colon and mammary carcinoma cells. Summarizing, pharmacological inhibition of RAD51 is suggested to synergistically increase the cytotoxic efficacy of various types of conventional anticancer drugs in different tumor entities. Hence, pre-clinical in vivo studies are preferable to determine the therapeutic window of B02 in a clinically oriented therapeutic regimen.
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14
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McPherson KS, Korzhnev DM. Targeting protein-protein interactions in the DNA damage response pathways for cancer chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1167-1195. [PMID: 34458830 PMCID: PMC8342002 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular DNA damage response (DDR) is an extensive signaling network that orchestrates DNA damage recognition, repair and avoidance, cell cycle progression and cell death. DDR alteration is a hallmark of cancer, with the deficiency in one DDR capability often compensated by a dependency on alternative pathways endowing cancer cells with survival and growth advantage. Targeting these DDR pathways has provided multiple opportunities for the development of cancer therapies. Traditional drug discovery has mainly focused on catalytic inhibitors that block enzyme active sites, which limits the number of potential drug targets within the DDR pathways. This review article describes the emerging approach to the development of cancer therapeutics targeting essential protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in the DDR network. The overall strategy for the structure-based design of small molecule PPI inhibitors is discussed, followed by an overview of the major DNA damage sensing, DNA repair, and DNA damage tolerance pathways with a specific focus on PPI targets for anti-cancer drug design. The existing small molecule inhibitors of DDR PPIs are summarized that selectively kill cancer cells and/or sensitize cancers to front-line genotoxic therapies, and a range of new PPI targets are proposed that may lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Silva McPherson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
| | - Dmitry M Korzhnev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center Farmington CT 06030 USA +1 860 679 3408 +1 860 679 2849
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses current and investigative strategies for targeting DNA repair in the management of glioma. RECENT FINDINGS Recent strategies in glioma treatment rely on the production of overwhelming DNA damage and inhibition of repair mechanisms, resulting in lethal cytotoxicity. Many strategies are effective in preclinical glioma models while clinical feasibility remains under investigation. The presence of glioma biomarkers, including IDH mutation and/or MGMT promoter methylation, may confer particular susceptibility to DNA damage and inhibition of repair. These biomarkers have been adopted as eligibility criteria in the design of multiple ongoing clinical trials. Targeting DNA repair mechanisms with novel agents or therapeutic combinations is a promising approach to the treatment of glioma. Further investigations are underway to optimize this approach in the clinical setting.
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16
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Reich TR, Schwarzenbach C, Vilar JB, Unger S, Mühlhäusler F, Nikolova T, Poplawski A, Baymaz HI, Beli P, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Localization matters: nuclear-trapped Survivin sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide by elevating cellular senescence and impairing homologous recombination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5587-604. [PMID: 34100981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03864-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To clarify whether differential compartmentalization of Survivin impacts temozolomide (TMZ)-triggered end points, we established a well-defined glioblastoma cell model in vitro (LN229 and A172) and in vivo, distinguishing between its nuclear and cytoplasmic localization. Expression of nuclear export sequence (NES)-mutated Survivin (SurvNESmut-GFP) led to impaired colony formation upon TMZ. This was not due to enhanced cell death but rather due to increased senescence. Nuclear-trapped Survivin reduced homologous recombination (HR)-mediated double-strand break (DSB) repair, as evaluated by γH2AX foci formation and qPCR-based HR assay leading to pronounced induction of chromosome aberrations. Opposite, clones, expressing free-shuttling cytoplasmic but not nuclear-trapped Survivin, could repair TMZ-induced DSBs and evaded senescence. Mass spectrometry-based interactomics revealed, however, no direct interaction of Survivin with any of the repair factors. The improved TMZ-triggered HR activity in Surv-GFP was associated with enhanced mRNA and stabilized RAD51 protein expression, opposite to diminished RAD51 expression in SurvNESmut cells. Notably, cytoplasmic Survivin could significantly compensate for the viability under RAD51 knockdown. Differential Survivin localization also resulted in distinctive TMZ-triggered transcriptional pathways, associated with senescence and chromosome instability as shown by global transcriptome analysis. Orthotopic LN229 xenografts, expressing SurvNESmut exhibited diminished growth and increased DNA damage upon TMZ, as manifested by PCNA and γH2AX foci expression, respectively, in brain tissue sections. Consequently, those mice lived longer. Although tumors of high-grade glioma patients expressed majorly nuclear Survivin, they exhibited rarely NES mutations which did not correlate with survival. Based on our in vitro and xenograft data, Survivin nuclear trapping would facilitate glioma response to TMZ.
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17
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Wang YY, Hung AC, Lo S, Hsieh YC, Yuan SF. MRE11 as a molecular signature and therapeutic target for cancer treatment with radiotherapy. Cancer Lett 2021; 514:1-11. [PMID: 34022282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
MRE11, the core of the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, is one of key DNA damage response proteins. Increasing evidence suggests that its expression in cancer cells is critical to developing radioresistance; as such, MRE11 is an emerging marker for targeted radiosensitization strategies. Elevated MRE11 in tumor tissues has been associated with poor survival in patients undergoing radiotherapy, although in some cancer types, the opposite has been noted. The recent discovery of ionizing radiation-induced truncation of MRE11, which decreases its efficacy, may explain some of these paradoxical findings. The progress of research on the biological modulation of MRE11 expression is also discussed, with the potential application of small molecule or large molecule inhibitors of MRE11 for enhancing radiosensitivity. Current research has further highlighted both nuclease and non-nuclease activities of MRE11 in cancer cells treated with ionizing radiation, and differentiation between these is essential to verify the targeting effects of radiosensitizing agents. These updates clarify our understanding of how MRE11 expression may be utilized in future stratification of cancer patients for radiotherapy, and how it may be leveraged in shaping novel radiosensitization strategies.
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18
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Wang G, Guo S, Zhang W, Li Z, Xu J, Li D, Wang Y, Zhan Q. A Comprehensive Analysis of Alterations in DNA Damage Repair Pathways Reveals a Potential Way to Enhance the Radio-Sensitivity of Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:575711. [PMID: 33178606 PMCID: PMC7596747 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.575711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) is a common malignancy with a poor 5-year overall survival in China. Altered DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways are associated with a predisposition to cancer and contribute to therapeutic response and resistance in cancers. However, alterations of DDR pathway genes in ESCC are still largely unknown. In this study, we employed genome sequencing data of 192 samples, comparative genomic hybridization data of 123 cases, and gene expression microarray data of 119 patients to firstly perform a comprehensive analysis of the gene alterations of 7 DDR pathways in ESCC. Gene mutations and copy number variations (CNVs) were observed in all 7 DDR pathways, and especially, CNVs were the dominant alteration types. Compared with other pathways, two DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), carried significant gene mutations and CNVs especially gene amplifications. Most genes including RAD54B, NBS1, RAD51B, and PRKDC were significantly amplified and over-expressed in ESCC. Amplification and high expression of DSB repair pathway genes were associated with poorer overall survival. Gene set variation analysis further showed that DSB repair pathways were up-regulated in ESCC. Besides, we firstly demonstrated that combination of mirin and NU7441, two inhibitors for HR and NHEJ respectively, with ionizing radiation treatment significantly enhanced DSBs, reduced clonogenic cell survival, inhibited cell proliferation, and promoted cell apoptosis in ESCC cells with DSB pathway gene amplification. These findings suggest that DSB repair pathways were significantly altered in ESCC and inhibiting DSB repair pathways might enhance the radio-sensitivity of ESCC with DSB repair up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shichao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhangfu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiancheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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19
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Ding G, Xu X, Li D, Chen Y, Wang W, Ping D, Jia S, Cao L. Fisetin inhibits proliferation of pancreatic adenocarcinoma by inducing DNA damage via RFXAP/KDM4A-dependent histone H3K36 demethylation. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:893. [PMID: 33093461 PMCID: PMC7582166 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely malignant tumor that is associated with low survival rates. Fisetin is a natural flavonoid that shows diverse antitumor effects, including DNA damage, in various cancers. Increasing studies have demonstrated that epigenetic modifications play critical roles in DNA-damage response. However, the epigenetic regulation mechanism of fisetin in cancers is hardly studied. RFXAP is a critical transcription factor for MHC II molecules, however, its transcriptional role in PDAC is poorly understood. The anti-PDAC effect of fisetin was measured by CCK-8, flow cytometry, xenograft tumor nude mice model. DNA-damage levels were examined by immunofluorescence. Bioinformatics analysis was used to examine the expression of RFXAP and other genes involved in DNA-damage response. ChIP sequencing was used to explore the transcriptional role of RFXAP. The expression of target gene KDM4A was measured by qRT-PCR and western blots. KDM4A promoter activity was analyzed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. RFXAP overexpressing or silencing of PDAC cells was used to explore the effect of RFXAP in DNA damage induced by fisetin. We found that fisetin inhibited cell proliferation and induced DNA damage and S-phase arrest in PDAC. Expression of RFXAP and other DNA-damage response genes were upregulated by fisetin. We revealed that RFXAP expression was relatively low in PDAC and correlated with tumor stage and poor prognosis. Then we explored the transcriptional role of RFXAP and found that RFXAP targeted KDM4A, a special demethylase specific for tri- and dimethylated histone H3K36. We found that overexpression of RFXAP upregulated KDM4A and attenuated methylation of H3K36, thereby impairing DNA repair and enhancing the DNA damage induced by fisetin, while RFXAP silencing showed the opposite effect. We also found the function of fisetin in enhancing the effect of chemotherapy on pancreatic cancer cells. Our findings revealed that fisetin induced DNA damage via RFXAP/KDM4A-dependent histone H3K36 demethylation, thus causing inhibition of proliferation in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yuhao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Emergency Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.,Department of General Surgery, Huzhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Huzhou, 313003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongnan Ping
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Shengnan Jia
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, China. .,Innovation Center for Minimally Invasive Technique and Device, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310000, Zhejiang, China.
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20
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Król SK, Kaczmarczyk A, Wojnicki K, Wojtas B, Gielniewski B, Grajkowska W, Kotulska K, Szczylik C, Czepko R, Banach M, Kaspera W, Szopa W, Marchel A, Czernicki T, Kaminska B. Aberrantly Expressed RECQL4 Helicase Supports Proliferation and Drug Resistance of Human Glioma Cells and Glioma Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2919. [PMID: 33050631 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Human RecQ helicases participate in DNA replication, repair and transcription. Due to important roles in many cellular processes, deregulation of these helicases in cancer could be tumour promoting. We found upregulated RECQL4 expression in highly malignant brain tumours (glioblastomas) associated with poor survival of patients. While RECQL4 depletion in human glioma cells with genetic tools slightly impaired cell viability and DNA replication, it induced gross changes in gene expression and increased sensitivity of glioma cells and glioma stem cells to chemotherapeutics. Therefore, targeting RECQL4 in deadly brain tumours could be a new strategy to improve eradication of tumour cells by chemotherapeutics. Abstract Anti-tumour therapies eliminate proliferating tumour cells by induction of DNA damage, but genomic aberrations or transcriptional deregulation may limit responses to therapy. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a malignant brain tumour, which recurs inevitably due to chemo- and radio-resistance. Human RecQ helicases participate in DNA repair, responses to DNA damage and replication stress. We explored if a helicase RECQL4 contributes to gliomagenesis and responses to chemotherapy. We found upregulated RECQL4 expression in GBMs associated with poor survival of GBM patients. Increased levels of nuclear and cytosolic RECQL4 proteins were detected in GBMs on tissue arrays and in six glioma cell lines. RECQL4 was detected both in cytoplasm and mitochondria by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. RECQL4 depletion in glioma cells with siRNAs and CRISPR/Cas9 did not affect basal cell viability, slightly impaired DNA replication, but induced profound transcriptomic changes and increased chemosensitivity of glioma cells. Sphere cultures originated from RECQL4-depleted cells had reduced sphere forming capacity, stronger responded to temozolomide upregulating cell cycle inhibitors and pro-apoptotic proteins. RECQL4 deficiency affected mitochondrial network and reduced mitochondrial membrane polarization in LN18 glioblastoma cells. We demonstrate that targeting RECQL4 overexpressed in glioblastoma could be a new strategy to sensitize glioma cells to chemotherapeutics.
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Herbener VJ, Burster T, Goreth A, Pruss M, von Bandemer H, Baisch T, Fitzel R, Siegelin MD, Karpel-Massler G, Debatin KM, Westhoff MA, Strobel H. Considering the Experimental use of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma Research. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E151. [PMID: 32512726 PMCID: PMC7344626 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) currently remains the only chemotherapeutic component in the approved treatment scheme for Glioblastoma (GB), the most common primary brain tumour with a dismal patient's survival prognosis of only ~15 months. While frequently described as an alkylating agent that causes DNA damage and thus-ultimately-cell death, a recent debate has been initiated to re-evaluate the therapeutic role of TMZ in GB. Here, we discuss the experimental use of TMZ and highlight how it differs from its clinical role. Four areas could be identified in which the experimental data is particularly limited in its translational potential: 1. transferring clinical dosing and scheduling to an experimental system and vice versa; 2. the different use of (non-inert) solvent in clinic and laboratory; 3. the limitations of established GB cell lines which only poorly mimic GB tumours; and 4. the limitations of animal models lacking an immune response. Discussing these limitations in a broader biomedical context, we offer suggestions as to how to improve transferability of data. Finally, we highlight an underexplored function of TMZ in modulating the immune system, as an example of where the aforementioned limitations impede the progression of our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena J. Herbener
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan;
| | - Alicia Goreth
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Maximilian Pruss
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, D-40225 Duesseldorf, Germany;
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Hélène von Bandemer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Tim Baisch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Rahel Fitzel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Markus D. Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany;
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
| | - Hannah Strobel
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, D-89075 Ulm, Germany; (V.J.H.); (A.G.); (H.v.B.); (T.B.); (R.F.); (K.-M.D.); (H.S.)
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Abstract
Low-grade gliomas (LGGs) are a highly heterogeneous group of slow-growing,
lethal, diffusive brain tumors. Temozolomide (TMZ) is a frequently used primary
chemotherapeutic agent for LGGs. Currently there is no consensus as to the
optimal biomarkers to predict the efficacy of TMZ, which calls for
decision-making for each patient while considering molecular profiles. Low-grade
glioma data sets were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Cox regression and
survival analyses were applied to identify clinical features significantly
associated with survival. Subsequently, Ordinal logistic regression,
co-expression, and Cox regression analyses were applied to identify genes that
correlate significantly with response rate, disease-free survival, and overall
survival of patients receiving TMZ as primary therapy. Finally, gene expression
and methylation analyses were exploited to explain the mechanism between these
gene expression and TMZ efficacy in LGG patients. Overall survival was
significantly correlated with age, Karnofsky Performance Status score, and
histological grade, but not with IDH1 mutation status. Using 3
distinct efficacy end points, regression and co-expression analyses further
identified a novel 4-gene signature of ASPM, CCNB1, EXO1, and
KIF23 which negatively correlated with response to TMZ
therapy. In addition, expression of the 4-gene signature was associated with
those of genes involved in homologous recombination. Finally, expression and
methylation profiling identified a largely unknown olfactory receptor
OR51F2 as potential mediator of the roles of the 4-gene
signature in reducing TMZ efficacy. Taken together, these findings propose the
4-gene signature as a novel panel of efficacy predictors of TMZ therapy, as well
as potential downstream mechanisms, including homologous recombination, OR51F2,
and DNA methylation independent of MGMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Zongze He
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan, China
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Sousa JFD, Serafim RB, Freitas LMD, Fontana CR, Valente V. DNA repair genes in astrocytoma tumorigenesis, progression and therapy resistance. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190066. [PMID: 31930277 PMCID: PMC7198033 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant type of primary brain tumor,
showing rapid development and resistance to therapies. On average, patients
survive 14.6 months after diagnosis and less than 5% survive five years or more.
Several pieces of evidence have suggested that the DNA damage signaling and
repair activities are directly correlated with GBM phenotype and exhibit
opposite functions in cancer establishment and progression. The functions of
these pathways appear to present a dual role in tumorigenesis and cancer
progression. Activation and/or overexpression of ATRX, ATM and RAD51 genes were
extensively characterized as barriers for GBM initiation, but paradoxically the
exacerbated activity of these genes was further associated with cancer
progression to more aggressive stages. Excessive amounts of other DNA repair
proteins, namely HJURP, EXO1, NEIL3, BRCA2, and BRIP, have also been connected
to proliferative competence, resistance and poor prognosis. This scenario
suggests that these networks help tumor cells to manage replicative stress and
treatment-induced damage, diminishing genome instability and conferring therapy
resistance. Finally, in this review we address promising new drugs and
therapeutic approaches with potential to improve patient survival. However,
despite all technological advances, the prognosis is still dismal and further
research is needed to dissect such complex mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Ferreira de Sousa
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A
| | - Rodolfo Bortolozo Serafim
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Marise de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla Raquel Fontana
- Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Valeria Valente
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Terapia Celular (CEPID-FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious, with a single unrepaired DSB being sufficient to trigger cell death. Compared to healthy cells, cancer cells have a higher DSB burden due to oncogene-induced replication stress and acquired defects in DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms. Consequently, hyperproliferating cancer cells rely on efficient DSB repair for their survival. Moreover, augmented DSB repair capacity is a major cause of radio- and chemoresistance and, ultimately, cancer recurrence. Although inherited DDR defects can predispose individuals to develop certain cancers, the very same vulnerability may be therapeutically exploited to preferentially kill tumor cells. A paradigm for DNA repair targeted therapy has emerged in cancers that exhibit mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 tumor suppressor genes, conferring a strong defect in homologous recombination, a major and error-free DSB repair pathway. Clinical validation of such approaches, commonly described as synthetic lethality (SL), has been provided by the regulatory approval of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 inhibitors (PARPi) as monotherapy for BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian tumors. In this review, we will describe the different DSB repair mechanisms and discuss how their specific features could be exploited for cancer therapy. A major emphasis is put on advances in combinatorial treatment modalities and SL approaches arising from DSB repair pathway interdependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Trenner
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro A Sartori
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
Genome instability is a hallmark of cancer cells and can be accelerated by defects in cellular responses to DNA damage. This feature of malignant cells opens new avenues for tumor targeted therapy. MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex plays a crucial role in sensing and repair of DNA damage. Through interacting with other important players of DNA damage response, MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex is engaged in various DNA damage repair pathways. Mutations in any member of this complex may lead to hypersensitivity to genotoxic agents and predisposition to malignancy. It is assumed that the defects in the complex may contribute to tumorigenesis and that treatments targeting the defect may be beneficial to cancer patients. Here, we summarized the recent research findings of the role of MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 complex in tumorigenesis, cancer treatment and discussed the potential approaches of targeting this complex to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiling Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meichao Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Lewis TW, Barthelemy JR, Virts EL, Kennedy FM, Gadgil RY, Wiek C, Linka RM, Zhang F, Andreassen PR, Hanenberg H, Leffak M. Deficiency of the Fanconi anemia E2 ubiqitin conjugase UBE2T only partially abrogates Alu-mediated recombination in a new model of homology dependent recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:3503-3520. [PMID: 30715513 PMCID: PMC6468168 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the UBE2T ubiquitin conjugase is in the monoubiquitination of the FANCI-FANCD2 heterodimer, a central step in the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway. Genetic inactivation of UBE2T is responsible for the phenotypes of FANCT patients; however, a FANCT patient carrying a maternal duplication and a paternal deletion in the UBE2T loci displayed normal peripheral blood counts and UBE2T protein levels in B-lymphoblast cell lines. To test whether reversion by recombination between UBE2T AluYa5 elements could have occurred in the patient's hematopoietic stem cells despite the defects in homologous recombination (HR) in FA cells, we constructed HeLa cell lines containing the UBE2T AluYa5 elements and neighboring intervening sequences flanked by fluorescent reporter genes. Introduction of a DNA double strand break in the model UBE2T locus in vivo promoted single strand annealing (SSA) between proximal Alu elements and deletion of the intervening color marker gene, recapitulating the reversion of the UBE2T duplication in the FA patient. To test whether UBE2T null cells retain HR activity, the UBE2T genes were knocked out in HeLa cells and U2OS cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic knockout of UBE2T only partially reduced HR, demonstrating that UBE2T-independent pathways can compensate for the recombination defect in UBE2T/FANCT null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd W Lewis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Joanna R Barthelemy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth L Virts
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Felicia M Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rujuta Y Gadgil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | - Constanze Wiek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rene M Linka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paul R Andreassen
- Division of Experimental Hematology & Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, 40225 Duüsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Leffak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
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Kaina B, Christmann M. DNA repair in personalized brain cancer therapy with temozolomide and nitrosoureas. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:128-141. [PMID: 31039537 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alkylating agents have been used since the 60ties in brain cancer chemotherapy. Their target is the DNA and, although the DNA of normal and cancer cells is damaged unselectively, they exert tumor-specific killing effects because of downregulation of some DNA repair activities in cancer cells. Agents exhibiting methylating properties (temozolomide, procarbazine, dacarbazine, streptozotocine) induce at least 12 different DNA lesions. These are repaired by damage reversal mechanisms involving the alkyltransferase MGMT and the alkB homologous protein ALKBH2, and through base excision repair (BER). There is a strong correlation between the MGMT expression level and therapeutic response in high-grade malignant glioma, supporting the notion that O6-methylguanine and, for nitrosoureas, O6-chloroethylguanine are the most relevant toxic damages at therapeutically relevant doses. Since MGMT has a significant impact on the outcome of anti-cancer therapy, it is a predictive marker of the effectiveness of methylating anticancer drugs, and clinical trials are underway aimed at assessing the influence of MGMT inhibition on the therapeutic success. Other DNA repair factors involved in methylating drug resistance are mismatch repair, DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) and DSB signaling. Base excision repair and ALKBH2 might also contribute to alkylating drug resistance and their downregulation may have an impact on drug sensitivity notably in cells expressing a high amount of MGMT and at high doses of temozolomide, but the importance in a therapeutic setting remains to be shown. MGMT is frequently downregulated in cancer cells (up to 40% in glioblastomas), which is due to CpG promoter methylation. Astrocytoma (grade III) are frequently mutated in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1). These tumors show a surprisingly good therapeutic response. IDH1 mutation has an impact on ALKBH2 activity thus influencing DNA repair. A master switch between survival and death is p53, which often retains transactivation activity (wildtype) in malignant glioma. The role of p53 in regulating survival via DNA repair and the routes of death are discussed and conclusions as to cancer therapeutic options were drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Markus Christmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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28
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Jividen K, Kedzierska KZ, Yang CS, Szlachta K, Ratan A, Paschal BM. Genomic analysis of DNA repair genes and androgen signaling in prostate cancer. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:960. [PMID: 30305041 PMCID: PMC6180441 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4848-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular effects of androgen are transduced through the androgen receptor, which controls the expression of genes that regulate biosynthetic processes, cell growth, and metabolism. Androgen signaling also impacts DNA damage signaling through mechanisms involving gene expression and transcription-associated DNA damaging events. Defining the contributions of androgen signaling to DNA repair is important for understanding androgen receptor function, and it also has translational implications. METHODS We generated RNA-seq data from multiple prostate cancer lines and used bioinformatic analyses to characterize androgen-regulated gene expression. We compared the results from cell lines with gene expression data from prostate cancer xenografts, and patient samples, to query how androgen signaling and prostate cancer progression influences the expression of DNA repair genes. We performed whole genome sequencing to help characterize the status of the DNA repair machinery in widely used prostate cancer lines. Finally, we tested a DNA repair enzyme inhibitor for effects on androgen-dependent transcription. RESULTS Our data indicates that androgen signaling regulates a subset of DNA repair genes that are largely specific to the respective model system and disease state. We identified deleterious mutations in the DNA repair genes RAD50 and CHEK2. We found that inhibition of the DNA repair enzyme MRE11 with the small molecule mirin inhibits androgen-dependent transcription and growth of prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data supports the view that crosstalk between androgen signaling and DNA repair occurs at multiple levels, and that DNA repair enzymes in addition to PARPs, could be actionable targets in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasey Jividen
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | | | - Chun-Song Yang
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Karol Szlachta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Aakrosh Ratan
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Bryce M Paschal
- Center for Cell Signaling, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
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29
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Rodrigues-junior DM, Biassi TP, Carlin V, Buri MV, Torrecilhas AC, Bortoluci KR, Vettore AL. OIP5 Expression Sensitize Glioblastoma Cells to Lomustine Treatment. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:383-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Tachon G, Cortes U, Guichet PO, Rivet P, Balbous A, Masliantsev K, Berger A, Boissonnade O, Wager M, Karayan-Tapon L. Cell Cycle Changes after Glioblastoma Stem Cell Irradiation: The Major Role of RAD51. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103018. [PMID: 30282933 PMCID: PMC6213228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
“Glioma Stem Cells” (GSCs) are known to play a role in glioblastoma (GBM) recurrence. Homologous recombination (HR) defects and cell cycle checkpoint abnormalities can contribute concurrently to the radioresistance of GSCs. DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (RAD51) is a crucial protein for HR and its inhibition has been shown to sensitize GSCs to irradiation. The aim of this study was to examine the consequences of ionizing radiation (IR) for cell cycle progression in GSCs. In addition, we intended to assess the potential effect of RAD51 inhibition on cell cycle progression. Five radiosensitive GSC lines and five GSC lines that were previously characterized as radioresistant were exposed to 4Gy IR, and cell cycle analysis was done by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) at 24, 48, 72, and 96 h with or without RAD51 inhibitor. Following 4Gy IR, all GSC lines presented a significant increase in G2 phase at 24 h, which was maintained over 72 h. In the presence of RAD51 inhibitor, radioresistant GSCs showed delayed G2 arrest post-irradiation for up to 48 h. This study demonstrates that all GSCs can promote G2 arrest in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. However, following RAD51 inhibition, the cell cycle checkpoint response differed. This study contributes to the characterization of the radioresistance mechanisms of GSCs, thereby supporting the rationale of targeting RAD51-dependent repair pathways in view of radiosensitizing GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle Tachon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Ulrich Cortes
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre-Olivier Guichet
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Pierre Rivet
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Anais Balbous
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Konstantin Masliantsev
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Antoine Berger
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Odile Boissonnade
- Département d'Oncologie Radiothérapie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Michel Wager
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques (LNEC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1084, Université de Poitiers, F-86073 Poitiers, France.
- Département de Cancérologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
- Faculté de Médecine-Pharmacie, Université de Poitiers, F-86021 Poitiers, France.
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Chen CC, Chen CY, Wang SH, Yeh CT, Su SC, Ueng SH, Chuang WY, Hsueh C, Wang TH. Melatonin Sensitizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Chemotherapy Through Long Non-Coding RNA RAD51-AS1-Mediated Suppression of DNA Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E320. [PMID: 30201872 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair systems are abnormally active in most hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells due to accumulated mutations, resulting in elevated DNA repair capacity and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Thus, targeting DNA repair mechanisms is a common treatment approach in HCC to sensitize cancer cells to DNA damage. In this study, we examined the anti-HCC effects of melatonin and elucidated the regulatory mechanisms. The results of functional assays showed that in addition to inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of HCC cells, melatonin suppressed their DNA repair capacity, thereby promoting the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Whole-transcriptome and gain- and loss-of-function analyses revealed that melatonin induces expression of the long noncoding RNA RAD51-AS1, which binds to RAD51 mRNA to inhibit its translation, effectively decreasing the DNA repair capacity of HCC cells and increasing their sensitivity to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Animal models further demonstrated that a combination of melatonin and the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide (VP16) can significantly enhance tumor growth inhibition compared with monotherapy. Our results show that melatonin is a potential adjuvant treatment for chemotherapy and radiotherapy in HCC.
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Kaina B, Izzotti A, Xu J, Christmann M, Pulliero A, Zhao X, Dobreanu M, Au WW. Inherent and toxicant-provoked reduction in DNA repair capacity: A key mechanism for personalized risk assessment, cancer prevention and intervention, and response to therapy. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:993-1006. [PMID: 30041861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genomic investigations reveal novel evidence which indicates that genetic predisposition and inherent drug response are key factors for development of cancer and for poor response to therapy. However, mechanisms for these outcomes and interactions with environmental factors have not been well-characterized. Therefore, cancer risk, prevention, intervention and prognosis determinations have still mainly been based on population, rather than on individualized, evaluations. The objective of this review was to demonstrate that a key mechanism which contributes to the determination is inherent and/or toxicant-provoked reduction in DNA repair capacity. In addition, functional and quantitative determination of DNA repair capacity on an individual basis would dramatically change the evaluation and management of health problems from a population to a personalized basis. In this review, justifications for the scenario were delineated. Topics to be presented include assays for detection of functional DNA repair deficiency, mechanisms for DNA repair defects, toxicant-perturbed DNA repair capacity, epigenetic mechanisms (methylation and miRNA expression) for alteration of DNA repair function, and bioinformatics approach to analyze large amount of genomic data. Information from these topics has recently been and will be used for better understanding of cancer causation and of response to therapeutic interventions. Consequently, innovative genomic- and mechanism-based evidence can be increasingly used to develop more precise cancer risk assessment, and target-specific and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alberto Izzotti
- University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; IRCCS Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italy
| | - Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | | | - Xing Zhao
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | | | - William W Au
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Cai HQ, Cheng ZJ, Zhang HP, Wang PF, Zhang Y, Hao JJ, Wang MR, Wan JH. Overexpression of MCM6 predicts poor survival in patients with glioma. Hum Pathol 2018; 78:182-7. [PMID: 29753008 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance proteins (MCMs) play an essential role in DNA replication and other cellular activities. However, their expression levels and clinical value in glioma are unclear. In the present study, we analyzed the relationship between MCM mRNA expression and clinical parameters in 325 gliomas and found that MCM6 presented high expression and was associated with poor survival. Immunohistochemistry analysis of an independent data set of 423 glioma tissues confirmed the overexpression of MCM6 protein, especially in glioblastomas with shorter overall survival. Importantly, a combination of MCM6 overexpression with IDH1 mutation further improved the prediction of the prognosis of glioblastomas. Patients with IDH1 mutation and low MCM6 expression exhibited the longest survival, whereas those with high MCM6 expression and wild-type IDH1 showed the shortest. Collectively, our observation indicates that MCM6 is a novel potential biomarker for predicting poor prognosis of the patients with glioma.
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Abstract
The finding that most GBMs recur either near or within the primary site after radiotherapy has fueled great interest in the development of radiosensitizers to enhance local control. Unfortunately, decades of clinical trials testing a wide range of novel therapeutic approaches have failed to yield any clinically viable radiosensitizers. However, many of the previous radiosensitizing strategies were not based on clear pre-clinical evidence, and in many cases blood-barrier penetration was not considered. Furthermore, DNA repair inhibitors have only recenly arrived in the clinic, and likely represent potent agents for glioma radiosensitization. Here, we present recent progress in the use of small molecule DNA damage response inhibitors as GBM radiosensitizers. In addition, we discuss the latest progress in targeting hypoxia and oxidative stress for GBM radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Anthony J Chalmers
- Institute of Cancer Sciences & Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sydney Evans
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19081, USA
| | - Mark Dewhirst
- Radiation Oncology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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35
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Nikolova T, Marini F, Kaina B. Genotoxicity testing: Comparison of the γH2AX focus assay with the alkaline and neutral comet assays. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 2017; 822:10-18. [PMID: 28844237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing relies on the quantitative measurement of adverse effects, such as chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and mutations, resulting from primary DNA damage. Ideally, assays will detect DNA damage and cellular responses with high sensitivity, reliability, and throughput. Several novel genotoxicity assays may fulfill these requirements, including the comet assay and the more recently developed γH2AX assay. Although they are thought to be specific for genotoxicants, a systematic comparison of the assays has not yet been undertaken. In the present study, we compare the γH2AX focus assay with the alkaline and neutral versions of the comet assay, as to their sensitivities and limitations for detection of genetic damage. We investigated the dose-response relationships of γH2AX foci and comet tail intensities at various times following treatment with four prototypical genotoxicants, methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), mitomycin C, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and we tested whether there is a correlation between the endpoints, i.e., alkali-labile sites and DNA strand breaks on the one hand and the cell's response to DNA double-strand breaks and blocked replication forks on the other. Induction of γH2AX foci gave a linear dose response and all agents tested were positive in the assay. The increase in comet tail intensity was also a function of dose; however, mitomycin C was almost completely ineffective in the comet assay, and the doses needed to achieve a significant effect were somewhat higher for some treatments in the comet assay than in the γH2AX foci assay, which was confirmed by threshold analysis. There was high correlation between tail intensity and γH2AX foci for MMS and H2O2, less for MNNG, and none for mitomycin C. From this we infer that the γH2AX foci assay is more reliable, sensitive, and robust than the comet assay for detecting genotoxicant-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
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Nikolova T, Kiweler N, Krämer OH. Interstrand Crosslink Repair as a Target for HDAC Inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 38:822-836. [PMID: 28687272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) covalently connect complementary DNA strands. Consequently, DNA replication and transcription are hampered, DNA damage responses (DDR) are initiated, and cell death is triggered. Therefore, drugs inducing ICLs are effective against rapidly growing cancer cells. However, tumors engage a complicated enzymatic machinery to repair and survive ICLs. Several factors, including the post-translational acetylation/deacetylation of lysine residues within proteins, control this network. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) modulate the expression and functions of DNA repair proteins which remove ICLs and control the accessibility of chromatin. Accordingly, histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are small, pharmacologically and clinically relevant molecules that sensitize cancer cells to ICL inducers. We discuss the mechanism of ICL repair and targets of HDACi within this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Nicole Kiweler
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Nikolova T, Roos WP, Krämer OH, Strik HM, Kaina B. Chloroethylating nitrosoureas in cancer therapy: DNA damage, repair and cell death signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:29-39. [PMID: 28143714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroethylating nitrosoureas (CNU), such as lomustine, nimustine, semustine, carmustine and fotemustine are used for the treatment of malignant gliomas, brain metastases of different origin, melanomas and Hodgkin disease. They alkylate the DNA bases and give rise to the formation of monoadducts and subsequently interstrand crosslinks (ICL). ICL are critical cytotoxic DNA lesions that link the DNA strands covalently and block DNA replication and transcription. As a result, S phase progression is inhibited and cells are triggered to undergo apoptosis and necrosis, which both contribute to the effectiveness of CNU-based cancer therapy. However, tumor cells resist chemotherapy through the repair of CNU-induced DNA damage. The suicide enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) removes the precursor DNA lesion O6-chloroethylguanine prior to its conversion into ICL. In cells lacking MGMT, the formed ICL evoke complex enzymatic networks to accomplish their removal. Here we discuss the mechanism of ICL repair as a survival strategy of healthy and cancer cells and DNA damage signaling as a mechanism contributing to CNU-induced cell death. We also discuss therapeutic implications and strategies based on sequential and simultaneous treatment with CNU and the methylating drug temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Wynand P Roos
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oliver H Krämer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Herwig M Strik
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Baldinger Strasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Wang Y, Gao S, Wang W, Liang J. Temozolomide inhibits cellular growth and motility via targeting ERK signaling in glioma C6 cells. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5732-5738. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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39
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Herrtwich L, Nanda I, Evangelou K, Nikolova T, Horn V, Sagar, Erny D, Stefanowski J, Rogell L, Klein C, Gharun K, Follo M, Seidl M, Kremer B, Münke N, Senges J, Fliegauf M, Aschman T, Pfeifer D, Sarrazin S, Sieweke MH, Wagner D, Dierks C, Haaf T, Ness T, Zaiss MM, Voll RE, Deshmukh SD, Prinz M, Goldmann T, Hölscher C, Hauser AE, Lopez-Contreras AJ, Grün D, Gorgoulis V, Diefenbach A, Henneke P, Triantafyllopoulou A. DNA Damage Signaling Instructs Polyploid Macrophage Fate in Granulomas. Cell 2016; 167:1264-1280.e18. [PMID: 28084216 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Granulomas are immune cell aggregates formed in response to persistent inflammatory stimuli. Granuloma macrophage subsets are diverse and carry varying copy numbers of their genomic information. The molecular programs that control the differentiation of such macrophage populations in response to a chronic stimulus, though critical for disease outcome, have not been defined. Here, we delineate a macrophage differentiation pathway by which a persistent Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 signal instructs polyploid macrophage fate by inducing replication stress and activating the DNA damage response. Polyploid granuloma-resident macrophages formed via modified cell divisions and mitotic defects and not, as previously thought, by cell-to-cell fusion. TLR2 signaling promoted macrophage polyploidy and suppressed genomic instability by regulating Myc and ATR. We propose that, in the presence of persistent inflammatory stimuli, pathways previously linked to oncogene-initiated carcinogenesis instruct a long-lived granuloma-resident macrophage differentiation program that regulates granulomatous tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herrtwich
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Indrajit Nanda
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Evangelou
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Teodora Nikolova
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Veronika Horn
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan Stefanowski
- Immune Dynamics, Charité Universitätsmedizin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leif Rogell
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudius Klein
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kourosh Gharun
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Department of Pathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kremer
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikolas Münke
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Senges
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Fliegauf
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom Aschman
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Michael H Sieweke
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, 13288 Marseille, France; Max-Delbrück-Centrum für Molekulare Medizin in der Helmholtzgemeinschaft (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine 2, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Dierks
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haaf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Biozentrum, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ness
- Eye Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Goldmann
- Department of Pathology, Schleswig-Holstein University Hospital, Campus Lübeck and Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Division of Infection Immunology, Research Center Borstel, 23845 Borstel, Germany; Cluster of Excellence, Inflammation at Interfaces (Borstel-Kiel-Lübeck-Plön), 24118 Kiel, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Anja E Hauser
- Immune Dynamics, Charité Universitätsmedizin and Deutsches Rheumaforschungszentrum, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andres J Lopez-Contreras
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Dominic Grün
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vassilis Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Faculty Institute of Cancer Sciences, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4QL, UK; Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece; Department of Pathophysiology School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Research Center for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Mainz Medical Center, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antigoni Triantafyllopoulou
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center of Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
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