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Armakolas A, Dimakakos A, Loukogiannaki C, Armakolas N, Antonopoulos A, Florou C, Tsioli P, Papageorgiou E, Alexandrou TP, Stathaki M, Spinos D, Pektasides D, Patsouris E, Koutsilieris M. IL-6 is associated to IGF-1Ec upregulation and Ec peptide secretion, from prostate tumors. Mol Med 2018; 24:6. [PMID: 30134795 PMCID: PMC6016866 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0003-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ec peptide (PEc), resulting from the proteolytic cleavage of the IGF-1Ec isoform, is involved in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, whereas in muscle tissue, it is associated with the mobilization of satellite cells prior to repair. Our aim is to determine the physiological conditions associated to the IGF-1Ec upregulation and PEc secretion in prostate tumors, as well as, the effect of tumor PEc on tumor repair. Methods IGF-1 (mature and isoforms) expression was examined by qRT-PCR, both in prostate cancer cells co-incubated with cells of the immune response (IR) and in tumors. PEc secretion was determined by Multiple Reaction Monitoring. The effect of PEc, on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) mobilization and repair, was examined using migration and invasion assays, FISH and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The JAK/STAT signaling pathway leading to the IGF1-Ec expression was examined by western blot analysis. Determination of the expression and localization of IL-6 and IGF-1Ec in prostate tumors was examined by qRT-PCR and by IHC. Results We documented that IL-6 secreted by IR cells activates the JAK2 and STAT3 pathway through IL-6 receptor in cancer cells, leading to the IGF-1Ec upregulation and PEc secretion, as well as to the IL-6 expression and secretion. The resulting PEc, apart from its oncogenic role, also mobilizes MSCs towards the tumor, thus promoting tumor repair. Conclusions IL-6 leads to the PEc secretion from prostate cancer cells. Apart from its oncogenic role, PEc is also involved in the mobilization of MSCs resulting in tumor repair. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s10020-018-0003-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
| | - A Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - C Loukogiannaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - N Armakolas
- Third orthopaedic clinic, KAT General Hospital, 145 61, Kifisia, Attiki, Greece
| | - A Antonopoulos
- Third orthopaedic clinic, KAT General Hospital, 145 61, Kifisia, Attiki, Greece
| | - C Florou
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - P Tsioli
- Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - E Papageorgiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - T P Alexandrou
- Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - M Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - D Spinos
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - D Pektasides
- Oncology Section, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - E Patsouris
- Department of Pathology, University of Athens, Medical School, 115 27, Athens, Greece
| | - M Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 115 27, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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Armakolas N, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Dimakakos A, Stathaki M, Koutsilieris M. The role of the IGF-1 Ec in myoskeletal system and osteosarcoma pathophysiology. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 108:137-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Armakolas N, Dimakakos A, Armakolas A, Antonopoulos A, Koutsilieris M. Possible role of the Ec peptide of IGF‑1Ec in cartilage repair. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3066-72. [PMID: 27571686 PMCID: PMC5042773 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ec peptide (PEc) of insulin-like growth factor 1 Ec (IGF-1Ec) induces human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) mobilization and activates extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) in various cells. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of PEc on the mobilization and differentiation of hMSCs, as well as the possibility of its implementation in combination with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) for cartilage repair. The effects of the exogenous administration of PEc and TGF‑β1, alone and in combination, on hMSCs were assessed using a trypan blue assay, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, Alcian blue staining, wound healing assays and migration/invasion assays. It was determined that PEc is involved in the differentiation process of hMSCs towards hyaline cartilage. Treatment of hMSCs with either PEc, TGF‑β1 or both, demonstrated comparable cartilage matrix deposition. Furthermore, treatment with PEc in combination with TGF‑β1 was associated with a significant increase in hMSC mobilization when compared with treatment with TGF‑β1 or PEc alone (P<0.05). Thus, PEc appears to facilitate in vitro hMSC mobilization and differentiation towards chondrocytes, enhancing the role of TGF‑β1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Papageorgiou E, Philippou A, Armakolas A, Christopoulos PF, Dimakakos A, Koutsilieris M. The human Ec peptide: the active core of a progression growth factor with species-specific mode of action. Hormones (Athens) 2016; 15:423-434. [PMID: 27838607 DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preferential IGF-1Ec expression has been firmly associated with skeletal muscle repair mechanisms, post-infarction remodeling of the myocardium, the pathophysiology of endometriosis and prostate cancer biology. Therefore, we have studied the possible biological significance of synthetic Ec peptide, a putative cleavage product of IGF-1Ec in PC-3 cells and C2C12 myoblasts. DESIGN We had previously designed and synthesized commercially peptides corresponding to the human Ec and its mouse igf1 counterpart as well as synthetic peptides that correspond to parts of the hEc. Using proliferation and mitogenic signaling assays, we tested their effect on PC-3 cells and C2C12 myoblasts at different doses and in different culture conditions. RESULTS Human Ec, hEc, was documented as exerting progression but not competence growth factor actions, activating ERK1/2 without affecting Akt phosphorylation in PC-3 cells. A narrow concentration range of hEc (5-50nM) stimulated the growth of PC-3 cells grown in culture media supplemented with 10% FBS. hEc did not stimulate the growth of PC-3 cells cultured with media containing 0.5% FBS or in mouse C2C12 myoblasts under any culture conditions. The activity of hEc was blocked by a neutralizing anti-human IGF-1Ec antibody but not by a neutralizing anti-human IGF-1 receptor antibody. The synthetic mouse Ec was inactive in human PC-3 cells; however, it stimulated significantly the proliferation of mouse C2C12. By analyzing the bioactivity of synthetic hEc fragments, we documented that hEc's active core is located in the last 4aa of its C-terminal end. CONCLUSION The hEc peptide is an important progression factor for human PC-3 prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Papageorgiou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis F Christopoulos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Goudi-Athens, Greece.
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Armakolas A, Kaparelou M, Dimakakos A, Papageorgiou E, Armakolas N, Antonopoulos A, Petraki C, Lekarakou M, Lelovas P, Stathaki M, Psarros C, Donta I, Galanos PS, Msaouel P, Gorgoulis VG, Koutsilieris M. Oncogenic Role of the Ec Peptide of the IGF-1Ec Isoform in Prostate Cancer. Mol Med 2015; 21:167-79. [PMID: 25569803 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IGF-1 is one of the key molecules in cancer biology; however, little is known about the role of the preferential expression of the premature IGF-1 isoforms in prostate cancer. We have examined the role of the cleaved COO- terminal peptide (PEc) of the third IGF-1 isoform, IGF-1Ec, in prostate cancer. Our evidence suggests that endogenously produced PEc induces cellular proliferation in the human prostate cancer cells (PC-3) in vitro and in vivo, by activating the ERK1/2 pathway in an autocrine/paracrine manner. PEc overexpressing cells and tumors presented evidence of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, whereas the orthotopic injection of PEc-overexpressing, normal prostate epithelium cells (HPrEC) in SCID mice was associated with increased metastatic rate. In humans, the IGF-1Ec expression was detected in prostate cancer biopsies, where its expression correlates with tumor stage. Our data describes the action of PEc in prostate cancer biology and defines its potential role in tumor growth, progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kaparelou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathia Papageorgiou
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Maria Lekarakou
- Department of Pathology, Metropolitan General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Pavlos Lelovas
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center for Experimental Surgery, Athens, Greece
| | - Martha Stathaki
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Psarros
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Ismene Donta
- Laboratory for Research of the Musculoskeletal System Theodoros Garofalidis, University of Athens, KAT Hospital Kifisia, Attiki, Greece
| | - Panos S Galanos
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece
| | - Paul Msaouel
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Molecular Carcinogenesis Group, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Medical School, University of Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.,Manchester Centre for Cellular Metabolism, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Goudi-Athens, Greece
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Simopoulou M, Nikolopoulou E, Dimakakos A, Charalabopoulos K, Koutsilieris M. Cell adhesion molecules and in vitro fertilization. In Vivo 2014; 28:683-690. [PMID: 25189878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses issues regarding the need in the in vitro fertilization (IVF) field for further predictive markers enhancing the standing embryo selection criteria. It aims to serve as a source of defining information for an audience interested in factors related to the wide range of multiple roles played by cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in several aspects of IVF ultimately associated with the success of an IVF cycle. We begin by stressing the importance of enriching the standing embryo selection criteria available aiming for the golden standard: "extract as much information as possible focusing on non-invasive techniques" so as to guide us towards selecting the embryo with the highest implantation potential. We briefly describe the latest trends on how to best select the right embryo, moving closer towards elective single embryo transfer. These trends are: frozen embryo transfer for all, preimplantation genetic screening, non-invasive selection criteria, and time-lapse imaging. The main part of this review is dedicated to categorizing and presenting published research studies focused on the involvement of CAMs in IVF and its final outcome. Specifically, we discuss the association of CAMs with conditions and complications that arise from performing assisted reproductive techniques, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, the state of the endometrium, and tubal pregnancies, as well as the levels of CAMs in biological materials available in the IVF laboratory such as follicular fluid, trophectoderm, ovarian granulosa cells, oocytes, and embryos. To conclude, since CAMs have been successfully employed as a diagnostic tool in several pathologies in routine clinical work, we suggest that their multi-faceted nature could serve as a prognostic marker in assisted reproduction, aiming to enrich the list of non-invasive selection and predictive criteria in the IVF setting. We propose that in light of the well-documented involvement of CAMs in the developmental processes of fertilization, embryogenesis, implantation, placentation, and embryonic development, further studies could contribute significantly to achieving a higher quality of treatment and management of infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Simopoulou
- Department of Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Elena Nikolopoulou
- Department of Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Department of Physiology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Stathaki M, Armakolas A, Dimakakos A, Kaklamanis L, Vlachos I, Konstantoulakis MM, Zografos G, Koutsilieris M. Kisspeptin effect on endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP-II)-associated lymphocyte cell death and metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Mol Med 2014; 20:80-92. [PMID: 24395571 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin is an antimetastatic agent in some cancers that has also been associated with lymphoid cell apoptosis, a phenomenon favoring metastases. Our aim was to determine the association of kisspeptin with lymphocyte apoptosis and the presence of metastases in colorectal cancer patients. Blood was drawn from 69 colon cancer patients and 20 healthy volunteers. Tissue specimens from healthy and pathological tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed for kisspeptin and endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP-II) expression. Blood EMAP-II and soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) levels were examined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression and secretion levels in the DLD-1 and HT-29 colon cancer cell lines were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, whereas lymphocyte viability was assessed by flow cytometry. The effect of kisspeptin on the viability of colon cancer cells was examined by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Exogenous, synthetic and naturally produced, kisspeptin induces through the G-protein-coupled receptor 54 (GPR54; also known as the kisspeptin receptor) the EMAP-II expression and secretion in colon cancer cell lines, inducing in vitro lymphocyte apoptosis, as verified by the use of an anti-EMAP-II antibody. These results were reversed with the use of kisspeptin inhibitors and by kisspeptin-silencing experiments. Tumor kisspeptin expression was associated with the tumor EMAP-II expression (p < 0.001). Elevated kisspeptin and EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tissues was associated with lack of metastases (p < 0.001) in colon cancer patients. These data indicate the antimetastatic effect of tumor-elevated kisspeptin in colon cancer patients that may be mediated by the effect of kisspeptin on EMAP-II expression in colon cancer tumors in patients with normal serum EMAP-II levels. These findings provide new insight into the role of kisspeptin in the context of metastases in colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Stathaki
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Armakolas
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Dimakakos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Vlachos
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Manoussos M Konstantoulakis
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zografos
- First Propadeutic Surgical Clinic, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Physiology Laboratory, Athens Medical School, National and Kapodestrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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