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Honceriu C, Roca M, Costache AD, Abălașei B, Popescu L, Puni AR, Maștaleru A, Oancea A, Drugescu A, Adam C, Mitu O, Costache II, Leon MM, Roca IC, Mocanu V, Mitu F. Blood and Salivary Cortisol Variations in Athletes in Relation to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:1726. [PMID: 37893444 PMCID: PMC10608692 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Cortisol is a valuable marker for assessing the body's response to any form of stress. We conducted this study in order to evaluate the variations of salivary and serum cortisol levels in professional football players in relation to cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and their significance in potentially evaluating overtraining in athletes. Also, the question of whether salivary cortisol determination could fully substitute serum sampling was addressed. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 male professional football players were evaluated by measuring serum cortisol levels at rest (T0) and immediately after a CPET (T1) and salivary cortisol levels at rest (T0), 10 min after a CPET (T2), and 30 min after a CPET (T3). Results: T0 serum cortisol showed a statistically significant correlation with the oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold divided by the body weight (VO2-AT/weight), as did the T2 salivary cortisol with the maximum oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (VO2-AT) and VO2-AT/weight. T0 salivary cortisol was significantly correlated with the subjects' height and the predicted O2 pulse. Conclusions: While some correlations were discovered, they are insufficient to recommend cortisol as a routine biomarker in athletes' evaluation. However, significant correlations were established between salivary and serum determinations, meaning that the non-invasive procedure could substitute venous blood sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Mihai Roca
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Beatrice Abălașei
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Lucian Popescu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (C.H.); (B.A.); (L.P.)
| | - Alexandru Rareș Puni
- Centre of Interdisciplinary Research in Human Motricity Science, “Alexandru-Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andra Oancea
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Drugescu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Adam
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiology, “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iulia Cristina Roca
- “St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania;
- Surgery II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florin Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.M.); (A.O.); (A.D.); (O.M.); (I.-I.C.); (M.M.L.); (F.M.)
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Medical Sciences, 927180 Bucharest, Romania
- Romanian Academy of Scientists, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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Gavril OI, Gavril RS, Mitu F, Gavrilescu O, Popa IV, Tatarciuc D, Drugescu A, Oprescu AC, Gherasim A, Mihalache L, Esanu IM. The Influence of Metabolic Factors in Patients with Chronic Viral Hepatitis C Who Received Oral Antiviral Treatment. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040571. [PMID: 37110229 PMCID: PMC10144226 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic diseases pose a significant public health concern. Regardless of the severity of hepatic fibrosis, treatment is recommended for all chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) subjects. However, fibrosis and steatosis assessment remains crucial for evaluating the prognosis, progression, and hepatic disease monitoring, particularly following the treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of metabolic factors and the extent of hepatic fibrosis and fat accumulation in chronic HCV infection subjects. Additionally, another objective was to investigate modifications regarding fibrosis and steatosis three months after a successful sustained viral response (SVR). A total of 100 patients with compensated cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) were included in our study. These patients received treatment with DAA and underwent Fibromax assessment before and three months post SVR. After DAA treatment, a significant decrease was observed in the degree of hepatic fibrosis and hepatic steatosis. This regression was evident three months following the achievement of SVR. Chronic viral hepatitis C may trigger risk factors for metabolic syndromes, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: It is crucial to monitor metabolic factors and take timely measures to prevent or treat metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Irina Gavril
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Radu Sebastian Gavril
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
- Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, Bucuresti 030171, Romania
| | - Otilia Gavrilescu
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Iolanda Valentina Popa
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Diana Tatarciuc
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Andrei Drugescu
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Andrei Catalin Oprescu
- Department of Medical Specialties (II), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Andreea Gherasim
- Morpho-Functional Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Laura Mihalache
- Morpho-Functional Department, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Irina Mihaela Esanu
- Department of Medical Specialties (I), Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iași, Romania
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Drugescu A, Roca M, Zota IM, Costache AD, Leon-Constantin MM, Gavril OI, Gavril RS, Vasilcu TF, Mitu O, Ghiciuc CM, Mitu F. Relationships between Easily Available Biomarkers and Non-Dipper Blood Pressure Pattern in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030640. [PMID: 36983796 PMCID: PMC10057299 DOI: 10.3390/life13030640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Chronic inflammation plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of both arterial hypertension (HTN) and coronary artery disease (CAD), and is more pronounced in individuals with a non-dipper circadian blood pressure (BP) pattern. A non-dipping BP pattern is in turn is associated with increased cardiovascular morbi-mortality, and a higher risk of atherosclerotic events. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are readily available predictors of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. The purpose of our study is to evaluate whether NLR, MLR and PLR can be used as cost-effective predictors of a non-dipping blood pressure pattern in hypertensive patients with stable CAD. Materials and Methods: We performed a cross-sectional retrospective analysis that included 80 patients with hypertension and stable CAD (mean age 55.51 ± 11.83 years, 71.3% male) referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation center. All patients underwent clinical examination, 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and standard blood analysis. Results: Baseline demographic characteristics were similar in both groups. Patients with non-dipper pattern had significantly higher NLR (median = 2, IR (2–3), p < 0.001), MLR (median = 0.31, IR (0.23–0.39), p < 0.001) and PLR (median = 175, IR (144–215), p < 0.001) compared to dippers. Conclusion: Our results suggest that MLR and PLR are inexpensive and easily accessible biomarkers that predict a non-dipping pattern in hypertensive patients with stable CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Drugescu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Roca
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (I.M.Z.)
| | - Ioana Mădălina Zota
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (I.M.Z.)
| | - Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | | | - Oana Irina Gavril
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Radu Sebastian Gavril
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Teodor Flaviu Vasilcu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Costache AD, Leon-Constantin MM, Roca M, Maștaleru A, Anghel RC, Zota IM, Drugescu A, Costache II, Chetran A, Moisă ȘM, Huzum B, Mitu O, Cumpăt C, Honceriu C, Mitu F. Cardiac Biomarkers in Sports Cardiology. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:453. [PMID: 36547450 PMCID: PMC9781597 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9120453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained physical activity induces morphological and functional changes in the cardiovascular system. While mostly physiological, they can also become a trigger for major adverse cardiovascular events, the most severe of which are sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Therefore, any novel method which can help more accurately estimate the cardiovascular risk should be considered for further studying and future implementation in the standard protocols. The study of biomarkers is gaining more and more ground as they have already established their utility in diagnosing ischemic cardiac disease or in evaluating cardiac dysfunction in patients with heart failure. Nowadays, they are being implemented in the screening of apparently healthy individuals for the assessment of the cardiovascular risk. The aim of this paper is to gather published data regarding the measurements of cardiac biomarkers in athletes, i.e., troponins, myoglobin, CK-MB, NT-proBNP, and D-Dimers, and their potential use in the field of sports cardiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria-Magdalena Leon-Constantin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Roca
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandra Maștaleru
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Răzvan-Constantin Anghel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioana-Mădălina Zota
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Andrei Drugescu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, ”St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Chetran
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, ”St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ștefana-Maria Moisă
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine-Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Pediatrics I, “St. Maria” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Huzum
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “Sf. Spiridon” Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, ”St. Spiridon” Emergency County Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Carmen Cumpăt
- Department of Management, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
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Drugescu A, Roca M, Zota IM, Costache AD, Gavril OI, Gavril RS, Vasilcu TF, Mitu O, Esanu IM, Roca IC, Ghiciuc CM, Mitu F. Value of the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting CPET Performance in Patients with Stable CAD and Recent Elective PCI. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:medicina58060814. [PMID: 35744077 PMCID: PMC9229341 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58060814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Functional capacity (FC) assessed via cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) is a novel, independent prognostic marker for patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are two readily available predictors of systemic inflammation and cardiovascular event risk, which could be used as cost-effective predictors of poor FC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of NLR and PLR in predicting poor FC in patients with CAD and recent elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Materials and Methods: Our cross-sectional retrospective analysis included 80 patients with stable CAD and recent elective PCI (mean age 55.51 ± 11.83 years, 71.3% male) who were referred to a cardiovascular rehabilitation center from January 2020 to June 2021. All patients underwent clinical examination, cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer, transthoracic echocardiography and standard blood analysis. Results: Patients were classified according to percent predicted oxygen uptake (% VO2 max) in two groups—poor FC (≤70%, n = 35) and preserved FC (>70%, n = 45). There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, gender ratio, presence of associated comorbidities, left ventricular ejection fraction and NLR. PLR was higher in patients with poor FC (169.8 ± 59.3 vs. 137.4 ± 35.9, p = 0.003). A PLR cut-off point of 139 had 74% sensitivity and 60% specificity in predicting poor FC. After multivariate analysis, PLR remained a significant predictor of poor functional status. Conclusions: Although CPET is the gold standard test for assessing FC prior to cardiovascular rehabilitation, its availability remains limited. PLR, a cheap and simple test, could predict poor FC in patients with stable CAD and recent elective PCI and help prioritize referral for cardiovascular rehabilitation in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Drugescu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Mihai Roca
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (I.M.Z.)
| | - Ioana Mădălina Zota
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (I.M.Z.)
| | - Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Oana Irina Gavril
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Radu Sebastian Gavril
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Teodor Flaviu Vasilcu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Irina Mihaela Esanu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
| | - Iulia-Cristina Roca
- Surgery II Department, Faculty of Medicine, ”Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Cristina Mihaela Ghiciuc
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florin Mitu
- Medical I Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.D.); (A.-D.C.); (O.I.G.); (R.S.G.); (T.F.V.); (O.M.); (I.M.E.); (F.M.)
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6
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Costache AD, Costache II, Miftode RȘ, Stafie CS, Leon-Constantin MM, Roca M, Drugescu A, Popa DM, Mitu O, Mitu I, Miftode LI, Iliescu D, Honceriu C, Mitu F. Beyond the Finish Line: The Impact and Dynamics of Biomarkers in Physical Exercise-A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214978. [PMID: 34768497 PMCID: PMC8584497 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The research of biomarkers continues to emerge as a developing academic field which is attracting substantial interest. The study of biomarkers proves to be useful in developing and implementing new screening methods for a wide variety of diseases including in the sports area, whether for leisure activities or professional sports. Novel research has brought into question the immune system and the limitations it may impose on sports practicing. As the well-being of athletes is a priority, the state of their immune function offers valuable information regarding their health status and their ability to continue training. The assessment of various biomarkers may contribute to a more accurate risk stratification and subsequent prevention of some invalidating or even fatal pathologies such as the sudden cardiac death. Therefore, we have reviewed several studies that included sports-related pathology or specific morphofunctional alterations for which some immune biomarkers may represent an expression of the underlying mechanism. These include the defensins, immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), the tumoral necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and the white blood cells (WBC) count. Similarly, also of significant interest are various endocrine biomarkers, such as cortisol and testosterone, as well as anabolic or catabolic markers, respectively. Literature data highlight that these values are greatly influenced not only by the duration, but also by the intensity of the physical exercise; moderate training sessions actually enhance the immune function of the body, while a significant increase in both duration and intensity of sports activity acts as a deleterious factor. Therefore, in this paper we aim to highlight the importance of biomarkers’ evaluation in connection with sports activities and a subsequent more adequate approach towards personalized training regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru-Dan Costache
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Irina-Iuliana Costache
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.-I.C.); (D.-M.P.); (O.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Radu-Ștefan Miftode
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Celina-Silvia Stafie
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Maria-Magdalena Leon-Constantin
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Mihai Roca
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Andrei Drugescu
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
| | - Delia-Melania Popa
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.-I.C.); (D.-M.P.); (O.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Ovidiu Mitu
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.-I.C.); (D.-M.P.); (O.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Ivona Mitu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Larisa-Ionela Miftode
- Department of Infectious Diseases (Internal Medicine II), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Dan Iliescu
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.-I.C.); (D.-M.P.); (O.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Cezar Honceriu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Cardiovascular Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Gr. T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.C.); (M.-M.L.-C.); (M.R.); (A.D.); (F.M.)
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