Assessing the Antioxidant Properties, In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Antitumoral Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Perilla leaves Extracts

(1) Background: This study aimed to outline the antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic proprieties of various types of Perilla frutescens extracts obtained from the leaves of the species. (2) Methods: We determined total polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanins contents, as well as the in vitro antioxidant, antitumoral, and cytotoxic actions in three types of ethanolic extracts (E1, E2, E3) and in three types of acetone: ethanol extracts (A1, A2, A3) of Perilla frutescens according to standardized procedures. (3) Results: We found that Perilla frutescens ethanolic extracts had the highest total phenol and anthocyanins concentrations. The flavonoids concentration was not statistically different between the extracts. The iron chelating capacity, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity, superoxide anion radical scavenging capacity, and lipoxygenase inhibition capacity showed a significant increase with higher concentrations of Perilla frutescens extracts, particularly the ethanolic extracts. Perillyl alcohol had greater cytotoxic capacity in the MG-63 cell line and E1 extract showed similar significant cytotoxic effects in the A431 cell line. (4) Conclusions: Both ethanolic and acetone-ethanol extracts from Perilla frutescens exhibited important antioxidant and antitumoral actions in vitro, which proportionally increased with concentration. The cytotoxic threshold determined in this study for various types of extracts could help determine the best dosage with the maximum antioxidant and antitumoral potential. Our results could serve as a basis for further studies that will investigate the cytotoxic effects of Perilla frutescens variants on various types of cancer cell lines.

Could Endothelin-1 Be a Promising Neurohormonal Biomarker in Acute Heart Failure?

Acute heart failure (AHF) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. Even though this pathology has been extensively researched, there are still challenges in establishing an accurate and early diagnosis, determining the long- and short-term prognosis and choosing a targeted therapeutic strategy. The use of reliable biomarkers to support clinical judgment has been shown to improve the management of AHF patients. Despite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, endothelin-1 (ET-1) appears to be involved in multiple aspects of AHF pathogenesis that include neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherosclerosis and alteration of the renal function. Since its discovery, numerous studies have shown that the level of ET-1 is associated with the severity of symptoms and cardiac dysfunction in this pathology. The purpose of this paper is to review the existing information on ET-1 and answer the question of whether this neurohormone could be a promising biomarker in AHF.

Cardiac Biomarkers in Sports Cardiology

Sustained physical activity induces morphological and functional changes in the cardiovascular system. While mostly physiological, they can also become a trigger for major adverse cardiovascular events, the most severe of which are sudden cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Therefore, any novel method which can help more accurately estimate the cardiovascular risk should be considered for further studying and future implementation in the standard protocols. The study of biomarkers is gaining more and more ground as they have already established their utility in diagnosing ischemic cardiac disease or in evaluating cardiac dysfunction in patients with heart failure. Nowadays, they are being implemented in the screening of apparently healthy individuals for the assessment of the cardiovascular risk. The aim of this paper is to gather published data regarding the measurements of cardiac biomarkers in athletes, i.e., troponins, myoglobin, CK-MB, NT-proBNP, and D-Dimers, and their potential use in the field of sports cardiology.

ECG and Biomarker Profile in Patients with Acute Heart Failure: A Pilot Study

Background: Biomarkers, electrocardiogram (ECG) and Holter ECG are basic, accessible and feasible cardiac investigations. The combination of their results may lead to a more complex predictive model that may improve the clinical approach in acute heart failure (AHF). The main objective was to investigate which ECG parameters are correlated with the usual cardiac biomarkers (prohormone N-terminal proBNP, high-sensitive cardiac troponin I) in patients with acute heart failure, in a population from Romania. The relationship between certain ECG parameters and cardiac biomarkers may support future research on their combined prognostic value. Methods: In this prospective case-control study were included 49 patients with acute heart failure and 31 participants in the control group. For all patients we measured levels of prohormone N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP), high-sensitive cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) and MB isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase (CK-MB) and evaluated the 12-lead ECG and 24 h Holter monitoring. Complete clinical and paraclinical evaluation was performed. Results: NT-proBNP level was significantly higher in patients with AHF (p < 0.001). In patients with AHF, NT-proBNP correlated with cQTi (p = 0.027), pathological Q wave (p = 0.029), complex premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) (p = 0.034) and ventricular tachycardia (p = 0.048). Hs-cTnI and CK-MB were correlated with ST-segment modification (p = 0.038; p = 0.018) and hs-cTnI alone with complex PVCs (p = 0.031). Conclusions: The statistical relationships found between cardiac biomarkers and ECG patterns support the added value of ECG in the diagnosis of AHF. We emphasize the importance of proper ECG analysis of more subtle parameters that can easily be missed. As a non-invasive technique, ECG can be used in the outpatient setting as a warning signal, announcing the acute decompensation of HF. In addition, the information provided by the ECG complements the biomarker results, supporting the diagnosis of AHF in cases of dyspnea of uncertain etiology. Further studies are needed to confirm long-term prognosis in a multi-marker approach.

Floating-dislocated elbow in adults: Case reports and literature review

RATIONALE

Floating-dislocated elbow is a severe and extremely rare injury in adults. Reviewing the literature, we found around 6 case reports regarding floating-dislocated elbow in adults.

PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSES

We report 2 cases of this unusual injury association. Both patients suffered a high energy trauma - fall from a height. Initial X-rays (radiography) revealed in both cases the fractures above and below the elbow (floating elbow) and associated elbow dislocation (floating-dislocated elbow). One case was a type IIIB Gustilo-Anderson open fracture-dislocation with an intra-articular component (olecranon fracture).

INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES

Each case had his own management problem regarding what to treat first: the dislocation or the associated fractures? Fractures were treated surgically by reduction and internal fixation, and after elbow dislocation reduction, the upper limb was immobilized in a long, well-padded plaster, with the elbow in 90° of flexion, for 3 weeks. Bone union was observed radiographically at 2 months after surgery in both cases. At the 2-year follow-up we recorded full upper limb recovery in terms of muscular trophism and elbow full range of motion.

LESSONS

In addition to adding 2 new cases to a lower number of such lesion associations in adults, we also added a new variant of floating-dislocated elbow which has not been reported until now in the literature. Prompt management of these injuries, with stable fixation of the fractures allowed for early rehabilitation with excellent 2-years functional outcome.

Pain Intensity and Degree of Disability after Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis

Background and objectives: Fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) are of increasing interest lately, being associated with a loss of mobility and affecting the quality of life. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of FFP on disability and pain in patients, after one year since injury. Materials and Methods: In the study, we included 76 patients diagnosed with FFP, who were admitted to our trauma department between January 2016 and January 2019, and were above 65 years of age. The Von Korff pain intensity and disability scores were calculated in the hospital at 6 months and after 1 year. Results: Fifty-four patients were female (71%), with an average age of 75.9 ± 7.19 years. Twenty-two patients were male (29%) and had a mean age of 77.22 ± 7.33 years. We did not record significant differences regarding age between the men and women (p > 0.05). Significant improvements appeared between the baseline and the 6 month follow-up; the average pain intensity score at 6 months was 44.94 (SD 21.20) (p < 0.001), and the disability score was 54.30 (SD 21.62). The following average pain intensity and disability scores after 12 months were similar to the values at6 months: 44.48 (SD 21.74) for pain intensity and 52.36 (SD 24.53) for disability. The Von Korff pain score at 6 months and after 1 year depends on gender and on the initial Von Korff pain score (p = 0.02). The Von Korff disability score at 6 months depends on gender, the baseline pain score and the baseline disability score (p = 0.001). Conclusions: our patients reported long-lasting pain that had a severe effect on their daily routines, and they could not return to their normal status prior to injury.

Connections between Orthopedic Conditions and Oxidative Stress: Current Perspective and the Possible Relevance of Other Factors, Such as Metabolic Implications, Antibiotic Resistance, and COVID-19

The general opinion in the literature is that these topics remain clearly understudied and underrated, with many unknown aspects and with controversial results in the respective areas of research. Based on the previous experience of our groups regarding such matters investigated separately, here we attempt a short overview upon their links. Thus, we summarize here the current state of knowledge regarding the connections between oxidative stress and: (a) orthopedic conditions; (b) COVID-19. We also present the reciprocal interferences among them. Oxidative stress is, of course, an interesting and continuously growing area, but what exactly is the impact of COVID-19 in orthopedic patients? In the current paper we also approached some theories on how oxidative stress, metabolism involvement, and even antibiotic resistance might be influenced by either orthopedic conditions or COVID-19. These manifestations could be relevant and of great interest in the context of this current global health threat; therefore, we summarize the current knowledge and/or the lack of sufficient evidence to support the interactions between these conditions.

Treatment of fibrous dysplasia: focus on denosumab

INTRODUCTION

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare bone disease that is associated with various endocrine conditions, such as McCune Albright syndrome. It manifests as abnormal osteolysis, multiple fractures, or deformities that are reported during disease course. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) pathway is upregulated in FD and can be targeted with denosumab, a blocking monoclonal antibody.

AREAS COVERED

Preclinical and clinical data on the scientific rationale for using denosumab in FD and on the efficacy and safety of this therapy for this condition have been reviewed, in addition to other therapies.

EXPERT OPINION

Denosumab is a potential therapeutic agent against FD. A combined synergic approach involving theranostics might increase its therapeutic potential.

Biocompatibility assessment of biomaterials used in orthopedic devices: An overview (Review)

Biocompatibility is one of the mandatory requirements for the clinical use of biomaterials in orthopedics. It refers to the ability of a biomaterial to perform its function without eliciting toxic or injurious effects on biological systems but producing an appropriate host response in a specific case. Today, the biocompatibility concept includes not only bio-inertia, but also biofunctionality and biostability. High biocompatibility and functional properties are highly desirable for new biomaterials. The chemical, mechanical, structural properties of biomaterials, their interaction with biological environment or even the methodology of assessment can influence the biocompatibility. The biological evaluation of biomaterials includes a broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo tests related to the cytocompatibility, genotoxicity, sensitization, irritation, acute and chronic toxicity, hemocompatibility, reproductive and developmental toxicitity, carcinogenicity, implantation and degradation as specified in different international standards. A brief review of the main assays used in the biocompatibility testing of orthopedic biomaterials is presented. In addition, their main biocompatibility issues are overviewed.