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Burns KEA, Rochwerg B, Seely AJE. Ventilator Weaning and Extubation. Crit Care Clin 2024; 40:391-408. [PMID: 38432702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports specific approaches to liberate patients from invasive ventilation including the use of liberation protocols, inspiratory assistance during spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs), early extubation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to noninvasive ventilation, and prophylactic use of noninvasive support strategies after extubation. Additional research is needed to elucidate the best criteria to identify patients who are ready to undergo an SBT and to inform optimal screening frequency, the best SBT technique and duration, extubation assessments, and extubation decision-making. Additional clarity is also needed regarding the optimal timing to measure and report extubation success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine and Division of Critical Care, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, Hamilton Health Sciences, Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Critical Care, Hamilton Health Sciences, Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. https://twitter.com/Bram_Rochwerg
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Department of Critical Care, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Hryciw BN, Ghossein J, Rochwerg B, Meggison H, Fernando SM, Kyeremanteng K, Tran A, Seely AJE. Glycemic Variability As a Prognostic Factor for Mortality in Patients With Critical Illness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Explor 2024; 6:e1025. [PMID: 38222872 PMCID: PMC10786590 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of various measures of glycemic variability, including time-domain and complexity-domain, with short-term mortality in patients with critical illness. DATA SOURCES We searched Embase Classic +, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to November 3, 2023. STUDY SELECTION We included English language studies that assessed metrics of glycemic variation or complexity and short-term mortality in patients admitted to the ICU. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors performed independent data abstraction and risk-of-bias assessments. We used a random-effects model to pool binary and continuous data and summarized estimates of effect using odds ratios and mean difference. We used the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool to assess risk of bias and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations to assess certainty of pooled estimates. DATA SYNTHESIS We included 41 studies (n = 162,259). We demonstrate that increased sd, coefficient of variance, glycemic lability index, and decreased time in range are probably associated with increased mortality in critically ill patients (moderate certainty) and that increased mean absolute glucose, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, and detrended fluctuation analysis may be associated with increased mortality (low certainty). CONCLUSIONS We found a consistent association between increased measures of glycemic variability and higher short-term mortality in patient with critical illness. Further research should focus on standardized measurements of glycemic variation and complexity, along with their utility as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett N Hryciw
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Ghossein
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hilary Meggison
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon M Fernando
- Department of Critical Care, Lakeridge Health Corporation, Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tran
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Hryciw BN, Seely AJE, Kyeremanteng K. Guiding principles and proposed classification system for the responsible adoption of artificial intelligence in scientific writing in medicine. Front Artif Intell 2023; 6:1283353. [PMID: 38035200 PMCID: PMC10687472 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2023.1283353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The integration of large language models (LLMs) and artificial intelligence (AI) into scientific writing, especially in medical literature, presents both unprecedented opportunities and inherent challenges. This manuscript evaluates the transformative potential of LLMs for the synthesis of information, linguistic enhancements, and global knowledge dissemination. At the same time, it raises concerns about unintentional plagiarism, the risk of misinformation, data biases, and an over-reliance on AI. To address these, we propose governing principles for AI adoption that ensure integrity, transparency, validity, and accountability. Additionally, guidelines for reporting AI involvement in manuscript development are delineated, and a classification system to specify the level of AI assistance is introduced. This approach uniquely addresses the challenges of AI in scientific writing, emphasizing transparency in authorship, qualification of AI involvement, and ethical considerations. Concerns regarding access equity, potential biases in AI-generated content, authorship dynamics, and accountability are also explored, emphasizing the human author's continued responsibility. Recommendations are made for fostering collaboration between AI developers, researchers, and journal editors and for emphasizing the importance of AI's responsible use in academic writing. Regular evaluations of AI's impact on the quality and biases of medical manuscripts are also advocated. As we navigate the expanding realm of AI in scientific discourse, it is crucial to maintain the human element of creativity, ethics, and oversight, ensuring that the integrity of scientific literature remains uncompromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett N. Hryciw
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institute du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Abdul SA, Wright F, Finley C, Gilbert S, Seely AJE, Sundaresan S, Villeneuve PJ, Maziak DE. A 20-Year Update on the Practice of Thoracic Surgery in Canada: A Survey of the Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons. J Chest Surg 2023; 56:420-430. [PMID: 37817431 PMCID: PMC10625961 DOI: 10.5090/jcs.23.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study provides an update to a landmark 2004 report describing demographics, training, and trends in adherence to thoracic surgery practice standards in Canada. Methods An updated questionnaire was administered to all members of the Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons via email (n=142, compared to n=68 in 2004). Our report incorporates internal data from Ontario Health and the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer. Results Forty-eight surgeons completed the survey (male, 70.8%; mean±standard deviation age, 50.3±9.3 years). This represents a 33.8% response rate, compared to 64.7% in 2004. Most surgeons (69%) served a patient population of over 1 million per center; 32%-34% reported an on-call ratio of 1:4-1:5 days, and the average weekly hours worked was 56.4±11.9. Greater access to dedicated geographic units per center (73% in 2021 vs. 53% in 2004) has improved thoracic-associated services and house staff, notably endoscopy units (100% vs. 91%), with 73% of respondents having access to both endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound. Access to thoracic radiology has also improved, particularly regarding positron emission tomography scanners per center (76.9% vs. 13%). Annual case volumes for lung (255 vs. 128), esophageal (41 vs. 19), and mediastinal resections (30 vs. 13), along with hiatal hernia repair (45 vs. 20), have increased substantially despite reports of operating room availability and radiology as rate-limiting steps. Conclusion This survey characterizes compliance with current practice standards, addressing the needs of thoracic surgeons across Canada. Over 85% of respondents were aware of the 2004 compliance paper, and 35% had applied for resources and equipment in response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Aftab Abdul
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Frances Wright
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada
- Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christian Finley
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (CPAC), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donna Elizabeth Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital General Campus, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ontario Health (Cancer Care Ontario), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Association of Thoracic Surgeons (CATS), Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Telfer School of Management, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Carrillo AE, Akerman AP, Notley SR, Herry CL, Seely AJE, Ruzicka M, Boulay P, Kenny GP. Cardiac autonomic modulation in individuals with controlled and uncomplicated hypertension during exercise-heat stress. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:863-869. [PMID: 37556854 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
TAKE-HOME MESSAGE During short bouts of light-to-vigorous exercise in the heat, controlled and uncomplicated hypertension did not significantly modulate HRV in physically active individuals. These findings can be used to refine guidance on use of exercise for hypertension management in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Carrillo
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ashley P Akerman
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marcel Ruzicka
- Hypertension Program, Division of Nephrology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Boulay
- Faculté des sciences de l'activité physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Brière R, Émond M, Benhamed A, Blanchard PG, Drolet S, Habashi R, Golbon B, Shellenberger J, Pasternak J, Merchant S, Shellenberger J, La J, Sawhney M, Brogly S, Cadili L, Horkoff M, Ainslie S, Demetrick J, Chai B, Wiseman K, Hwang H, Alhumoud Z, Salem A, Lau R, Aw K, Nessim C, Gawad N, Alibhai K, Towaij C, Doan D, Raîche I, Valji R, Turner S, Balmes PN, Hwang H, Hameed SM, Tan JGK, Wijesuriya R, Tan JGK, Hew NLC, Wijesuriya R, Lund M, Hawel J, Gregor J, Leslie K, Lenet T, McIsaac D, Hallet J, Jerath A, Lalu M, Nicholls S, Presseau J, Tinmouth A, Verret M, Wherrett C, Fergusson D, Martel G, Sharma S, McKechnie T, Talwar G, Patel J, Heimann L, Doumouras A, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Wang C, Guo M, Huang L, Sun S, Davis N, Wang J, Skulsky S, Sikora L, Raîche I, Son HJ, Gee D, Gomez D, Jung J, Selvam R, Seguin N, Zhang L, Lacaille-Ranger A, Sikora L, McIsaac D, Moloo H, Follett A, Holly, Organ M, Pace D, Balvardi S, Kaneva P, Semsar-Kazerooni K, Mueller C, Vassiliou M, Al Mahroos M, Fiore JF, Schwartzman K, Feldman L, Guo M, Karimuddin A, Liu GP, Crump T, Sutherland J, Hickey K, Bonisteel EM, Umali J, Dogar I, Warden G, Boone D, Mathieson A, Hogan M, Pace D, Seguin N, Moloo H, Li Y, Best G, Leong R, Wiseman S, Alaoui AA, Hajjar R, Wassef E, Metellus DS, Dagbert F, Loungnarath R, Ratelle R, Schwenter F, Debroux É, Wassef R, Gagnon-Konamna M, Pomp A, Richard CS, Sebajang H, Alaoui AA, Hajjar R, Dagbert F, Loungnarath R, Sebajang H, Ratelle R, Schwenter F, Debroux É, Wassef R, Gagnon-Konamna M, Pomp A, Santos MM, Richard CS, Shi G, Leung R, Lim C, Knowles S, Parmar S, Wang C, Debru E, Mohamed F, Anakin M, Lee Y, Samarasinghe Y, Khamar J, Petrisor B, McKechnie T, Eskicioglu C, Yang I, Mughal HN, Bhugio M, Gok MA, Khan UA, Fernandes AR, Spence R, Porter G, Hoogerboord CM, Neumann K, Pillar M, Guo M, Manhas N, Melck A, Kazi T, McKechnie T, Jessani G, Heimann L, Lee Y, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, McKechnie T, Tessier L, Archer V, Park L, Cohen D, Parpia S, Bhandari M, Dionne J, Eskicioglu C, Bolin S, Afford R, Armstrong M, Karimuddin A, Leung R, Shi G, Lim C, Grant A, Van Koughnett JA, Knowles S, Clement E, Lange C, Roshan A, Karimuddin A, Scott T, Nadeau K, Macmillan J, Wilson J, Deschenes M, Nurullah A, Cahill C, Chen VH, Patterson KM, Wiseman SM, Wen B, Bhudial J, Barton A, Lie J, Park CM, Yang L, Gouskova N, Kim DH, Afford R, Bolin S, Morris-Janzen D, McLellan A, Karimuddin A, Archer V, Cloutier Z, Berg A, McKechnie T, Wiercioch W, Eskicioglu C, Labonté J, Bisson P, Bégin A, Cheng-Oviedo SG, Collin Y, Fernandes AR, Hossain I, Ellsmere J, El-Kefraoui C, Do U, Miller A, Kouyoumdjian A, Cui D, Khorasani E, Landry T, Amar-Zifkin A, Lee L, Feldman L, Fiore J, Au TM, Oppenheimer M, Logsetty S, AlShammari R, AlAbri M, Karimuddin A, Brown C, Raval MJ, Phang PT, Bird S, Baig Z, Abu-Omar N, Gill D, Suresh S, Ginther N, Karpinski M, Ghuman A, Malik PRA, Alibhai K, Zabolotniuk T, Raîche I, Gawad N, Mashal S, Boulanger N, Watt L, Razek T, Fata P, Grushka J, Wong EG, Hossain I, Landry M, Mackey S, Fairbridge N, Greene A, Borgoankar M, Kim C, DeCarvalho D, Pace D, Wigen R, Walser E, Davidson J, Dorward M, Muszynski L, Dann C, Seemann N, Lam J, Harding K, Lowik AJ, Guinard C, Wiseman S, Ma O, Mocanu V, Lin A, Karmali S, Bigam D, Harding K, Greaves G, Parker B, Nguyen V, Ahmed A, Yee B, Perren J, Norman M, Grey M, Perini R, Jowhari F, Bak A, Drung J, Allen L, Wiseman D, Moffat B, Lee JKH, McGuire C, Raîche I, Tudorache M, Gawad N, Park LJ, Borges FK, Nenshi R, Jacka M, Heels-Ansdell D, Simunovic M, Bogach J, Serrano PE, Thabane L, Devereaux PJ, Farooq S, Lester E, Kung J, Bradley N, Best G, Ahn S, Zhang L, Prince N, Cheng-Boivin O, Seguin N, Wang H, Quartermain L, Tan S, Shamess J, Simard M, Vigil H, Raîche I, Hanna M, Moloo H, Azam R, Ko G, Zhu M, Raveendran Y, Lam C, Tang J, Bajwa A, Englesakis M, Reel E, Cleland J, Snell L, Lorello G, Cil T, Ahn HS, Dube C, McIsaac D, Smith D, Leclerc A, Shamess J, Rostom A, Calo N, Thavorn K, Moloo H, Laplante S, Liu L, Khan N, Okrainec A, Ma O, Lin A, Mocanu V, Karmali S, Bigam D, Bruyninx G, Georgescu I, Khokhotva V, Talwar G, Sharma S, McKechnie T, Yang S, Khamar J, Hong D, Doumouras A, Eskicioglu C, Spoyalo K, Rebello TA, Chhipi-Shrestha G, Mayson K, Sadiq R, Hewage K, MacNeill A, Muncner S, Li MY, Mihajlovic I, Dykstra M, Snelgrove R, Wang H, Schweitzer C, Wiseman SM, Garcha I, Jogiat U, Baracos V, Turner SR, Eurich D, Filafilo H, Rouhi A, Bédard A, Bédard ELR, Patel YS, Alaichi JA, Agzarian J, Hanna WC, Patel YS, Alaichi JA, Provost E, Shayegan B, Adili A, Hanna WC, Mistry N, Gatti AA, Patel YS, Farrokhyar F, Xie F, Hanna WC, Sullivan KA, Farrokhyar F, Patel YS, Liberman M, Turner SR, Gonzalez AV, Nayak R, Yasufuku K, Hanna WC, Mistry N, Gatti AA, Patel YS, Cross S, Farrokhyar F, Xie F, Hanna WC, Haché PL, Galvaing G, Simard S, Grégoire J, Bussières J, Lacasse Y, Sassi S, Champagne C, Laliberté AS, Jeong JY, Jogiat U, Wilson H, Bédard A, Blakely P, Dang J, Sun W, Karmali S, Bédard ELR, Wong C, Hakim SY, Azizi S, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H, Fernandes AR, French D, Li C, Ellsmere J, Gossen S, French D, Bailey J, Tibbo P, Crocker C, Bondzi-Simpson A, Ribeiro T, Kidane B, Ko M, Coburn N, Kulkarni G, Hallet J, Ramzee AF, Afifi I, Alani M, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H, Chughtai T, Huo B, Manos D, Xu Z, Kontouli KM, Chun S, Fris J, Wallace AMR, French DG, Giffin C, Liberman M, Dayan G, Laliberté AS, Yasufuku K, Farivar A, Kidane B, Weessies C, Robinson M, Bednarek L, Buduhan G, Liu R, Tan L, Srinathan SK, Kidane B, Nasralla A, Safieddine N, Gazala S, Simone C, Ahmadi N, Hilzenrat R, Blitz M, Deen S, Humer M, Jugnauth A, Buduhan G, Kerr L, Sun S, Browne I, Patel Y, Hanna W, Loshusan B, Shamsil A, Naish MD, Qiabi M, Nayak R, Patel R, Malthaner R, Pooja P, Roberto R, Greg H, Daniel F, Huynh C, Sharma S, Vieira A, Jain F, Lee Y, Mousa-Doust D, Costa J, Mezei M, Chapman K, Briemberg H, Jack K, Grant K, Choi J, Yee J, McGuire AL, Abdul SA, Khazoom F, Aw K, Lau R, Gilbert S, Sundaresan S, Jones D, Seely AJE, Villeneuve PJ, Maziak DE, Pigeon CA, Frigault J, Drolet S, Roy ÈM, Bujold-Pitre K, Courval V, Tessier L, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Park L, Gangam N, Eskicioglu C, Cloutier Z, McKechnie T, Archer V, Park L, Lee J, Patel A, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Ichhpuniani S, McKechnie T, Elder G, Chen A, Logie K, Doumouras A, Hong D, Benko R, Eskicioglu C, Castelo M, Paszat L, Hansen B, Scheer A, Faught N, Nguyen L, Baxter N, Sharma S, McKechnie T, Khamar J, Wu K, Eskicioglu C, McKechnie T, Khamar J, Lee Y, Tessier L, Passos E, Doumouras A, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, McKechnie T, Khamar J, Sachdeva A, Lee Y, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Fei LYN, Caycedo A, Patel S, Popa T, Boudreau L, Grin A, Wang T, Lie J, Karimuddin A, Brown C, Phang T, Raval M, Ghuman A, Candy S, Nanda K, Li C, Snelgrove R, Dykstra M, Kroeker K, Wang H, Roy H, Helewa RM, Johnson G, Singh H, Hyun E, Moffatt D, Vergis A, Balmes P, Phang T, Guo M, Liu J, Roy H, Webber S, Shariff F, Helewa RM, Hochman D, Park J, Johnson G, Hyun E, Robitaille S, Wang A, Maalouf M, Alali N, Elhaj H, Liberman S, Charlebois P, Stein B, Feldman L, Fiore JF, Lee L, Hu R, Lacaille-Ranger A, Ahn S, Tudorache M, Moloo H, Williams L, Raîche I, Musselman R, Lemke M, Allen L, Samarasinghe N, Vogt K, Brackstone M, Zwiep T, Clement E, Lange C, Alam A, Ghuman A, Karimuddin A, Phang T, Raval M, Brown C, Clement E, Liu J, Ghuman A, Karimuddin A, Phang T, Raval M, Brown C, Mughal HN, Gok MA, Khan UA, Mughal HN, Gok MA, Khan UA, Mughal HN, Gok MA, Khan UA, Mughal HN, Gok MA, Khan UA, James N, Zwiep T, Van Koughnett JA, Laczko D, McKechnie T, Yang S, Wu K, Sharma S, Lee Y, Park L, Doumouras A, Hong D, Parpia S, Bhandari M, Eskicioglu C, McKechnie T, Tessier L, Lee S, Kazi T, Sritharan P, Lee Y, Doumouras A, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Hong D, Dionne J, Doumouras A, Parpia S, Bhandari M, Eskicioglu C, Hershorn O, Ghuman A, Karimuddin A, Brown C, Raval M, Phang PT, Chen A, Boutros M, Caminsky N, Dumitra T, Faris-Sabboobeh S, Demian M, Rigas G, Monton O, Smith A, Moon J, Demian M, Garfinkle R, Vasilevsky CA, Rajabiyazdi F, Boutros M, Courage E, LeBlanc D, Benesch M, Hickey K, Hartwig K, Armstrong C, Engelbrecht R, Fagan M, Borgaonkar M, Pace D, Shanahan J, Moon J, Salama E, Wang A, Arsenault M, Leon N, Loiselle C, Rajabiyazdi F, Boutros M, Brennan K, Rai M, Farooq A, McClintock C, Kong W, Patel S, Boukhili N, Caminsky N, Faris-Sabboobeh S, Demian M, Boutros M, Paradis T, Robitaille S, Dumitra T, Liberman AS, Charlebois P, Stein B, Fiore JF, Feldman LS, Lee L, Zwiep T, Abner D, Alam T, Beyer E, Evans M, Hill M, Johnston D, Lohnes K, Menard S, Pitcher N, Sair K, Smith B, Yarjau B, LeBlanc K, Samarasinghe N, Karimuddin AA, Brown CJ, Phang PT, Raval MJ, MacDonell K, Ghuman A, Harvey A, Phang PT, Karimuddin A, Brown CJ, Raval MJ, Ghuman A, Hershorn O, Ghuman A, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang PT, Brown C, Logie K, Mckechnie T, Lee Y, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Matta M, Baker L, Hopkins J, Rochon R, Buie D, MacLean A, Ghuman A, Park J, Karimuddin AA, Phang PT, Raval MJ, Brown CJ, Farooq A, Ghuman A, Patel S, Macdonald H, Karimuddin A, Raval M, Phang PT, Brown C, Wiseman V, Brennan K, Patel S, Farooq A, Merchant S, Kong W, McClintock C, Booth C, Hann T, Ricci A, Patel S, Brennan K, Wiseman V, McClintock C, Kong W, Farooq A, Kakkar R, Hershorn O, Raval M, Phang PT, Karimuddin A, Ghuman A, Brown C, Wiseman V, Farooq A, Patel S, Hajjar R, Gonzalez E, Fragoso G, Oliero M, Alaoui AA, Rendos HV, Djediai S, Cuisiniere T, Laplante P, Gerkins C, Ajayi AS, Diop K, Taleb N, Thérien S, Schampaert F, Alratrout H, Dagbert F, Loungnarath R, Sebajang H, Schwenter F, Wassef R, Ratelle R, Debroux É, Cailhier JF, Routy B, Annabi B, Brereton NJB, Richard C, Santos MM, Gimon T, MacRae H, de Buck van Overstraeten A, Brar M, Chadi S, Kennedy E, Baker L, Hopkins J, Rochon R, Buie D, MacLean A, Park LJ, Archer V, McKechnie T, Lee Y, McIsaac D, Rashanov P, Eskicioglu C, Moloo H, Devereaux PJ, Alsayari R, McKechnie T, Ichhpuniani S, Lee Y, Eskicioglu C, Hajjar R, Oliero M, Fragoso G, Ajayi AS, Alaoui AA, Rendos HV, Calvé A, Cuisinière T, Gerkins C, Thérien S, Taleb N, Dagbert F, Sebajang H, Loungnarath R, Schwenter F, Ratelle R, Wassef R, Debroux E, Richard C, Santos MM, Kennedy E, Simunovic M, Schmocker S, Brown C, MacLean A, Liberman S, Drolet S, Neumann K, Stotland P, Jhaveri K, Kirsch R, Alnajem H, Alibrahim H, Giundi C, Chen A, Rigas G, Munir H, Safar A, Sabboobeh S, Holland J, Boutros M, Kennedy E, Richard C, Simunovic M, Schmocker S, Brown C, MacLean A, Liberman S, Drolet S, Neumann K, Stotland P, Jhaveri K, Kirsch R, Bruyninx G, Gill D, Alsayari R, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Zhang L, Abtahi S, Chhor A, Best G, Raîche I, Musselman R, Williams L, Moloo H, Caminsky NG, Moon JJ, Marinescu D, Pang A, Vasilevsky CA, Boutros M, Al-Abri M, Gee E, Karimuddin A, Phang PT, Brown C, Raval M, Ghuman A, Morena N, Ben-Zvi L, Hayman V, Hou M, Nguyen D, Rentschler CA, Meguerditchian AN, Mir Z, Fei L, McKeown S, Dinchong R, Cofie N, Dalgarno N, Cheifetz R, Merchant S, Jaffer A, Cullinane C, Feeney G, Jalali A, Merrigan A, Baban C, Buckley J, Tormey S, Benesch M, Wu R, Takabe K, Benesch M, O'Brien S, Kazazian K, Abdalaty AH, Brezden C, Burkes R, Chen E, Govindarajan A, Jang R, Kennedy E, Lukovic J, Mesci A, Quereshy F, Swallow C, Chadi S, Habashi R, Pasternak J, Marini W, Zheng W, Murakami K, Ohashi P, Reedijk M, Hu R, Ivankovic V, Han L, Gresham L, Mallick R, Auer R, Ribeiro T, Bondzi-Simpson A, Coburn N, Hallet J, Cil T, Fontebasso A, Lee A, Bernard-Bedard E, Wong B, Li H, Grose E, Brandts-Longtin O, Aw K, Lau R, Abed A, Stevenson J, Sheikh R, Chen R, Johnson-Obaseki S, Nessim C, Hennessey RL, Meneghetti AT, Bildersheim M, Bouchard-Fortier A, Nelson G, Mack L, Ghasemi F, Naeini MM, Parsyan A, Kaur Y, Covelli A, Quereshy F, Elimova E, Panov E, Lukovic J, Brierley J, Burnett B, Swallow C, Eom A, Kirkwood D, Hodgson N, Doumouras A, Bogach J, Whelan T, Levine M, Parvez E, Ng D, Kazazian K, Lee K, Lu YQ, Kim DK, Magalhaes M, Grigor E, Arnaout A, Zhang J, Yee EK, Hallet J, Look Hong NJ, Nguyen L, Coburn N, Wright FC, Gandhi S, Jerzak KJ, Eisen A, Roberts A, Ben Lustig D, Quan ML, Phan T, Bouchard-Fortier A, Cao J, Bayley C, Watanabe A, Yao S, Prisman E, Groot G, Mitmaker E, Walker R, Wu J, Pasternak J, Lai CK, Eskander A, Wasserman J, Mercier F, Roth K, Gill S, Villamil C, Goldstein D, Munro V, Pathak A, Lee D, Nguyen A, Wiseman S, Rajendran L, Claasen M, Ivanics T, Selzner N, McGilvray I, Cattral M, Ghanekar A, Moulton CA, Reichman T, Shwaartz C, Metser U, Burkes R, Winter E, Gallinger S, Sapisochin G, Glinka J, Waugh E, Leslie K, Skaro A, Tang E, Glinka J, Charbonneau J, Brind'Amour A, Turgeon AF, O'Connor S, Couture T, Wang Y, Yoshino O, Driedger M, Beckman M, Vrochides D, Martinie J, Alabduljabbar A, Aali M, Lightfoot C, Gala-Lopez B, Labelle M, D'Aragon F, Collin Y, Hirpara D, Irish J, Rashid M, Martin T, Zhu A, McKnight L, Hunter A, Jayaraman S, Wei A, Coburn N, Wright F, Mallette K, Elnahas A, Alkhamesi N, Schlachta C, Hawel J, Tang E, Punnen S, Zhong J, Yang Y, Streith L, Yu J, Chung S, Kim P, Chartier-Plante S, Segedi M, Bleszynski M, White M, Tsang ME, Jayaraman S, Lam-Tin-Cheung K, Jayaraman S, Tsang M, Greene B, Pouramin P, Allen S, Evan Nelson D, Walsh M, Côté J, Rebolledo R, Borie M, Menaouar A, Landry C, Plasse M, Létourneau R, Dagenais M, Rong Z, Roy A, Beaudry-Simoneau E, Vandenbroucke-Menu F, Lapointe R, Ferraro P, Sarkissian SD, Noiseux N, Turcotte S, Haddad Y, Bernard A, Lafortune C, Brassard N, Roy A, Perreault C, Mayer G, Marcinkiewicz M, Mbikay M, Chrétien M, Turcotte S, Waugh E, Sinclair L, Glinka J, Shin E, Engelage C, Tang E, Skaro A, Muaddi H, Flemming J, Hansen B, Dawson L, O'Kane G, Feld J, Sapisochin G, Zhu A, Jayaraman S, Cleary S, Hamel A, Pigeon CA, Marcoux C, Ngo TQP, Deshaies I, Mansouri S, Amhis N, Léveillé M, Lawson C, Achard C, Ilkow C, Collin Y, Tai LH, Park L, Griffiths C, D'Souza D, Rodriguez F, McKechnie T, Serrano PE, Hennessey RL, Yang Y, Meneghetti AT, Panton ONM, Chiu CJ, Henao O, Netto FS, Mainprize M, Hennessey RL, Chiu CJ, Hennessey RL, Chiu CJ, Jatana S, Verhoeff K, Mocanu V, Jogiat U, Birch D, Karmali S, Switzer N, Hetherington A, Verhoeff K, Mocanu V, Birch D, Karmali S, Switzer N, Safar A, Al-Ghaithi N, Vourtzoumis P, Demyttenaere S, Court O, Andalib A, Wilson H, Verhoeff K, Dang J, Kung J, Switzer N, Birch D, Madsen K, Karmali S, Mocanu V, Wu T, He W, Vergis A, Hardy K, Zmudzinski M, Daenick F, Linton J, Zmudzinski M, Fowler-Woods M, He W, Fowler-Woods A, Shingoose G, Vergis A, Hardy K, Lee Y, Doumouras A, Molnar A, Nguyen F, Hong D, Schneider R, Fecso AB, Sharma P, Maeda A, Jackson T, Okrainec A, McLean C, Mocanu V, Birch D, Karmali S, Switzer N, MacVicar S, Dang J, Mocanu V, Verhoeff K, Jogiat U, Karmali S, Birch D, Switzer N, McLennan S, Verhoeff K, Purich K, Dang J, Kung J, Mocanu V, McLennan S, Verhoeff K, Mocanu V, Jogiat U, Birch DW, Karmali S, Switzer NJ, Jeffery L, Hwang H, Ryley A, Schellenberg M, Owattanapanich N, Emigh B, Nichols C, Dilday J, Ugarte C, Onogawa A, Matsushima K, Martin MJ, Inaba K, Schellenberg M, Emigh B, Nichols C, Dilday J, Ugarte C, Onogawa A, Shapiro D, Im D, Inaba K, Schellenberg M, Owattanapanich N, Ugarte C, Lam L, Martin MJ, Inaba K, Rezende-Neto J, Patel S, Zhang L, Mir Z, Lemke M, Leeper W, Allen L, Walser E, Vogt K, Ribeiro T, Bateni S, Bondzi-Simpson A, Coburn N, Hallet J, Barabash V, Barr A, Chan W, Hakim SY, El-Menyar A, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H, Mughal HN, Bhugio M, Gok MA, Khan UA, Warraich A, Gillman L, Ziesmann M, Momic J, Yassin N, Kim M, Makish A, Walser E, Smith S, Ball I, Moffat B, Parry N, Vogt K, Lee A, Kroeker J, Evans D, Fansia N, Notik C, Wong EG, Coyle G, Seben D, Smith J, Tanenbaum B, Freedman C, Nathens A, Fowler R, Patel P, Elrick T, Ewing M, Di Marco S, Razek T, Grushka J, Wong EG, Park LJ, Borges FK, Nenshi R, Serrano PE, Engels P, Vogt K, Di Sante E, Vincent J, Tsiplova K, Devereaux PJ, Talwar G, Dionne J, McKechnie T, Lee Y, Kazi T, El-Sayes A, Bogach J, Hong D, Eskicioglu C, Connell M, Klooster A, Beck J, Verhoeff K, Strickland M, Anantha R, Groszman L, Caminsky NG, Watt L, Boulanger N, Razek T, Grushka J, Di Marco S, Wong EG, Livergant R, McDonald B, Binda C, Luthra S, Ebert N, Falk R, Joos E. 2023 Canadian Surgery Forum: Sept. 20-23, 2023. Can J Surg 2023; 66:S54-S136. [PMID: 38173057 PMCID: PMC10718225 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.014223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Brière
- From Université Laval (Brière, Émond, Blanchard, Drolet) and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Benhamed)
| | - Marce Émond
- From Université Laval (Brière, Émond, Blanchard, Drolet) and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Benhamed)
| | - Axel Benhamed
- From Université Laval (Brière, Émond, Blanchard, Drolet) and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Benhamed)
| | - Pierre-Gilles Blanchard
- From Université Laval (Brière, Émond, Blanchard, Drolet) and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Benhamed)
| | - Sébastien Drolet
- From Université Laval (Brière, Émond, Blanchard, Drolet) and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (Benhamed)
| | - Rogeh Habashi
- From the University of Toronto (Habashi, Golbon, Pasternak) and Queen's University (Shellenberger)
| | - Bahar Golbon
- From the University of Toronto (Habashi, Golbon, Pasternak) and Queen's University (Shellenberger)
| | - Jonas Shellenberger
- From the University of Toronto (Habashi, Golbon, Pasternak) and Queen's University (Shellenberger)
| | - Jesse Pasternak
- From the University of Toronto (Habashi, Golbon, Pasternak) and Queen's University (Shellenberger)
| | - Shaila Merchant
- From Queen's University (Merchant, La, Sawhney, Brogly) and ICES Queen's (Shellenberger, Brogly)
| | - Jonas Shellenberger
- From Queen's University (Merchant, La, Sawhney, Brogly) and ICES Queen's (Shellenberger, Brogly)
| | - Julie La
- From Queen's University (Merchant, La, Sawhney, Brogly) and ICES Queen's (Shellenberger, Brogly)
| | - Monakshi Sawhney
- From Queen's University (Merchant, La, Sawhney, Brogly) and ICES Queen's (Shellenberger, Brogly)
| | - Susan Brogly
- From Queen's University (Merchant, La, Sawhney, Brogly) and ICES Queen's (Shellenberger, Brogly)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthew Lund
- From Western University and London Health Sciences Centre
| | - Jeffrey Hawel
- From Western University and London Health Sciences Centre
| | - Jamie Gregor
- From Western University and London Health Sciences Centre
| | - Ken Leslie
- From Western University and London Health Sciences Centre
| | - Tori Lenet
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Daniel McIsaac
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Julie Hallet
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Angela Jerath
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Manoj Lalu
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Stuart Nicholls
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Justin Presseau
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Alan Tinmouth
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Michael Verret
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Christopher Wherrett
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Dean Fergusson
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Guillaume Martel
- From the University of Ottawa (Lenet, McIsaac, Lalu, Tinmouth, Wherrett, Martel), University of Toronto (Hallet, Jerath), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Nicholls, Presseau, Fergusson), and Université Laval (Verret)
| | - Sahil Sharma
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Gaurav Talwar
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Janhavi Patel
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Luke Heimann
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Aristithes Doumouras
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Sharma, McKechnie, Talwar, Patel, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Christine Wang
- From University of Calgary (Wang), University of British Columbia (Guo, Davis), and University of the Fraser Valley (Huang, Sun)
| | - Michael Guo
- From University of Calgary (Wang), University of British Columbia (Guo, Davis), and University of the Fraser Valley (Huang, Sun)
| | - Longlong Huang
- From University of Calgary (Wang), University of British Columbia (Guo, Davis), and University of the Fraser Valley (Huang, Sun)
| | - Shaun Sun
- From University of Calgary (Wang), University of British Columbia (Guo, Davis), and University of the Fraser Valley (Huang, Sun)
| | - Noelle Davis
- From University of Calgary (Wang), University of British Columbia (Guo, Davis), and University of the Fraser Valley (Huang, Sun)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hyo Jin Son
- From the University of Toronto (Son, Gomez, Jung) and Massachusetts General Hospital (Gee)
| | - Denise Gee
- From the University of Toronto (Son, Gomez, Jung) and Massachusetts General Hospital (Gee)
| | - David Gomez
- From the University of Toronto (Son, Gomez, Jung) and Massachusetts General Hospital (Gee)
| | - James Jung
- From the University of Toronto (Son, Gomez, Jung) and Massachusetts General Hospital (Gee)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alicia Follett
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland (Follett, Dempster, Organ, Pace) and Eastern Health (Dempster, Organ, Pace)
| | - Holly
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland (Follett, Dempster, Organ, Pace) and Eastern Health (Dempster, Organ, Pace)
| | - Michael Organ
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland (Follett, Dempster, Organ, Pace) and Eastern Health (Dempster, Organ, Pace)
| | - David Pace
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland (Follett, Dempster, Organ, Pace) and Eastern Health (Dempster, Organ, Pace)
| | - Saba Balvardi
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Pepa Kaneva
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Koorosh Semsar-Kazerooni
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Carmen Mueller
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Melina Vassiliou
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Mohammed Al Mahroos
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Julio F Fiore
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Kevin Schwartzman
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Liane Feldman
- From McGill University (Balvardi, Kaneva, Mueller, Vassiliou, Al Mahroos, Fiore Jr., Feldman), the Steinberg-Berstein Centrer for Minimally Invasice Surgery and Innovation (Kaneva, Semsar-Kazerooni), McGill University Health Centre ( Semsar-Kazerooni) and the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Cetnrer (Schwartzman)
| | - Michael Guo
- From the University of British Columbia (Guo, Karimuddin, Liu, Sutherland), St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin), and University of Calgary (Crump)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia (Guo, Karimuddin, Liu, Sutherland), St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin), and University of Calgary (Crump)
| | - Gui Ping Liu
- From the University of British Columbia (Guo, Karimuddin, Liu, Sutherland), St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin), and University of Calgary (Crump)
| | - Trafford Crump
- From the University of British Columbia (Guo, Karimuddin, Liu, Sutherland), St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin), and University of Calgary (Crump)
| | - Jason Sutherland
- From the University of British Columbia (Guo, Karimuddin, Liu, Sutherland), St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin), and University of Calgary (Crump)
| | - Kala Hickey
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Erin M Bonisteel
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Jurgienne Umali
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Ibrahim Dogar
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Geoffrey Warden
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Darrell Boone
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Alexander Mathieson
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Michael Hogan
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - David Pace
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hickey, Bonisteel, Umali, Dogar, Warden, Boone, Mathieson, Hogan, Pace)
| | - Nieve Seguin
- From the University of Ottawa (Seguin, Best) and The Ottawa Hospital (Moloo, Li)
| | - Husein Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa (Seguin, Best) and The Ottawa Hospital (Moloo, Li)
| | - Yiran Li
- From the University of Ottawa (Seguin, Best) and The Ottawa Hospital (Moloo, Li)
| | - Gordon Best
- From the University of Ottawa (Seguin, Best) and The Ottawa Hospital (Moloo, Li)
| | - Rachel Leong
- From the University of British Columbia (Leong, Wiseman) and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - Sam Wiseman
- From the University of British Columbia (Leong, Wiseman) and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - Ahmed Amine Alaoui
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Roy Hajjar
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Evelyne Wassef
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | | | - François Dagbert
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Rasmy Loungnarath
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Richard Ratelle
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Frank Schwenter
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Éric Debroux
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Ramses Wassef
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | | | - Alfons Pomp
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Carole S Richard
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Herawaty Sebajang
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal and Université de Montréal
| | - Ahmed Amine Alaoui
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Roy Hajjar
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - François Dagbert
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Rasmy Loungnarath
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Herawaty Sebajang
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Richard Ratelle
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Frank Schwenter
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Éric Debroux
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Ramses Wassef
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Marianne Gagnon-Konamna
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Alfons Pomp
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Manuela M Santos
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | - Carole S Richard
- From the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Richard), the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Alaoui, Hajjar, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Ratelle, Schwenter, Debroux, Wassef, Gagnon-Konamna, Pomp, Santos, Richard)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michal Pillar
- From the University of British Columbia (Pillar, Guo, Manhas), and St. Paul's Hospital (Melck)
| | - Michael Guo
- From the University of British Columbia (Pillar, Guo, Manhas), and St. Paul's Hospital (Melck)
| | - Neraj Manhas
- From the University of British Columbia (Pillar, Guo, Manhas), and St. Paul's Hospital (Melck)
| | - Adrienne Melck
- From the University of British Columbia (Pillar, Guo, Manhas), and St. Paul's Hospital (Melck)
| | - Tania Kazi
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Ghazal Jessani
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Luke Heimann
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Kazi, McKechnie, Jessani, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu) and Liberty University (Heimann)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kara Nadeau
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Jennifer Macmillan
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Jaime Wilson
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Madeleine Deschenes
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Aruba Nurullah
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Caitlin Cahill
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (Nadeau, Macmillan, Wilson, Deschenes, Nurullah, Cahill), Muskoka Algonquin Healthcare (Macmillan), Health Sciences North (Cahill), and Northeastern Ontario Rectal and Colong Specialists (Cahill)
| | - Victoria H Chen
- From St. Paul's Hospital (Chen, Wiseman) and University of British Columbia (Chen, Patterson, Wiseman)
| | - Keiko M Patterson
- From St. Paul's Hospital (Chen, Wiseman) and University of British Columbia (Chen, Patterson, Wiseman)
| | - Sam M Wiseman
- From St. Paul's Hospital (Chen, Wiseman) and University of British Columbia (Chen, Patterson, Wiseman)
| | - Betty Wen
- From the University of British Columbia (Wen, Barton), Georgetown Publish Hospital Corporation (Bhudial), and Royal Inland Hospital (Barton)
| | - Joshua Bhudial
- From the University of British Columbia (Wen, Barton), Georgetown Publish Hospital Corporation (Bhudial), and Royal Inland Hospital (Barton)
| | - Anise Barton
- From the University of British Columbia (Wen, Barton), Georgetown Publish Hospital Corporation (Bhudial), and Royal Inland Hospital (Barton)
| | - Jessica Lie
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie) and Hebrew SeniorLife (Park, Yang, Gouskova, Kim)
| | - Chan Mi Park
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie) and Hebrew SeniorLife (Park, Yang, Gouskova, Kim)
| | - Laiji Yang
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie) and Hebrew SeniorLife (Park, Yang, Gouskova, Kim)
| | - Natalia Gouskova
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie) and Hebrew SeniorLife (Park, Yang, Gouskova, Kim)
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie) and Hebrew SeniorLife (Park, Yang, Gouskova, Kim)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Victoria Archer
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | - Zacharie Cloutier
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | - Annie Berg
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | - Wojtek Wiercioch
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Archer, Cloutier, Berg, McKechnie, Wiercioch, Eskicioglu) and St. Joseph Health (Eskicioglu)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alisha R Fernandes
- From Dalhousie University ( Fernandes, Ellsmere) and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hossain)
| | - Intekhab Hossain
- From Dalhousie University ( Fernandes, Ellsmere) and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hossain)
| | - James Ellsmere
- From Dalhousie University ( Fernandes, Ellsmere) and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Hossain)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Karpinski
- From the University of Toronto (Karpinski), St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman), Providence Health Care (Ghuman), University of British Columbia (Ghuman), and McGill University (Malik)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of Toronto (Karpinski), St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman), Providence Health Care (Ghuman), University of British Columbia (Ghuman), and McGill University (Malik)
| | - Peter R A Malik
- From the University of Toronto (Karpinski), St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman), Providence Health Care (Ghuman), University of British Columbia (Ghuman), and McGill University (Malik)
| | - Kameela Alibhai
- From the University of Ottawa (Alibhai, Raîche, Gawad), University of British Columbia (Zabolotniuk)
| | - Taryn Zabolotniuk
- From the University of Ottawa (Alibhai, Raîche, Gawad), University of British Columbia (Zabolotniuk)
| | - Isabelle Raîche
- From the University of Ottawa (Alibhai, Raîche, Gawad), University of British Columbia (Zabolotniuk)
| | - Nada Gawad
- From the University of Ottawa (Alibhai, Raîche, Gawad), University of British Columbia (Zabolotniuk)
| | - Sarah Mashal
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Larry Watt
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Tarek Razek
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Paola Fata
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Jeremy Grushka
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | - Evan G Wong
- From McGill University (Mashal, Razek, Fata, Grushka, Wong), Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services Sociaux du Nunavik (Boulanger), and Tulattavik Health Center (Watt)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Cullen Kim
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | | | - David Pace
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | - Robin Wigen
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Emily Walser
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Jacob Davidson
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Michael Dorward
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Leanne Muszynski
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Celia Dann
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Natashia Seemann
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Jennifer Lam
- From the Children's Hospital at Longon Health Sciences Centre (Wigen), and London Health Sciences Centre (Walser, Davidson, Dorward, Muszynski, Dann, Seemann, Lam)
| | - Kaitlyn Harding
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding), University of British Columbia (Lowik, Guinard, Wiseman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - A J Lowik
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding), University of British Columbia (Lowik, Guinard, Wiseman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - Caroline Guinard
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding), University of British Columbia (Lowik, Guinard, Wiseman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - Sam Wiseman
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding), University of British Columbia (Lowik, Guinard, Wiseman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Wiseman)
| | - Odelle Ma
- From the University of Albberta (Ma, Mocanu, Lin, Bigam), and the Centre for Advancement of Surgical Education and Simulation, Royal Alexandra Hospital (Karmali)
| | - Valentin Mocanu
- From the University of Albberta (Ma, Mocanu, Lin, Bigam), and the Centre for Advancement of Surgical Education and Simulation, Royal Alexandra Hospital (Karmali)
| | - Andrea Lin
- From the University of Albberta (Ma, Mocanu, Lin, Bigam), and the Centre for Advancement of Surgical Education and Simulation, Royal Alexandra Hospital (Karmali)
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- From the University of Albberta (Ma, Mocanu, Lin, Bigam), and the Centre for Advancement of Surgical Education and Simulation, Royal Alexandra Hospital (Karmali)
| | - David Bigam
- From the University of Albberta (Ma, Mocanu, Lin, Bigam), and the Centre for Advancement of Surgical Education and Simulation, Royal Alexandra Hospital (Karmali)
| | - Kaitlyn Harding
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Grant Greaves
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Brent Parker
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Vu Nguyen
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Azim Ahmed
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Belinda Yee
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Joël Perren
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Mathew Norman
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Morgan Grey
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Rafael Perini
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Fahd Jowhari
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Adrian Bak
- From Memorial University of Newfoundland (Harding, Perren), University of Alberta Hospital (Greaves), Provincial Health Services Authority (Parker), University of British Columbia (Nguyen, Ahmed, Norman), University of Saskatoon (Yee), Kelowna Gastroenterology Associates (Grey), and Kelowna General Hospital (Perini, Jowhari, Bak)
| | - Jeremy Drung
- From Western University (Drung, Wiseman, Moffat), and London Health Sciences Centre (Allen, Wiseman, Moffat)
| | - Laura Allen
- From Western University (Drung, Wiseman, Moffat), and London Health Sciences Centre (Allen, Wiseman, Moffat)
| | - Daniele Wiseman
- From Western University (Drung, Wiseman, Moffat), and London Health Sciences Centre (Allen, Wiseman, Moffat)
| | - Bradley Moffat
- From Western University (Drung, Wiseman, Moffat), and London Health Sciences Centre (Allen, Wiseman, Moffat)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lily J Park
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Flavia K Borges
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Rahima Nenshi
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Michael Jacka
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Diane Heels-Ansdell
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Marko Simunovic
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Jessica Bogach
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Pablo E Serrano
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - Lehana Thabane
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | - P J Devereaux
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Heels-Ansdell, Simunovic, Bogach, Serrano, Thabane, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Devereaux), and University of Alberta (Jacka)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Best
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - San Ahn
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Lisa Zhang
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Nicole Prince
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Olivia Cheng-Boivin
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Nieve Seguin
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Harry Wang
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Liam Quartermain
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Sherry Tan
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Jennifer Shamess
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Mathilde Simard
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Humberto Vigil
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Isabelle Raîche
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Mary Hanna
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Husein Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa (Best, Ahn, Zhang, Prince, Cheng-Boivin, Seguin, Wang, Quartermain, Tan, Simard, Vigil, Raîche, Hanna, Moloo), and The Ottawa Hospital (Shamess)
| | - Riordan Azam
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Gary Ko
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Mayanne Zhu
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Yanuga Raveendran
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Christine Lam
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Janet Tang
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Amrit Bajwa
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Marina Englesakis
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Emma Reel
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Jordan Cleland
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Laura Snell
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Gianni Lorello
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Tulin Cil
- From the University of Toronto (Azam, Ko, Zhu, Tang, Englesakis, Snell, Lorello, Cil), Western University (Raveendran), McMaster University (Lam), University of Galway (Bajwa), University Health Network (Reel, Cleland, Lorello, Cil), Toronto Western Hospital (Lorello), The Wilson Centrer, Toronto General Hospital (Lorello), and Women's College Research Institute (Lorello)
| | - Hilalion San Ahn
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Catherine Dube
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Daniel McIsaac
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - David Smith
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Alexie Leclerc
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Jennifer Shamess
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Alaa Rostom
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Natalia Calo
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Husein Moloo
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), University of Ottawa (Ahn, Dube, McIsaac, Leclerc, Rostom, Calo, Moloo), North York General Hospital (Smith), Champlain Region Cancer Care Patient and Family Committee (Shamess), and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Thavorn)
| | - Simon Laplante
- From the University of Toronto and University Health Network
| | - Louis Liu
- From the University of Toronto and University Health Network
| | - Nadia Khan
- From the University of Toronto and University Health Network
| | - Allan Okrainec
- From the University of Toronto and University Health Network
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilinca Georgescu
- From Dalhousie University (Georgescu), and Rose City Endoscopy (Khokhotva)
| | | | - Gaurav Talwar
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Sahil Sharma
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Shuling Yang
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Jigish Khamar
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Aristithes Doumouras
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Sharma, McKechnie, Yang, Khamar, Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Doumouras, Eskicioglu)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Muncner
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Mo Yu Li
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Igor Mihajlovic
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Mark Dykstra
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Ryan Snelgrove
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Haili Wang
- From the University of Alberta (Muncner, Mihajlovic, Dykstra, Snelgrove, Wang), and Memorial University of Newfoundland (Li)
| | - Christina Schweitzer
- From the University of British Columbia (Schweitzer, Wiseman), St. Paul's Hospital (Schweitzer, Wiseman), and Queen's University (Garcha)
| | - Sam M Wiseman
- From the University of British Columbia (Schweitzer, Wiseman), St. Paul's Hospital (Schweitzer, Wiseman), and Queen's University (Garcha)
| | - Ivneet Garcha
- From the University of British Columbia (Schweitzer, Wiseman), St. Paul's Hospital (Schweitzer, Wiseman), and Queen's University (Garcha)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kerrie A Sullivan
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Forough Farrokhyar
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Yogita S Patel
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Moishe Liberman
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Simon R Turner
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Anne V Gonzalez
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Rahul Nayak
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | - Wael C Hanna
- From McMaster University (Sullivan, Farrokhyar, Patel, Hanna), Université de Montréal (Liberman), University of Alberta (Turner), McGill University (Gonzalez), Western University (Nayak), and University of Toronto (Yasufuku)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Pier-Luc Haché
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Geraud Galvaing
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Serge Simard
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Jocelyn Grégoire
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Jean Bussières
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Yves Lacasse
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Sami Sassi
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Catherine Champagne
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Anne-Sophie Laliberté
- From the Quebec Heart and Lung Institute (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Université Laval (Haché, Simard, Grégoire, Bussières, Lacasse, Champagne, Laliberté), Clermont-Auvergne University (Galvaing), and Saint-Jerome Regional Hospital (Sassi)
| | - Jin Yong Jeong
- From the Incheon St. Mary's Hospital and The Catholic University of Korea
| | - Uzair Jogiat
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Hillary Wilson
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Alexandre Bédard
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Pam Blakely
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Jerry Dang
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Warren Sun
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Eric L R Bédard
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Clarence Wong
- From the University of Alberta (Jogiat, Wilson, Bédard, Sun, Karmali, Bédard, Wong), Alberta Health Services (Blakely), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Suhail Yaqoob Hakim
- From the Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, Azizi, El- Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Samim Azizi
- From the Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, Azizi, El- Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- From the Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, Azizi, El- Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- From the Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, Azizi, El- Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- From the Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, Azizi, El- Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Alisha R Fernandes
- From Dalhousie University (Fernandes, French, Ellsmere), and Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (Li)
| | - Daniel French
- From Dalhousie University (Fernandes, French, Ellsmere), and Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (Li)
| | - Chao Li
- From Dalhousie University (Fernandes, French, Ellsmere), and Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (Li)
| | - James Ellsmere
- From Dalhousie University (Fernandes, French, Ellsmere), and Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Est-de-l'Île-de-Montréal (Li)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adom Bondzi-Simpson
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Biniam Kidane
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Michael Ko
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Natalie Coburn
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Girish Kulkarni
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | - Julie Hallet
- From the University of Toronto (Bondzi-Simpson, Ribeiro, Ko, Coburn, Kulkarni, Hallet), and University of Manitoba (Kidane)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bright Huo
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Daria Manos
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Zhaolin Xu
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Katerina-Maria Kontouli
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Samuel Chun
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - John Fris
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Allison M R Wallace
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Daniel G French
- From Dalhousie University (Huo, Manos, Xu, Chun, Fris, Wallace, French), University of Ioannina (Kontouli)
| | - Catherine Giffin
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Moishe Liberman
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Gabriel Dayan
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Anne-Sophie Laliberté
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Alexander Farivar
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Biniam Kidane
- From the University of Manitoba (Giffin, Kidane), Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite de Montréal (Liberman), Université de Montréal (Dayan), Centre Hospitalier Affilé Universitaire de Québec (Laliberté), Toronto General Hospital (Yasufuku), and the Swedish Medical Centre (Farivar)
| | - Cara Weessies
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Madeline Robinson
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Leeann Bednarek
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Gordon Buduhan
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Richard Liu
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Lawrence Tan
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Sadeesh K Srinathan
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | - Biniam Kidane
- From the University of Manitoba (Weessies, Robinson, Bednarek, Buduhan, Liu, Tan, Srinathan, Kidane), and Cancer Care Manitoba Research Institute (Kidane)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roy Hilzenrat
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Maurice Blitz
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Shaun Deen
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Michael Humer
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Anand Jugnauth
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Gordon Buduhan
- From the University of British Columbia (Hilzenrat), and Kelowna General Hospital (Blitz, Deen, Humer, Jugnauth, Buduhan)
| | - Laura Kerr
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine
| | - Simon Sun
- From the Northern Ontario School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | - Brandon Loshusan
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Arefin Shamsil
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Michael D Naish
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Mehdi Qiabi
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Rahul Nayak
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Rajni Patel
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | - Richard Malthaner
- From the London Health Sciences Centre (Loshusan, Qiabi, Nayak, Malthaner), and Western University (Shamsil, Naish, Patel)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sami Aftab Abdul
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Francois Khazoom
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Katherine Aw
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Rebecca Lau
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Daniel Jones
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Patrick J Villeneuve
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | - Donna E Maziak
- From The Ottawa Hospital (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Carleton University (Abdul), University of Ottawa (Abdul, Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Khazoom, Aw, Lau, Gilbert, Sundaresan, Jones, Seely, Villeneuve, Maziak)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea Tessier
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Lily Park
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Nirupa Gangam
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Tessier, McKechnie, Lee, Park, Gangam, Eskicioglu), and St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (Gangam, Eskicioglu)
| | - Zacharie Cloutier
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Victoria Archer
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Lily Park
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Jay Lee
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Ashaka Patel
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University ( Cloutier, McKechnie, Archer, Park, Hong, Eskicioglu), University of Calgary (Lee), and Western University (Patel)
| | - Simarpreet Ichhpuniani
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Geoffrey Elder
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Andrew Chen
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Kathleen Logie
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Aristithes Doumouras
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Randy Benko
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Ichhpuniani, McKechnie, Elder, Chen, Benko), and St. Joseph Healthcare (Logie, Doumouras, Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Matthew Castelo
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Lawrence Paszat
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Bettina Hansen
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Adena Scheer
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Neil Faught
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Lena Nguyen
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | - Nancy Baxter
- From the University of Toronto (Castelo, Paszat, Hansen, Scheer, Baxter), and ICES (Faught, Nguyen)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Jigish Khamar
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Anjali Sachdeva
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (McKechnie, Khamar, Lee, Hong, Eskicioglu), and University of Toronto (Sachdeva)
| | - Linda Y N Fei
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Antonio Caycedo
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Sunil Patel
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Teodora Popa
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Lee Boudreau
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Andrea Grin
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Tao Wang
- From Queen's University (Fei, Patel, Popa, Boudreau, Grin, Wang), and the Orlando Health Colon $ Rectal Institute (Caycedo)
| | - Jessica Lie
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Carl Brown
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Terry Phang
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Manoj Raval
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of British Columbia (Lie), and St. Paul's Hospital (Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Balmes
- From University of British Columbia (Balmes, Phang, Guo, Liu), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang)
| | - Terry Phang
- From University of British Columbia (Balmes, Phang, Guo, Liu), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang)
| | - Michael Guo
- From University of British Columbia (Balmes, Phang, Guo, Liu), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang)
| | - Jerry Liu
- From University of British Columbia (Balmes, Phang, Guo, Liu), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang)
| | - Haven Roy
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Sandra Webber
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Farhana Shariff
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Ramzi M Helewa
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Dave Hochman
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Jason Park
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Garrett Johnson
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | - Eric Hyun
- From the University of Manitoba (Roy, Webber, Shariff, Helewa, Hochman, Johnson, Hyun), and University of British Columbia (Park)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Hu
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Ariane Lacaille-Ranger
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - San Ahn
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Mihaela Tudorache
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Husein Moloo
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Lara Williams
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Isabelle Raîche
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Reilly Musselman
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ahn, Tudorache, Moloo, Williams, Raîche, Musselman), and Université de Montréal (Lacaille-Ranger)
| | - Maddy Lemke
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | - Laura Allen
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | - Nadeesha Samarasinghe
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | - Kelly Vogt
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | - Muriel Brackstone
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | - Terry Zwiep
- From Western University (Lemke, Allen, Vogt, Brackstone, Zwiep), and University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerry Liu
- From the University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Chen
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Marylise Boutros
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Natasha Caminsky
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Teodora Dumitra
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Sarah Faris-Sabboobeh
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Marie Demian
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Georgia Rigas
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Chen, Boutros, Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian, Rigas), and McGill University Health Centre (Caminsky, Dumitra)
| | - Olivia Monton
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Allister Smith
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Jeongyoon Moon
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Marie Demian
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Richard Garfinkle
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Carol-Ann Vasilevsky
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Fateme Rajabiyazdi
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Marylise Boutros
- From McMaster University (Monton), Western University (Smith), McGill University (Moon, Garfinkle), Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Demian, Vasilevsky, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | | | | | | | - Kala Hickey
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - David Pace
- From the Memorial University of Newfoundland
| | | | - Jeongyoon Moon
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Ebram Salama
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Anna Wang
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Mylène Arsenault
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Nathalie Leon
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Carmen Loiselle
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Fatemeh Rajabiyazdi
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | - Marylise Boutros
- From the McGill University Health Centre (Moon), McGill University (Salama, Wang, Arsenault, Leon, Loiselle, Boutros), and Carleton University (Rajabiyazdi)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Neyla Boukhili
- From McGill University ( Boukhili, Caminsky, Boutros), and the Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian)
| | - Natasha Caminsky
- From McGill University ( Boukhili, Caminsky, Boutros), and the Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian)
| | - Sarah Faris-Sabboobeh
- From McGill University ( Boukhili, Caminsky, Boutros), and the Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian)
| | - Marie Demian
- From McGill University ( Boukhili, Caminsky, Boutros), and the Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian)
| | - Marylise Boutros
- From McGill University ( Boukhili, Caminsky, Boutros), and the Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital (Faris-Sabboobeh, Demian)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Terry Zwiep
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Deborah Abner
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Tarik Alam
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Elaine Beyer
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Michele Evans
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Mary Hill
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Debra Johnston
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Karla Lohnes
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Svea Menard
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Nicole Pitcher
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Kelly Sair
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Bev Smith
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Bonita Yarjau
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Kimberly LeBlanc
- From Western University (Zwiep), CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'Îlede-Montréal (Abner), Hollister Canada (Alam), Health Sciences Centre Winnipeg (Beyer, Yarjau), Misericordia Community Hospital (Evans), Alberta Health Services (Hill, Sair, Smith), Toronto General Hospital (Johnston), IWK Health Centre (Lohnes), Interior Health Authority ( Menard), Central Newfoundland Regional Health Centre (Pitcher), and Nurses Specialized in Wound, Ostomy and Continence Canada (LeBlanc)
| | - Nadeesha Samarasinghe
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Ahmer A Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Carl J Brown
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - P Terry Phang
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Manoj J Raval
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Karen MacDonell
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of British Columbia (Samarasinghe, Karimuddin, Brown, Phang, Raval, Ghuman), and College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (MacDonell)
| | - Alexandra Harvey
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - P Terry Phang
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Carl J Brown
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Manoj J Raval
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of British Columbia (Harvey, Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Phang, Karimuddin, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ameer Farooq
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Sunil Patel
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Hugh Macdonald
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Manoj Raval
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - P Terry Phang
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | - Carl Brown
- From Queen's University (Farooq, Patel, Macdonald), and St. Paul's Hospital (Ghuman, Karimuddin, Raval, Phang, Brown)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alessandro Ricci
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Sunil Patel
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Kelly Brennan
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Vanessa Wiseman
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Chad McClintock
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Weidong Kong
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Ameer Farooq
- From the Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Ricci, Patel, Brennan, Farooq), and Queen's University (Wiseman, McClintock, Kong)
| | - Rohan Kakkar
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - Olivia Hershorn
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - Manoj Raval
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - P Terry Phang
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | - Carl Brown
- From the University of British Columbia ( Kakkar, Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown), and St. Paul's Hospiral (Hershorn, Raval, Phang, Karimuddin, Ghuman, Brown)
| | | | | | | | - Roy Hajjar
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Emmanuel Gonzalez
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Manon Oliero
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Ahmed Amine Alaoui
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Hervé Vennin Rendos
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Souad Djediai
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Thibault Cuisiniere
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Patrick Laplante
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Claire Gerkins
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Ayodeji Samuel Ajayi
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Khoudia Diop
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Nassima Taleb
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Sophie Thérien
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Frédéricke Schampaert
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Hefzi Alratrout
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - François Dagbert
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Rasmy Loungnarath
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Herawaty Sebajang
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Frank Schwenter
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Ramses Wassef
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Richard Ratelle
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Éric Debroux
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Jean-François Cailhier
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Bertrand Routy
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Borhane Annabi
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Nicholas J B Brereton
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Carole Richard
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Manuela M Santos
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Fragoso, Oliero, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Cuisiniere, Laplante, Gerkins, Ajayi, Diop, Routy, Santos), the Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Taleb, Thérien, Schampaert, Alratrout, Dagbert, Loungnarath, Sebajang, Schwenter, Wassef, Ratelle, Debroux, Richard), Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Cailhier, Brereton, Santos), McGill University (Gonzalez), and Université du Québec à Montréal (Djediai, Annabi)
| | - Tamara Gimon
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | - Helen MacRae
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | - Anthony de Buck van Overstraeten
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | - Mantaj Brar
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | - Sami Chadi
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | - Erin Kennedy
- From the University of Toronto (Gimon, MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Chadi, Kennedy), Mount Sinai Hospital (MacRae, de Buck van Overstraeten, Brar, Kennedy), and University Health Network (Chadi)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lily J Park
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Victoria Archer
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Daniel McIsaac
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Pavel Rashanov
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - Husein Moloo
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | - P J Devereaux
- From McMaster University (Park, Archer, McKechnie, Lee, Eskicioglu, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Devereaux), University of Otawa (McIsaac, Moloo), and Western University (Rashanov)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roy Hajjar
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Manon Oliero
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Gabriela Fragoso
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Ayodeji Samuel Ajayi
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Ahmed Amine Alaoui
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Hervé Vennin Rendos
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Annie Calvé
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Thibault Cuisinière
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Claire Gerkins
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Sophie Thérien
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Nassima Taleb
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - François Dagbert
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Herawaty Sebajang
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Rasmy Loungnarath
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Frank Schwenter
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Richard Ratelle
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Ramses Wassef
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Eric Debroux
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Carole Richard
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Manuela M Santos
- From the Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Oliero, Fragoso, Ajayi, Alaoui, Vennin Rendos, Calvé, Cuisinière, Gerkins, Santos), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Thérien, Taleb, Dagbert, Sebajang, Loungnarath, Schwenter, Ratelle, Wassef, Debroux, Richard), and Université de Montréal (Hajjar, Alaoui, Santos)
| | - Erin Kennedy
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Marko Simunovic
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Selina Schmocker
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Carl Brown
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Anthony MacLean
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Sender Liberman
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Sébastien Drolet
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Katerina Neumann
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Peter Stotland
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Kartik Jhaveri
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Richard Kirsch
- From Mount Sinai Hospital (Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto ( Kennedy), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | | | | | | | - Alex Chen
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
| | - Georgia Rigas
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
| | - Haroon Munir
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
| | - Ali Safar
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
| | | | | | | | - Erin Kennedy
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Carole Richard
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Marko Simunovic
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Selina Schmocker
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Carl Brown
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Anthony MacLean
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Sender Liberman
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Sébastien Drolet
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Katerina Neumann
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Peter Stotland
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Kartik Jhaveri
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | - Richard Kirsch
- From Mount Sinai Hospital ( Kennedy, Schmocker, Jhaveri, Kirsch), University of Toronto (Kennedy), Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Richard), Juravinski Hospital Cancer Centre (Simunovic), McMaster University (Simunovic), St. Paul's Hospital (Brown), Providence Health Care (Brown), Foothills Medical Centre (MacLean), University of Calgary (MacLean), McGill University Health Centre (Liberman), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Drolet), QEII Health Sciences Centre (Neumann), North York General Hospital (Stotland), and University Health Network (Jhaveri)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Allison Pang
- From the Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital
| | | | | | - Mohammed Al-Abri
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Elliott Gee
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Ahmer Karimuddin
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - P Terry Phang
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Carl Brown
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Manoj Raval
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Amandeep Ghuman
- From the University of British Columbia (Al-Abri, Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman), and St. Paul's Hospital (Gee, Karimuddin, Phang, Brown, Raval, Ghuman)
| | - Nina Morena
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Libby Ben-Zvi
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Victoria Hayman
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Mary Hou
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Diana Nguyen
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Carrie A Rentschler
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Ari N Meguerditchian
- From McGill University (Morena, Ben-Zvi, Hayman, Rentschler), University of Calgary (Hou), McGill University Health Centre Research Institute (Nguyen), and St. Mary's Research Centre (Meguerditchian)
| | - Zuhaib Mir
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Linda Fei
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Sandra McKeown
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Rachelle Dinchong
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Nicholas Cofie
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Nancy Dalgarno
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Rona Cheifetz
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Shaila Merchant
- From Queen's University (Mir, Fei, McKeown, Dinchong, Cofie, Dalgarno, Merchant), and University of British Columbia (Cheifetz)
| | - Alisha Jaffer
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Carolyn Cullinane
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Gerard Feeney
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Amirhossein Jalali
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Anne Merrigan
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Chwanrow Baban
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Juliette Buckley
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | - Shona Tormey
- From the University of Limerick (Jaffer, Jalali), University Hospital Waterford (Cullinane), and University Hospital Limerick (Feeney, Merrigan, Baban, Buckley, Tormey)
| | | | - Rongrong Wu
- From the Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Karineh Kazazian
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Ali Hosni Abdalaty
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Christine Brezden
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Ron Burkes
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Eric Chen
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Anand Govindarajan
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Raymond Jang
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Erin Kennedy
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Jelena Lukovic
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Aruz Mesci
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Fayez Quereshy
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Carol Swallow
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | - Sami Chadi
- From Princess Margaret Hospital (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University Health Network (Kazazian, Abdalaty, Brezden, Burkes, Chen, Govindarajan, Jang, Kennedy, Lukovic, Mesci, Quereshy, Swallow, Chadi), University of Toronto (Kazazian, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Brezden, Burkes, Govindarajan, Kennedy, Swallow)
| | | | | | - Wanda Marini
- From the University of Toronto (Marini, Ohashi, Reedijk), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Zheng, Murakami), and University Health Network (Zheng, Murakami)
| | - Weiyue Zheng
- From the University of Toronto (Marini, Ohashi, Reedijk), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Zheng, Murakami), and University Health Network (Zheng, Murakami)
| | - Kiichi Murakami
- From the University of Toronto (Marini, Ohashi, Reedijk), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Zheng, Murakami), and University Health Network (Zheng, Murakami)
| | - Pamela Ohashi
- From the University of Toronto (Marini, Ohashi, Reedijk), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Zheng, Murakami), and University Health Network (Zheng, Murakami)
| | - Michael Reedijk
- From the University of Toronto (Marini, Ohashi, Reedijk), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Zheng, Murakami), and University Health Network (Zheng, Murakami)
| | - Richard Hu
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Victoria Ivankovic
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Lewis Han
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Louise Gresham
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Ranjeeta Mallick
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Rebecca Auer
- From the University of Ottawa (Hu, Ivankovic, Han, Gresham), and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Mallick, Auer)
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet)
| | - Adom Bondzi-Simpson
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet)
| | - Natalie Coburn
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet)
| | - Julie Hallet
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), and the Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet)
| | - Tulin Cil
- From the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Cil), University Health Network (Cil), and University of Toronto (Cil, Fontebasso)
| | - Adam Fontebasso
- From the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Cil), University Health Network (Cil), and University of Toronto (Cil, Fontebasso)
| | - Alex Lee
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Ericka Bernard-Bedard
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Boaz Wong
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Heidi Li
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Elysia Grose
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Olivier Brandts-Longtin
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Katie Aw
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Rebecca Lau
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Ahmad Abed
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - James Stevenson
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Rahat Sheikh
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Richard Chen
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Stephanie Johnson-Obaseki
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | - Carolyn Nessim
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee), The Ottawa Hospital (Bernard-Bedard), and the University of Ottawa (Wong, Li, Grose, Brandts-Longtin, Aw, Lau, Abed, Stevenson, Sheikh, Chen, Johnson-Obaseki, Nessim)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuvreet Kaur
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Andrea Covelli
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Fayez Quereshy
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Elena Elimova
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Elan Panov
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Jelena Lukovic
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - James Brierley
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Bev Burnett
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Carol Swallow
- From the University of Toronto (Kaur, Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Swallow), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Covelli, Quereshy Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), University Health Network (Covelli, Quereshy, Elimova, Panov, Lukovic, Brierley, Burnett, Swallow), and Mount Sinai Hospital (Covelli, Quereshy, Burnett, Swallow)
| | - Ashley Eom
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - David Kirkwood
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Nicole Hodgson
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Aristithes Doumouras
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Jessica Bogach
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Timothy Whelan
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Mark Levine
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Elena Parvez
- From McMaster University (Eom, Hodgson, Doumoura, Bogach, Whelan, Levine, Parvez), and ICES (Kirkwood)
| | - Deanna Ng
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | - Karineh Kazazian
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | - Kiera Lee
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | - Yi Qing Lu
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | - Dae Kyum Kim
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | - Marco Magalhaes
- From the University of Toronto (Ng, Kazazian, Lu, Magalhaes), University of British Columbia (Lee), and Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center (Kim)
| | | | | | | | - Elliott K Yee
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Julie Hallet
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Nicole J Look Hong
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Lena Nguyen
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Natalie Coburn
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Frances C Wright
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Sonal Gandhi
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Katarzyna J Jerzak
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Andrea Eisen
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | - Amanda Roberts
- From the University of Toronto (Yee), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Hallet, Look Hong, Coburn, Wright, Gandhi, Jerzak, Eisen, Roberts), and ICES (Look Hong, Nguyen, Coburn)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akie Watanabe
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Susan Yao
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Eitan Prisman
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Gary Groot
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Elliot Mitmaker
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Ross Walker
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Jonn Wu
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Jesse Pasternak
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Chi Kien Lai
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Antoine Eskander
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Jonathan Wasserman
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Frederic Mercier
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Kathryn Roth
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Sabrina Gill
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Carlos Villamil
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - David Goldstein
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Vicki Munro
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Alok Pathak
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Debon Lee
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Anne Nguyen
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Sam Wiseman
- From the University of British Columbia (Watanabe, Yao, Prisman, Wu, Lai, Gill, Villamil, Lee, Nguyen, Wiseman), University of Saskatchewan (Groot), McGill University (Mitmaker), Queen's University (Walker), University of Toronto (Pasternak, Eskander, Wasserman, Goldstein), Université de Montréal (Mercier), Western University (Roth), Dalhousie University (Munro), and University of Manitoba (Pathak)
| | - Luckshi Rajendran
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Marco Claasen
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Tommy Ivanics
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Nazia Selzner
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Ian McGilvray
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Mark Cattral
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Anand Ghanekar
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Carol-Anne Moulton
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Trevor Reichman
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Chaya Shwaartz
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Ur Metser
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Ron Burkes
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Erin Winter
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Steven Gallinger
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Gonzalo Sapisochin
- From the University of Toronto (Rajendran, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Moulton, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Gallinger, Sapisochin), University Health Network (Claasen, Ivanics, Selzner, McGilvray, Cattral, Ghanekar, Reichman, Shwaartz, Metser, Winter, Sapisochin), Erasmus MC Transplant Institute (Claasen), Henry Ford Hospital (Ivanics), Uppsala University (Ivanics), Mount Sinai Hospital (Metser, Burkes), and Women's College Hospital (Metser)
| | - Juan Glinka
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Evelyn Waugh
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Ken Leslie
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Anton Skaro
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Epharaim Tang
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Juan Glinka
- From London Health Sciences Centre and Western University
| | - Janyssa Charbonneau
- From Université Laval (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, O'Connor, Couture), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, Couture)
| | - Alexandre Brind'Amour
- From Université Laval (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, O'Connor, Couture), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, Couture)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From Université Laval (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, O'Connor, Couture), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, Couture)
| | - Sarah O'Connor
- From Université Laval (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, O'Connor, Couture), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, Couture)
| | - Thomas Couture
- From Université Laval (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, O'Connor, Couture), and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (Charbonneau, Brind'Amour, Turgeon, Couture)
| | - Yifan Wang
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - Osamu Yoshino
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - Michael Driedger
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - Michael Beckman
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - Dionisios Vrochides
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - John Martinie
- From McGill University (Wang), and Atrium Health Carolinas Medical Center (Yoshino, Driedger, Beckman, Vrochides, Martinie)
| | - Abdulrahman Alabduljabbar
- From Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Alabduljabbar), and Dalhousie University (Aali, Lightfoot, Gala-Lopez)
| | - Maral Aali
- From Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Alabduljabbar), and Dalhousie University (Aali, Lightfoot, Gala-Lopez)
| | - Christopher Lightfoot
- From Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Alabduljabbar), and Dalhousie University (Aali, Lightfoot, Gala-Lopez)
| | - Boris Gala-Lopez
- From Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Alabduljabbar), and Dalhousie University (Aali, Lightfoot, Gala-Lopez)
| | | | | | | | - Dhruvin Hirpara
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Jonathan Irish
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Mohammed Rashid
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Tharsiya Martin
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Alice Zhu
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Leah McKnight
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Amber Hunter
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Shiva Jayaraman
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Alice Wei
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Natalie Coburn
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Frances Wright
- From the University of Toronto (Hirpara, Zhu), University Health Network (Irish), Ontario Health (Rashid, Martin, McKnight, Hunter), Unity Health (Jayaraman), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (Wei), and Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Wright)
| | - Katlin Mallette
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | - Ahmad Elnahas
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | - Nawar Alkhamesi
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | - Christopher Schlachta
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | - Jeffrey Hawel
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | - Ephraim Tang
- From Canadian Surgical Technologies & Advanced Robotics (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel), London Health Sciences Centre (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang), and Western University (Mallette, Elnahas, Alkhamesi, Schlachta, Hawel, Tang)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jordan Yu
- From the University of British Columbia
| | | | - Peter Kim
- From the University of British Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Molly White
- From the University of Edinburgh (White), the University of Toronto (Tsang), and St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman)
| | - Melanie E Tsang
- From the University of Edinburgh (White), the University of Toronto (Tsang), and St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman)
| | - Shiva Jayaraman
- From the University of Edinburgh (White), the University of Toronto (Tsang), and St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman)
| | - Kimberley Lam-Tin-Cheung
- From the University of Toronto (Lam-Tin-Cheung, Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), and Unity Health Toronto (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene)
| | - Shiva Jayaraman
- From the University of Toronto (Lam-Tin-Cheung, Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), and Unity Health Toronto (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene)
| | - Melanie Tsang
- From the University of Toronto (Lam-Tin-Cheung, Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), and Unity Health Toronto (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene)
| | - Brittany Greene
- From the University of Toronto (Lam-Tin-Cheung, Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), St. Joseph's Health Centre (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene), and Unity Health Toronto (Jayaraman, Tsang, Greene)
| | | | | | | | | | - Julien Côté
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Rolando Rebolledo
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Mélanie Borie
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Ahmed Menaouar
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Carolyne Landry
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Marylène Plasse
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Richard Létourneau
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Michel Dagenais
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Zhixia Rong
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - André Roy
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Eve Beaudry-Simoneau
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Franck Vandenbroucke-Menu
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Réal Lapointe
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Pasquale Ferraro
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Shant Der Sarkissian
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Nicolas Noiseux
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Simon Turcotte
- From Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Plasse, Létourneau, Dagenais, Rong, Roy, Beaudry-Simoneau, Vandenbroucke-Menu, Lapointe, Ferraro, Noiseux, Turcotte), Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Côté, Borie, Menaouar, Landry, Lapointe, Ferraro, Der Sarkissian, Noiseux, Turcotte), and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (Rebolledo)
| | - Yara Haddad
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Antoine Bernard
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Clara Lafortune
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Annie Roy
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Claude Perreault
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Gaétan Mayer
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Mieczyslaw Marcinkiewicz
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Majambu Mbikay
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Michel Chrétien
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | - Simon Turcotte
- From Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (Haddad, Bernard, Brassard, Turcotte), and Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (Lafortune, Roy, Perreault, Mayer, Marcinkiewicz, Mbikay, Chrétien)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hala Muaddi
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Jennifer Flemming
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Bettina Hansen
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Laura Dawson
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Grainne O'Kane
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Jordan Feld
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Gonzalo Sapisochin
- From the University of Toronto (Muaddi, Hansen, Dawson, O'Kane, Feld, Sapisochin), and Queen's University (Flemming)
| | - Alice Zhu
- From the University of Toronto (Zhu, Jayaraman), and the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (Cleary)
| | - Shiva Jayaraman
- From the University of Toronto (Zhu, Jayaraman), and the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (Cleary)
| | - Sean Cleary
- From the University of Toronto (Zhu, Jayaraman), and the Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center (Cleary)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah Mansouri
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Nawal Amhis
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Maxime Léveillé
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Christine Lawson
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Carol Achard
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Carolina Ilkow
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Yves Collin
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- From Université de Sherbrooke (Mansouri, Amhis, Léveillé, Lawson, Achard, Collin, Tai) and the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Ilkow)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sukhdeep Jatana
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Kevin Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Valentin Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Uzair Jogiat
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Daniel Birch
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | - Noah Switzer
- From the University of Alberta (Jatana, Verhoeff, Mocanu, Jogiat, Birch, Karmali, Switzer), and Royal Alexandra Hospital (Birch, Karmali)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hillary Wilson
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Kevin Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Jerry Dang
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Janice Kung
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Noah Switzer
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Daniel Birch
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Karen Madsen
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Valentin Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta (Wilson, Verhoeff, Kung, Switzer, Birch, Madsen, Karmali, Mocanu), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Ted Wu
- From the University of Manitoba
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (Lee, Doumouras, Molnar, Hong), and ICES (Nguyen)
| | | | - Amber Molnar
- From McMaster University (Lee, Doumouras, Molnar, Hong), and ICES (Nguyen)
| | - Francis Nguyen
- From McMaster University (Lee, Doumouras, Molnar, Hong), and ICES (Nguyen)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Lee, Doumouras, Molnar, Hong), and ICES (Nguyen)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarah MacVicar
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Jerry Dang
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Valentin Mocanu
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Kevin Verhoeff
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Uzair Jogiat
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Daniel Birch
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | - Noah Switzer
- From the University of Alberta (MacVicar, Mocanu, Verhoeff, Jogiat, Karmali, Birch, Switzer), and the Cleveland Clinic (Dang)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Jeffery
- From the University of British Coumbia (Jeffery, Hwang), Vernon Jubilee Hospital (Hwang, Ryley), and Interior Health Authority (Ryley)
| | - Hamish Hwang
- From the University of British Coumbia (Jeffery, Hwang), Vernon Jubilee Hospital (Hwang, Ryley), and Interior Health Authority (Ryley)
| | - Alexis Ryley
- From the University of British Coumbia (Jeffery, Hwang), Vernon Jubilee Hospital (Hwang, Ryley), and Interior Health Authority (Ryley)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joao Rezende-Neto
- From St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto and Keenan Research Centre
| | - Sunil Patel
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Lisa Zhang
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Zuhaib Mir
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Madeline Lemke
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - William Leeper
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Laura Allen
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Eric Walser
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Kelly Vogt
- From Queen's University (Patel), University of Ottawa (Zhang), Dalhousie University (Mir), and Western University (Lemke, Leeper, Allen, Walser, Vogt)
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Sarah Bateni
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Adom Bondzi-Simpson
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Natalie Coburn
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Julie Hallet
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Victoria Barabash
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Austin Barr
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Wing Chan
- From the University of Toronto (Ribeiro, Bondzi-Simpson), University of Alabama at Birmingham (Bateni), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coburn, Hallet), Sunnybrook Research Institute (Barabash, Barr), and ICES (Chan)
| | - Suhail Yaqoob Hakim
- from Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, El-Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- from Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, El-Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- from Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, El-Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- from Hamad Medical Corporation (Hakim, El-Menyar, Rizoli, Al-Thani), Qatar University (Hakim), and Weill Cornell Medical College Doha (El-Menyar)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alex Lee
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee, Evans), and Vancouver Coastal Health (Kroeker)
| | - Jenna Kroeker
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee, Evans), and Vancouver Coastal Health (Kroeker)
| | - David Evans
- From the University of British Columbia (Lee, Evans), and Vancouver Coastal Health (Kroeker)
| | | | | | | | - Guire Coyle
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - David Seben
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - Jaiden Smith
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - Brandy Tanenbaum
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - Corey Freedman
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - Avery Nathens
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | - Robert Fowler
- From McMaster University (Coyle), Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (Coyle, Tanenbaum, Freedman, Nathens, Fowler), and University of Guelph (Seben, Smith)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lily J Park
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Flavia K Borges
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Rahima Nenshi
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Pablo E Serrano
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Paul Engels
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Kelly Vogt
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Emily Di Sante
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Jessica Vincent
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Kate Tsiplova
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - P J Devereaux
- From McMaster University (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Serrano, Engels, Devereaux), Population Health Research Institute (Park, Borges, Nenshi, Di Sante, Vincent, Tsiplova, Devereaux), and Western University (Vogt)
| | - Gaurav Talwar
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Joanna Dionne
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Tyler McKechnie
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Yung Lee
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Tania Kazi
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Abdullah El-Sayes
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Jessica Bogach
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Dennis Hong
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | - Cagla Eskicioglu
- From McMaster University (Talwar, Dionne, McKechnie, Lee, Kazi, El-Sayes, Bogach, Hong, Eskicioglu), Juravinski Hospital (Dionne, Bogach), and St. Joseph's Healthcare (Hong, Eskicioglu)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lilly Groszman
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Natasha G Caminsky
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Larry Watt
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Nathalie Boulanger
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Tarek Razek
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Jeremy Grushka
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Steven Di Marco
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | - Evan G Wong
- From the McGill University Heatlh Centre (Groszman, Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Di Marco, Wong), McGill University (Caminsky, Razek, Grushka, Wong), Ungava Tulattavik Health Centre (Watt, Boulanger), and Inuulitsivik Health Centre (Boulanger)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryan Falk
- From the University of British Columbia
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7
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Burns KEA, Lafrienier-Roula M, Hill NS, Cook DJ, Seely AJE, Rochwerg B, Mayette M, D'Aragon F, Devlin JW, Dodek P, Tanios M, Gouskos A, Turgeon AF, Aslanian P, Sia YT, Beitler JR, Hyzy R, Criner GJ, Kassis EB, Tsang JLY, Meade MO, Liebler JM, Wong JTY, Thorpe KE. Frequency of screening and SBT Technique Trial-North American Weaning Collaboration (FAST-NAWC): an update to the protocol and statistical analysis plan. Trials 2023; 24:626. [PMID: 37784109 PMCID: PMC10544476 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This update summarizes key changes made to the protocol for the Frequency of Screening and Spontaneous Breathing Trial (SBT) Technique Trial-North American Weaning Collaborative (FAST-NAWC) trial since the publication of the original protocol. This multicenter, factorial design randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation, will compare the effect of both screening frequency (once vs. at least twice daily) to identify candidates to undergo a SBT and SBT technique [pressure support + positive end-expiratory pressure vs. T-piece] on the time to successful extubation (primary outcome) in 760 critically ill adults who are invasively ventilated for at least 24 h in 20 North American intensive care units. METHODS/DESIGN Protocols for the pilot, factorial design trial and the full trial were previously published in J Clin Trials ( https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-0870.1000284 ) and Trials (https://doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3641-8). As planned, participants enrolled in the FAST pilot trial will be included in the report of the full FAST-NAWC trial. In response to the onset of the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic when approximately two thirds of enrollment was complete, we revised the protocol and consent form to include critically ill invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19. We also refined the statistical analysis plan (SAP) to reflect inclusion and reporting of participants with and without COVID-19. This update summarizes the changes made and their rationale and provides a refined SAP for the FAST-NAWC trial. These changes have been finalized before completion of trial follow-up and the commencement of data analysis. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov NCT02399267.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Office 4-045 Donnelly Wing, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | | | - Nicholas S Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Michael Mayette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Frederick D'Aragon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - John W Devlin
- Bouve College of Health Professions, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Dodek
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maged Tanios
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Memorial Care, Longbeach Medical Center, Longbeach, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Gouskos
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee and Steering Committee Representative, FAST-NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Departments of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Hôpital Enfant-Jésus du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Pierre Aslanian
- Service de Soins Intensifs, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de L'Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ying Tung Sia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Centre Integre Universitaire de Sante et de Services Sociaux de la Mauricie-et-du-Centre-du-Quebec - Trois Rivieres, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeremy R Beitler
- Center for Acute Respiratory Failure and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Hyzy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gerard J Criner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Elias Baedorf Kassis
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Critical Care) and Anesthesia, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Jennifer L Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Niagara Health System - St. Catherines, St. Catherines, Canada
| | - Maureen O Meade
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Division of Critical Care, Hamilton Health Sciences Center, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Janice M Liebler
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jessica T Y Wong
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kevin E Thorpe
- Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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8
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Brodeur N, Notley SR, Kenny GP, Longtin A, Seely AJE. Continuous Monitoring of Entropy Production and Entropy Flow in Humans Exercising under Heat Stress. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:1290. [PMID: 37761590 PMCID: PMC10530146 DOI: 10.3390/e25091290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex living systems, such as the human organism, are characterized by their self-organized and dissipative behaviors, where irreversible processes continuously produce entropy internally and export it to the environment; however, a means by which to measure human entropy production and entropy flow over time is not well-studied. In this article, we leverage prior experimental data to introduce an experimental approach for the continuous measurement of external entropy flow (released to the environment) and internal entropy production (within the body), using direct and indirect calorimetry, respectively, for humans exercising under heat stress. Direct calorimetry, performed with a whole-body modified Snellen calorimeter, was used to measure the external heat dissipation from the change in temperature and relative humidity between the air outflow and inflow, from which was derived the rates of entropy flow of the body. Indirect calorimetry, which measures oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production from inspired and expired gases, was used to monitor internal entropy production. A two-compartment entropy flow model was used to calculate the rates of internal entropy production and external entropy flow for 11 middle-aged men during a schedule of alternating exercise and resting bouts at a fixed metabolic heat production rate. We measured a resting internal entropy production rate of (0.18 ± 0.01) W/(K·m2) during heat stress only, which is in agreement with published measurements. This research introduces an approach for the real-time monitoring of entropy production and entropy flow in humans, and aims for an improved understanding of human health and illness based on non-equilibrium thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brodeur
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.B.)
| | - Sean R. Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - André Longtin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (N.B.)
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
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9
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Hryciw BN, Hryciw N, Tran A, Fernando SM, Rochwerg B, Burns KEA, Seely AJE. Predictors of Noninvasive Ventilation Failure in the Post-Extubation Period: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Crit Care Med 2023; 51:872-880. [PMID: 36995099 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000005865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify factors associated with failure of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the post-extubation period. DATA SOURCES We searched Embase Classic +, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to February 28, 2022. STUDY SELECTION We included English language studies that provided predictors of post-extubation NIV failure necessitating reintubation. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors conducted data abstraction and risk-of-bias assessments independently. We used a random-effects model to pool binary and continuous data and summarized estimates of effect using odds ratios (ORs) mean difference (MD), respectively. We used the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool to assess risk of bias and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations to assess certainty. DATA SYNTHESIS We included 25 studies ( n = 2,327). Illness-related factors associated with increased odds of post-extubation NIV failure were higher critical illness severity (OR, 3.56; 95% CI, 1.96-6.45; high certainty) and a diagnosis of pneumonia (OR, 6.16; 95% CI, 2.59-14.66; moderate certainty). Clinical and biochemical factors associated with moderate certainty of increased risk of NIV failure post-extubation include higher respiratory rate (MD, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.61-2.47), higher heart rate (MD, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.67-7.25), lower Pa o2 :F io2 (MD, -30.78; 95% CI, -50.02 to -11.54) 1-hour after NIV initiation, and higher rapid shallow breathing index (MD, 15.21; 95% CI, 12.04-18.38) prior to NIV start. Elevated body mass index was the only patient-related factor that may be associated with a protective effect (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.09-0.52; moderate certainty) on post-extubation NIV failure. CONCLUSIONS We identified several prognostic factors before and 1 hour after NIV initiation associated with increased risk of NIV failure in the post-extubation period. Well-designed prospective studies are required to confirm the prognostic importance of these factors to help further guide clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett N Hryciw
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole Hryciw
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tran
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Department of Medicine, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Gold R, Al Zoubi F, Brillinger J, Kreviazuk C, Garvin D, Schramm D, Fallavollita P, Seely AJE, Beaulé PE. Use of multidisciplinary positive deviance seminars to improve efficiency in a high-volume arthroplasty practice: a pilot study. Can J Surg 2023; 66:E1-E7. [PMID: 36596585 PMCID: PMC9829057 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.018121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive deviance (PD) seminars, which have shown excellent results in improving the quality of surgical practices, use individual performance feedback to identify team members who outperform their peers; the strategies from those with exemplary performance are used to improve team members' practices. Our study aimed to use the PD approach with arthroplasty surgeons and nurses to identify multidisciplinary strategies and recommendations to improve operating room (OR) efficiency. METHODS We recruited 5 surgeons who performed high-volume primary arthroplasty and had participated in 4-joint rooms since 2012, and 29 nurses who had participated in 4-joint rooms and in at least 16 cases in our data set. Three 1-hour PD sessions were held in February and March 2021: 1 with surgeons, 1 with nurses, and 1 with both surgeons and nurses to select recommendations for implementation. The sessions were led by a member of the nonorthopedic surgical faculty who was familiar with the subjects discussed and with PD seminars. To determine the success of the recommendations, we compared OR efficiency before and after implementation. We defined success as performance of 4 joint procedures within 8 hours. RESULTS Eleven recommendations were recorded from the session with nurses and 7 from the session with surgeons, of which 11 were selected for implementation. During the month after implementation, there were great improvements across all time intervals of surgical procedures, with the greatest improvements seen in mean anesthesia preparation time in the room (4.51 min [26.3%]), mean procedure duration (9.75 min [14.0%]) and mean anesthesia finish time (5.78 min [44.0%]) (all p < 0.001). The total time saved per day was 49.84 minutes; this led to a success rate of 69.0%, a relative increase of 73.8% from our 2012-2020 success rate of 39.7% (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The recommendations and increased motivation owing to the individualized feedback reduced time spent per case, allowing more days to finish on time. Positive deviance seminars offer an inexpensive, efficient and collegial means for process improvement in the OR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gold
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Farid Al Zoubi
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Julia Brillinger
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Cheryl Kreviazuk
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Dennis Garvin
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - David Schramm
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Pascal Fallavollita
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
| | - Paul E Beaulé
- From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Gold, Brillinger, Kreviazuk, Beaulé); the Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Que. (Gold); the Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Al Zoubi, Fallavollita); Clinical Operations, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Garvin); the Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Schramm); and the Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Seely)
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11
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Seely AJE, Ahmadzai Z, French DG, Gingrich M, Jones D, Anstee C, Safieddine N, Waddell TK, Malthaner R, Ferri L, Finley C, Darling G. Multicentre positive deviance to reduce adverse events and length of stay after pulmonary resection. BMJ Open Qual 2023; 12:e001997. [PMID: 36669834 PMCID: PMC9872471 DOI: 10.1136/bmjoq-2022-001997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative adverse events (AEs) following pulmonary resection enormously impact patient well-being, length of stay (LOS) and healthcare costs. Standardised AE data collection can be used to identify positive outliers demonstrating positive deviance (PD) who may be helpful to inform the best practice. Here, we describe our initial experience of a novel quality improvement process using PD to reduce LOS and AEs. METHODS AE rates and LOS were collected from four centres (2014-2020) using a common dictionary. Surgeons repeatedly participated in 60 to 90 min seminars consisting of the following process: identify outcome and procedure targeted, review relevant best evidence literature, view all data anonymised by surgeon or centre (if multicentre), choose and reveal identity of best performance PD outliers, who discuss their management principles while all receive self-evaluation reports, followed by collegial discussion to generate consensus recommendations, voted by all. We assessed overall impact on AEs and LOS using aggregate data in a before/after analysis. RESULTS A total of 131 surgeons (average 12/seminar) participated in 11 PD seminars (8 local and 3 multicentre), yielding 85 consensus recommendation (average 8/seminar). Median LOS following lobectomy decreased from 4.0 to 3.0 days (p=0.04) following local PD seminars and from 4.0 to 3.5 days (p=0.11) following multicentre seminars. Trends for reductions in multiple AE rates were also observed. CONCLUSION While limited by the longitudinal design, these findings provide preliminary support for this data-driven, collegial and actionable quality improvement process to help standardise and improve patient care, and merits further more rigorous investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J E Seely
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel G French
- Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Molly Gingrich
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Jones
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin Anstee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Najib Safieddine
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Christian Finley
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gail Darling
- Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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12
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Martin S, Du Pont-Thibodeau G, Seely AJE, Emeriaud G, Herry CL, Recher M, Lacroix J, Ducharme-Crevier L. Heart Rate Variability in Children with Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prospective Observational Study. J Pediatr Intensive Care 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1759877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of continuous monitoring of heart rate variability (HRV) in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) hospitalized in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and collect preliminary data on the association between HRV, neurological outcome, and complications. This is a prospective observational cohort study in a tertiary academic PICU. Children admitted to the PICU ≤24 hours after moderate or severe TBI were included in the study. Children suspected of being brain dead at PICU entry or with a pacemaker were excluded. Children underwent continuous monitoring of electrocardiographic (ECG) waveforms over 7 days post-TBI. HRV analysis was performed retrospectively, using a standardized, validated HRV analysis software (CIMVA). The occurrence of medical complications (“event”: intracranial hypertension, cerebral hypoperfusion, seizure, and cardiac arrest) was prospectively documented. Outcome of children 6 months post-TBI was assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale – Extended Pediatric (GOS-E Peds). Fifteen patients were included over a 20-month period. Thirteen patients had ECG recordings available and 4 had >20% of missing ECG data. When ECG was available, HRV calculation was feasible (average 88%; range 70–97%). Significant decrease in overall HRV coefficient of variation and Poincaré SD2 (p < 0.05) at 6 hours post–PICU admission was associated with an unfavorable outcome (defined as GOS-E Peds ≥ 3, or a deterioration of ≥2 points over baseline score). Several HRV metrics exhibited significant and nonsignificant variation in HRV during event. This study demonstrates that it is feasible to monitor HRV in the PICU provided ECG data are available; however, missing ECG data are not uncommon. These preliminary data suggest that altered HRV is associated with unfavorable neurological outcome and in-hospital medical complications. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and to explore if HRV offers reliable and clinically useful prediction data that may help clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Martin
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Du Pont-Thibodeau
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Thoracic Surgery & Critical Care Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Emeriaud
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Morgan Recher
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Lacroix
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurence Ducharme-Crevier
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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13
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ElChamaa R, Seely AJE, Jeong D, Kitto S. Barriers and Facilitators to the Implementation and Adoption of a Continuous Quality Improvement Program in Surgery: A Case Study. J Contin Educ Health Prof 2022; 42:227-235. [PMID: 36215702 DOI: 10.1097/ceh.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As postoperative adverse events (AEs) drive worsened patient experience, longer length of stay, and increased costs of care, surgeons have long sought to engage in innovative approaches aimed at reducing AEs to improve the quality and safety of surgical care. While data-driven AE performance measurement and feedback (PMF) as a form of continuing professional development (CPD) has been presented as a possible approach to continuous quality improvement (CQI), little is known about the barriers and facilitators that influence surgeons' engagement and uptake of these CPD programs. The purpose of this knowledge translation informed CPD study was to examine surgeons' perspectives of the challenges and facilitators to participating in surgical CQI with the broader objective of enhancing future improvements of such CPD interventions. METHODS Using Everett Rogers diffusion of innovations framework as a sampling frame, the participants were recruited across five surgical divisions. An exploratory case study approach, including in-depth semistructured interviews, was employed. Interview transcripts were analyzed and directly coded using the Theoretical Domains Framework. RESULTS Directed coding yielded a total of 527 coded barriers and facilitators to behavior change pertaining to the implementation and adoption of PMF with the majority of barriers and facilitators coded in four key theoretical domains environmental context and resources, social influences, knowledge, and beliefs about consequences. A key barrier was the lack of support from the hospital necessitating surgeons' self-funding their own PMF programs. Facilitators included having a champion to drive CQI and using seminars to facilitate discussions around CQI principles and practices. DISCUSSION This study identified multiple barriers and facilitators to surgeons' engagement and uptake of a data-driven PMF system in surgery. A key finding of the study was the identification of the influential role of positive deviance seminars as a quality improvement and patient safety mechanism that encourages surgeon engagement in PMF systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima ElChamaa
- Ms. ElChamaa: Research Associate, Office of Continuing Professional Development, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Mr. Seely: Professor of Surgery, Divisions of Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Scientist, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Ms. Jeong: Research Associate, Office of Continuing Professional Development, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Professor, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Kitto: Director of Research, Office of Continuing Professional Development, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Reid JC, Molloy A, Strong G, Kelly L, O'Grady H, Cook D, Archambault PM, Ball I, Berney S, Burns KEA, D'Aragon F, Duan E, English SW, Lamontagne F, Pastva AM, Rochwerg B, Seely AJE, Serri K, Tsang JLY, Verceles AC, Reeve B, Fox-Robichaud A, Muscedere J, Herridge M, Thabane L, Kho ME. Research interrupted: applying the CONSERVE 2021 Statement to a randomized trial of rehabilitation during critical illness affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Trials 2022; 23:735. [PMID: 36056378 PMCID: PMC9438218 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06640-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted non-COVID critical care trials globally as intensive care units (ICUs) prioritized patient care and COVID-specific research. The international randomized controlled trial CYCLE (Critical Care Cycling to Improve Lower Extremity Strength) was forced to halt recruitment at all sites in March 2020, creating immediate challenges. We applied the CONSERVE (CONSORT and SPIRIT Extension for RCTs Revised in Extenuating Circumstance) statement as a framework to report the impact of the pandemic on CYCLE and describe our mitigation approaches. METHODS On March 23, 2020, the CYCLE Methods Centre distributed a standardized email to determine the number of patients still in-hospital and those requiring imminent 90-day endpoint assessments. We assessed protocol fidelity by documenting attempts to provide the in-hospital randomized intervention (cycling or routine physiotherapy) and collect the primary outcome (physical function 3-days post-ICU discharge) and 90-day outcomes. We advised sites to prioritize data for the study's primary outcome. We sought feedback on pandemic barriers related to trial procedures. RESULTS Our main Methods Centre mitigation strategies included identifying patients at risk for protocol deviations, communicating early and frequently with sites, developing standardized internal tools focused on high-risk points in the protocol for monitoring patient progress, data entry, and validation, and providing guidance to conduct some research activities remotely. For study sites, our strategies included determining how institutional pandemic research policies applied to CYCLE, communicating with the Methods Centre about capacity to continue any part of the research, and developing contingency plans to ensure the protocol was delivered as intended. From 15 active sites (12 Canada, 2 US, 1 Australia), 5 patients were still receiving the study intervention in ICUs, 6 required primary outcomes, and 17 required 90-day assessments. With these mitigation strategies, we attempted 100% of ICU interventions, 83% of primary outcomes, and 100% of 90-day assessments per our protocol. CONCLUSIONS We retained all enrolled patients with minimal missing data using several time-sensitive strategies. Although CONSERVE recommends reporting only major modifications incurred by extenuating circumstances, we suggest that it also provides a helpful framework for reporting mitigation strategies with the goal of improving research transparency and trial management. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03471247. Registered on March 20, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Reid
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada. .,School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
| | - Alex Molloy
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Geoff Strong
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Laurel Kelly
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Heather O'Grady
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah Cook
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick M Archambault
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Ball
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sue Berney
- Department of Physiotherapy, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Li Sha King Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frederick D'Aragon
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHI de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Erick Duan
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Shane W English
- Department of Medicine (Critical Care), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - François Lamontagne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHI de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Amy M Pastva
- Departments of Medicine, Orthopedic Surgery and Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karim Serri
- Department of Medicine, Hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Y Tsang
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Niagara Health, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Avelino C Verceles
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Centre, Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brenda Reeve
- Department of Medicine, Brantford General Hospital, Brantford, ON, Canada
| | | | - John Muscedere
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Herridge
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lehana Thabane
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Research Institute of St. Joseph's, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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15
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Abdul SA, Anstee C, Villeneuve PJ, Gilbert S, Seely AJE, Sundaresan S, Maziak DE. Are sequential compression devices routinely necessary following enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2022; 35:6609774. [PMID: 35713491 PMCID: PMC9282261 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sami Aftab Abdul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Caitlin Anstee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebatien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donna E Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Sullivan KA, Farrokhyar F, Leontiadis GI, Patel YS, Churchill IF, Hylton DA, Xie F, Seely AJE, Spicer J, Kidane B, Turner SR, Yasufuku K, Hanna WC. Routine systematic sampling versus targeted sampling during endobronchial ultrasound: A randomized feasibility trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 164:254-261.e1. [PMID: 35031139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Triple normal lymph nodes, appearing benign on computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and endobronchial ultrasound, have less than a 6% probability of malignancy. We hypothesized that targeted sampling (TS), which omits biopsy of triple normal lymph nodes during endobronchial ultrasound, is not an inferior staging strategy to systematic sampling (SS) of all lymph nodes. METHODS A prospective randomized feasibility trial was conducted to decide on the progression to a pan-Canadian trial comparing TS with SS. Patients with cN0-N1 non-small cell lung cancer undergoing endobronchial ultrasound were randomized to TS or SS. Lymph nodes in the TS arm crossed over to receive SS. Progression criteria included recruitment rate (70% minimum), procedure length (no significant increase for TS), and incidence of missed nodal metastasis (<6%). Mann-Whitney U test and McNemar's test on paired proportions were used for statistical comparisons. RESULTS The progression criterion of 70% recruitment rate was achieved early, triggering a planned early stoppage of the trial. Nineteen patients were allocated to each arm. The median procedure length for TS was significantly shorter than SS (3.07 vs 19.07 minutes; P < .001). After crossover analysis, 5.45% (95% confidence interval, 1.87-14.85) of lymph nodes in the TS arm were upstaged from N0 to N2, but this incidence of missed nodal metastasis was below the 6% threshold. During surgical resection, the nodal upstaging incidence from N0 to N2 was 0% for 15 lymph nodes in each arm. CONCLUSIONS Progression criteria to a pan-Canadian, noninferiority crossover trial comparing TS with SS have been met, and such a trial is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie A Sullivan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Forough Farrokhyar
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grigorios I Leontiadis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yogita S Patel
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabella F Churchill
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle A Hylton
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Xie
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Spicer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; Research Institute in Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Simon R Turner
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Waël C Hanna
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Lamontagne F, Masse MH, Menard J, Sprague S, Pinto R, Heyland DK, Cook DJ, Battista MC, Day AG, Guyatt GH, Kanji S, Parke R, McGuinness SP, Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan BK, Annane D, Cohen D, Arabi YM, Bolduc B, Marinoff N, Rochwerg B, Millen T, Meade MO, Hand L, Watpool I, Porteous R, Young PJ, D'Aragon F, Belley-Cote EP, Carbonneau E, Clarke F, Maslove DM, Hunt M, Chassé M, Lebrasseur M, Lauzier F, Mehta S, Quiroz-Martinez H, Rewa OG, Charbonney E, Seely AJE, Kutsogiannis DJ, LeBlanc R, Mekontso-Dessap A, Mele TS, Turgeon AF, Wood G, Kohli SS, Shahin J, Twardowski P, Adhikari NKJ. Intravenous Vitamin C in Adults with Sepsis in the Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:2387-2398. [PMID: 35704292 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2200644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies that have evaluated the use of intravenous vitamin C in adults with sepsis who were receiving vasopressor therapy in the intensive care unit (ICU) have shown mixed results with respect to the risk of death and organ dysfunction. METHODS In this randomized, placebo-controlled trial, we assigned adults who had been in the ICU for no longer than 24 hours, who had proven or suspected infection as the main diagnosis, and who were receiving a vasopressor to receive an infusion of either vitamin C (at a dose of 50 mg per kilogram of body weight) or matched placebo administered every 6 hours for up to 96 hours. The primary outcome was a composite of death or persistent organ dysfunction (defined by the use of vasopressors, invasive mechanical ventilation, or new renal-replacement therapy) on day 28. RESULTS A total of 872 patients underwent randomization (435 to the vitamin C group and 437 to the control group). The primary outcome occurred in 191 of 429 patients (44.5%) in the vitamin C group and in 167 of 434 patients (38.5%) in the control group (risk ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04 to 1.40; P = 0.01). At 28 days, death had occurred in 152 of 429 patients (35.4%) in the vitamin C group and in 137 of 434 patients (31.6%) in the placebo group (risk ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.40) and persistent organ dysfunction in 39 of 429 patients (9.1%) and 30 of 434 patients (6.9%), respectively (risk ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 0.83 to 2.05). Findings were similar in the two groups regarding organ-dysfunction scores, biomarkers, 6-month survival, health-related quality of life, stage 3 acute kidney injury, and hypoglycemic episodes. In the vitamin C group, one patient had a severe hypoglycemic episode and another had a serious anaphylaxis event. CONCLUSIONS In adults with sepsis receiving vasopressor therapy in the ICU, those who received intravenous vitamin C had a higher risk of death or persistent organ dysfunction at 28 days than those who received placebo. (Funded by the Lotte and John Hecht Memorial Foundation; LOVIT ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03680274.).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lamontagne
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Marie-Hélène Masse
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Julie Menard
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Sheila Sprague
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Daren K Heyland
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Deborah J Cook
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Marie-Claude Battista
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Andrew G Day
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Gordon H Guyatt
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Salmaan Kanji
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Rachael Parke
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Shay P McGuinness
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Bharath-Kumar Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Djillali Annane
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Dian Cohen
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Yaseen M Arabi
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Brigitte Bolduc
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Nicole Marinoff
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Tina Millen
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Maureen O Meade
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Lori Hand
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Irene Watpool
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Rebecca Porteous
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Paul J Young
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Frederick D'Aragon
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Emilie P Belley-Cote
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Elaine Carbonneau
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - France Clarke
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - David M Maslove
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Miranda Hunt
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Michaël Chassé
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Martine Lebrasseur
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - François Lauzier
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Hector Quiroz-Martinez
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Oleksa G Rewa
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Demetrios J Kutsogiannis
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Remi LeBlanc
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Armand Mekontso-Dessap
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Tina S Mele
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Gordon Wood
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Sandeep S Kohli
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Jason Shahin
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Pawel Twardowski
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
| | - Neill K J Adhikari
- From the Departments of Medicine (F. Lamontagne, M.-C.B., H.Q.M.) and Anesthesiology (F.D.), Université de Sherbrooke, the Department of Pharmacy (B.B.), Centre de Recherche du CHU de Sherbrooke, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l'Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (F. Lamontagne, M.-H.M., J.M., F.D., E. Carbonneau), and Bishop's University (D.C.), Sherbrooke, QC, the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery (S.S.), the Department of Medicine (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., T.M., M.O.M., E.P.B.-C., S.S.K.), the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (D.J.C., G.H.G., B.R., M.O.M., L.H., E.P.B.-C., F.C.), and the Population Health Research Institute (E.P.B.-C.), McMaster University, the Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (D.J.C.), the Intensive Care Unit, Juravinski Hospital (T.M.), and Respiratory Therapy, Hamilton Health Sciences (L.H.), Hamilton, ON, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (R. Pinto, N.M., N.K.J.A.), the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto (S.M., N.K.J.A.), and Sinai Health System (S.M.), Toronto, the Departments of Critical Care Medicine (D.K.H., D.M.M., M.H.), Public Health Sciences (A.G.D.), and Medicine (D.M.M.), Queen's University, and Kingston Health Sciences Centre (A.G.D., D.M.M.), Kingston, ON, the Department of Pharmacy, Ottawa Hospital (S.K.), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (S.K., I.W., R. Porteous), and the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa (A.J.E.S.), Ottawa, ON, the Massawippi Valley Foundation, Ayer's Cliff, QC (D.C.), the Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal (M.C.), the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (M.C., M.L., E. Charbonney), the Centre de Recherche de l'Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal (E. Charbonney), and the Departments of Medicine and Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre (J.S.), Montreal, QC, the Department of Medicine (F. Lauzier) and the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), Université Laval, the Critical Care Medicine Service (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), and the Research Center (F. Lauzier, A.F.T.), CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, the Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton (O.G.R., D.J.K.), the Division of Intensive Care, Department of Medicine, CHU Dr. Georges L. Dumont, Moncton, NB (R.L.), the Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON (T.S.M.), the Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC (G.W.), and the Department of Medicine, Halton Healthcare, Oakville, ON (S.S.K.) - all in Canada; the Cardiothoracic and Vascular Intensive Care Unit, Auckland City Hospital (R. Parke, S.P.M.), and the School of Nursing, University of Auckland (R. Parke), Auckland, the Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Newtown (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.), the Intensive Care Unit, Wellington Hospital, Wellington (P.J.Y.), and the Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin (P.T.) - all in New Zealand; the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, and George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi - both in India (B.K.T.V.); the Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Raymond-Poincaré Hospital (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris [AP-HP]), and Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire SEPSIS, Garches (D.A.), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, University Paris-Saclay Campus UVSQ, Versailles (D.A.), and Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri-Mondor, Groupe de Recherche Clinique CARMAS, and Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil (A.M.-D.) - all in France; the College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, and the Department of Intensive Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs - all in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (Y.M.A.); and the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (R. Parke, S.P.M., P.J.Y.)
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18
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Kaaki S, Grigor EJM, Maziak DE, Seely AJE. Early oral intake and early removal of nasogastric tube post-esophagectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 5:e1538. [PMID: 34494402 PMCID: PMC9124520 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early oral intake (EOI: initiated within 1 day) and early nasogastric tube removal (ENR: removed ≤2 days) post-esophagectomy is controversial and subject to significant variation. AIM Our aim is to provide the most up-to-date evidence from published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) addressing both topics. METHODS We searched MEDLINE and Embase (1946-06/2019) for RCTs that investigated the effect of EOI and/or ENR post-esophagectomy with gastric conduit for reconstruction. Our main outcomes of interest were anastomotic leak, aspiration pneumonia, mortality, and length of hospital stay (LOS). Pooled mean differences (MD) and risk ratios (RR) estimates were obtained using a DerSimonian random effects model. RESULTS Two reviewers screened 613 abstracts and identified 6 RCTs eligible for inclusion; 2 regarding EOI and 4 for ENR. For EOI (2 studies, n = 389), was not associated with differences in risk of: anastomotic leak (RR: 1.01; 95% CI: 0.407, 2.500; I2 : 0%), aspiration pneumonia (RR: 1.018; 95% CI: 0.407, 2.500), mortality (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.020, 50.0). The LOS was significantly shorter in the EOI group: LOS (MD: -2.509; 95% CI: -3.489, -1.529; I2 : 90.44%). For ENR (4 studies, n = 295), ENR (removed at POD0-2 vs. 5-8 days) was not associated with differences in risk of: anastomotic leak (RR: 1.11; 95% CI 0.336, 3.697; I2 : 25.75%) and pneumonia group (RR: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.336, 3.697; I2 : 25.75%), mortality (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.328, 2.308; I2 : 0%)or LOS (MD: 1.618; 95% CI: -1.447, 4.683; I2 : 73.03%). CONCLUSIONS Our analysis showed that EOI as well as ENR post-esophagectomy do not significantly increase the risk of anastomotic leak, pneumonia, and mortality. The LOS was significantly shorter in the EOI group, and there was no significant difference in the ENR group. A paucity of RCTs has evaluated this question, highlighting the need for further high-quality evidence to address these vital aspects to post-esophagectomy care. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION CRD42019138600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Kaaki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
| | - Emma J. M. Grigor
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Donna E. Maziak
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa HospitalOttawaCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaCanada
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19
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Lee A, Seyednejad N, Lawati YA, Mattice A, Anstee C, Legacy M, Gilbert S, Maziak DE, Sundaresan RS, Villeneuve PJ, Thompson C, Seely AJE. Evolution of Process and Outcome Measures during an Enhanced Recovery after Thoracic Surgery Program. J Chest Surg 2022; 55:118-125. [PMID: 35135904 PMCID: PMC9005934 DOI: 10.5090/jcs.21.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A time course analysis was undertaken to evaluate how perioperative process-of-care and outcome measures evolved after implementation of an enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery (ERATS) program. Methods Outcome and process-of-care measures were compared between patients undergoing major elective thoracic surgery during a 9-month pre-ERATS implementation period to those at 1–3, 4–6, and 7–9 months post-ERATS implementation. Outcome measures included length of stay, the 30-day readmission rate, 30-day emergency department visits, and minor and major adverse events. Process measures included first time to activity, out-of-bed, ambulation, fluid diet, diet as tolerated, as well as removal of the first and last chest tube, epidural, patient-controlled analgesia, and Foley and intravenous catheters. Results In total, 704 patients (352 pre-ERATS, 352 post-ERATS) were included. Mobilization-related process measures, including time to first activity (16.5 vs. 6.8 hours, p<0.001), out-of-bed (17.6 vs. 8.9 hours, p<0.001), and ambulation (32.4 vs. 25.4 hours, p=0.04) saw statistically significant improvements by 1–3 months post-ERATS implementation compared to pre-ERATS. Time to Foley removal improved by 4–6 months post-ERATS (19.5 vs. 18.2 hours, p=0.003). Outcome measures, including the 30-day readmission rate and emergency department visits, steadily decreased post-ERATS. By 7–9 months post-ERATS, both minor (18.2% vs. 7.9%, p=0.009) and major (13.6% vs. 4.4%, p=0.007) adverse events demonstrated statistically significant improvements. Length of stay trended towards improvement from 6.2 days pre-ERATS to 4.8 days by 7–9 months post-ERATS (p=0.06). Conclusion The adoption of ERATS led to improvements in multiple process-of-care measures, which may collectively and gradually achieve optimization of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nazgol Seyednejad
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yaseen Al Lawati
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Mattice
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Caitlin Anstee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mark Legacy
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donna E Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ramanadhan S Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Calvin Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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20
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Fernando SM, Tran A, Sadeghirad B, Burns KEA, Fan E, Brodie D, Munshi L, Goligher EC, Cook DJ, Fowler RA, Herridge MS, Cardinal P, Jaber S, Møller MH, Thille AW, Ferguson ND, Slutsky AS, Brochard LJ, Seely AJE, Rochwerg B. Noninvasive respiratory support following extubation in critically ill adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 2022; 48:137-147. [PMID: 34825256 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-021-06581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systematic review and network meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of noninvasive respiratory strategies, including noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC), in reducing extubation failure among critically ill adults. METHODS We searched databases from inception through October 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating noninvasive respiratory support therapies (NIPPV, HFNC, conventional oxygen therapy, or a combination of these) following extubation in critically ill adults. Two reviewers performed screening, full text review, and extraction independently. The primary outcome of interest was reintubation. We used GRADE to rate the certainty of our findings. RESULTS We included 36 RCTs (6806 patients). Compared to conventional oxygen therapy, NIPPV (OR 0.65 [95% CI 0.52-0.82]) and HFNC (OR 0.63 [95% CI 0.45-0.87]) reduced reintubation (both moderate certainty). Sensitivity analyses showed that the magnitude of the effect was highest in patients with increased baseline risk of reintubation. As compared to HFNC, no difference in incidence of reintubation was seen with NIPPV (OR 1.04 [95% CI 0.78-1.38], low certainty). Compared to conventional oxygen therapy, neither NIPPV (OR 0.8 [95% CI 0.61-1.04], moderate certainty) or HFNC (OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.66-1.24], low certainty) reduced short-term mortality. Consistent findings were demonstrated across multiple subgroups, including high- and low-risk patients. These results were replicated when evaluating noninvasive strategies for prevention (prophylaxis), but not in rescue (application only after evidence of deterioration) situations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that both NIPPV and HFNC reduced reintubation in critically ill adults, compared to conventional oxygen therapy. NIPPV did not reduce incidence of reintubation when compared to HFNC. These findings support the preventative application of noninvasive respiratory support strategies to mitigate extubation failure in critically ill adults, but not in rescue conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Tran
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Behnam Sadeghirad
- Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eddy Fan
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Brodie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laveena Munshi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ewan C Goligher
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Robert A Fowler
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret S Herridge
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pierre Cardinal
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Samir Jaber
- Hôpital Saint-Eloi, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- Département de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Montpellier, PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Arnaud W Thille
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Poitiers, France
- INSERM Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1402, ALIVE, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Niall D Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System and University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur S Slutsky
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurent J Brochard
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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21
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Brunet J, Wurz A, Hussien J, Pitman A, Conte E, Ennis JK, Herry CL, Seely AJE, Seely D. Exploring the Effects of Yoga Therapy on Heart Rate Variability and Patient-Reported Outcomes After Cancer Treatment: A Study Protocol. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221075576. [PMID: 35393867 PMCID: PMC9016564 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221075576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following cancer treatment, adults commonly report worsened patient-reported outcomes (PROs) such as anxiety, stress, depression, persistent and upsetting cognitive complaints, unrelenting fatigue, and reduced quality of life. Poorer PROs are associated with disrupted autonomic nervous system functioning as measured by heart rate variability (HRV), both of which have been associated with greater morbidity and mortality. Interventions to improve HRV and PROs among adults following cancer treatment are needed. Yoga therapy holds promise as an intervention to improve HRV and PROs. Therefore, we conducted a single-subject exploratory experimental study to investigate the effects of yoga therapy on HRV and specific PROs (ie, cancer-related fatigue, anxiety, cognitive function, depression, stress, quality of life) in adults treated for cancer. To reduce publication bias, improve reproducibility, and serve as a reference for forthcoming reporting of study results, we present the study protocol for this study herein. METHODS Participants were adults who completed cancer treatment that were recruited from the Ottawa Integrative Cancer Centre. Consenting and eligible participants received one 1:1 yoga therapy session (ie, 1 participant, 1 Yoga Therapist) and 6 weekly group-based yoga therapy sessions (ie, 2-3 participants, 1 Yoga Therapist). Participants completed assessments 7 times: 3 times prior to the program (ie, -6 weeks, -3 weeks, immediately prior to the 1:1 yoga therapy session), immediately following the 1:1 yoga therapy session, prior to the first group-based yoga therapy session, after the last group-based yoga therapy session, and at a 6-week follow-up. Hierarchical linear modeling will be used to test the average effects of the yoga therapy program across participants. DISCUSSION This study will explore several novel hypotheses, including whether yoga therapy can improve HRV and/or specific PROs among adults treated for cancer acutely (ie, during a 1:1 yoga therapy session) and/or through repeated exposure (ie, after completing 6 weeks of group-based yoga therapy). Although the findings will require confirmation or refutation in future trials, they may provide initial evidence that YT may benefit adults treated for cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN registry, ISRCTN64763228. Registered on December 12, 2021. This trial was registered retrospectively. URL of trial registry record: https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN64763228.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Brunet
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institut du savoir de l'Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda Wurz
- University of the Fraser Valley, Chilliwack, BC, Canada
| | | | - Anne Pitman
- The Centre for Health Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ellen Conte
- The Centre for Health Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie K Ennis
- The Centre for Health Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Andrew J E Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dugald Seely
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,The Centre for Health Innovation, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Canadian College of Naturopathic Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Thompson C, Mattice AMS, Al Lawati Y, Seyednejad N, Lee A, Maziak DE, Gilbert S, Sundaresan S, Villeneuve J, Shamji F, Brehaut J, Ramsay T, Seely AJE. The longitudinal impact of division-wide implementation of an enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery programme. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 61:1223-1229. [PMID: 34849684 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data regarding enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery (ERATS) are sparse and inconsistent. This study aims to evaluate the effects of implementing an enhanced ERATS programme on postoperative outcomes, patient experience and quality of life (QOL). METHODS We conducted a prospective, longitudinal study evaluating 9 months before (pre-ERATS) and 9 months after (post-ERATS) a 3-month implementation of an ERATS programme in a single academic tertiary care centre. All patients undergoing major thoracic surgeries were included. The primary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), adverse events (AEs), 6-min walk test scores at 4 weeks, 30-day emergency room visits (without admission) and 30-day readmissions. The process-of-care outcomes included time to 'out-of-bed', independent ambulation, successful fluid intake, last chest tube removal and removal of urinary catheter. Perioperative anaesthesia-related outcomes were examined as well as patient experience and QOL scores. RESULTS The pre-ERATS group (n = 352 patients) and post-ERATS group (n = 352) demonstrated no differences in demographics. Post-ERATS patients had improved LOS (4.7 vs 6.2 days, P < 0.02), 6-min walk test scores (402 vs 371 m, P < 0.05) and 30-day emergency room visits (13.7% vs 21.6%, P = 0.03) with no differences in AEs and 30-day readmissions. Patients experienced shorter mean time to 'out-of-bed', independent ambulation, successful fluid intake, last chest tube removal and urinary catheter removal. There were no differences in postoperative analgesia administration, patient satisfaction and QOL scores. CONCLUSIONS ERATS implementation was associated with improved LOS, expedited feeding, ambulation and chest tube removal, without increasing AEs or readmissions, while maintaining a high level of patient satisfaction and QOL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Thompson
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda M S Mattice
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yaseen Al Lawati
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nazgol Seyednejad
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Lee
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donna E Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastian Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - James Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Farid Shamji
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jamie Brehaut
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Ramsay
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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23
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Shamji FM, Gingrich M, Anstee C, Seely AJE. Standardized Postoperative Adverse Event Data Collection to Document, Inform, and Improve Patient Care. Thorac Surg Clin 2021; 31:441-448. [PMID: 34696856 DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is great potential for standardized postoperative adverse events data collection to document, inform, audit, and feedback, all to optimize patient care. Adverse events, defined as any deviation from expected recovery from surgery, have harmful implications for patients, their families, and clinicians. Postoperative adverse events occur frequently in thoracic surgery, predominately due to the high-stakes (ie, high potential for cure) and high-risk (ie, vital physiology and anatomy and preexisting disease) nature of the surgery. As discussed, engaging surgeons in audit and feedback practices informed by standardized data collection would generate consensus recommendations to reduce adverse events and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid M Shamji
- University of Ottawa, General Campus, Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | | | - Caitlin Anstee
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Thoracic Surgery & Critical Care Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Assistant Kelly White, 501 Smyth Road - Box 708, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L6, Canada
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24
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Smith H, Li H, Brandts-Longtin O, Yeung C, Maziak D, Gilbert S, Villeneuve PJ, Sundaresan S, Passman R, Shamji F, Seely AJE. External validity of a model to predict postoperative atrial fibrillation after thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 57:874-880. [PMID: 31845993 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezz341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A prediction model developed by Passman et al. stratifies patients' risk of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after major non-cardiac thoracic surgery using 3 simple factors (sex, age and preoperative resting heart rate). The model has neither undergone external validation nor proven to be relevant in current thoracic surgery practice. METHODS A retrospective single-centre analysis of all patients who underwent major non-cardiac thoracic surgery (2008-2017) with prospective documentation of incidence and severity of POAF was used for external validation of Passman's derivation sample (published in 2005 with 856 patients). The model calibration was assessed by evaluating the incidence of POAF and patients' risk scores (0-6). RESULTS A total of 2054 patients were included. Among them, POAF occurred in 164 (7.9%), compared to 147 (17.2%) in Passman's study. Differences in our sample compared to Passman's sample included mean heart rate (75.7 vs 73.7 bpm, P < 0.001), proportion of patients with hypertension (46.1 vs 29.4%, P < 0.001), proportion of extensive lung resections, particularly pneumonectomy (6.1 vs 21%, P < 0.001) and proportion of minimally invasive surgeries (56.6% vs 0%). The model demonstrated a positive correlation between risk scores and POAF incidence (risk score 1.2% vs 6.16%). CONCLUSIONS The POAF model demonstrated good calibration in our population, despite a lower overall incidence of POAF compared to the derivation study. POAF rates were higher among patients with a higher risk score and undergoing procedures with greater intrathoracic dissection. This tool may be useful in identifying patients who are at risk of POAF when undergoing major thoracic surgery and may, therefore, benefit from targeted prophylactic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Smith
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heidi Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Brandts-Longtin
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ching Yeung
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donna Maziak
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rod Passman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and Preventative Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farid Shamji
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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25
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Smith HA, Kanji S, Tran DTT, Redpath C, Ferguson D, Lenet T, Sigler G, Gilbert S, Maziak D, Villeneuve P, Sundaresan S, Seely AJE. Prophylaxis for patients at Risk to Eliminate Post-operative Atrial Fibrillation (PREP-AF trial): a protocol for a feasibility randomized controlled study. Trials 2021; 22:384. [PMID: 34098992 PMCID: PMC8182941 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05318-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a frequent adverse event after thoracic surgery with associated morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. It has been shown to be preventable with prophylactic amiodarone, which is only recommended in high-risk individuals due to the potential associated side effects. Risk factors for POAF have been identified and incorporated into a prediction model to identify high-risk patients. Further evaluation in the form of a multicenter clinical trial is required to assess the effectiveness of prophylaxis specifically in this high-risk population. The feasibility of such a trial first needs to be assessed. Methods The PREP-AF trial is a double-blind randomized controlled feasibility trial. Individuals undergoing major thoracic surgery who are identified to be high-risk by the POAF prediction model will be randomized 1:1 to receive a short course of amiodarone vs. placebo in the immediate postoperative period. The primary outcome is feasibility, which will be measured by the number of eligible patients identified, consented, and randomized; intervention adherence; and measurement of future outcomes of a full trial. Discussion This study will determine the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial to assess the effectiveness of prophylactic amiodarone, in high-risk patients undergoing major thoracic surgery. This will inform the development of a multi-center trial to establish if prophylactic amiodarone is safe and effective at reducing the incidence of POAF. Preventing this adverse event will not only improve outcomes for patients but also reduce the associated health resource utilization and costs. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04392921. Registered on 19 May 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A Smith
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Salmaan Kanji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Ottawa Hospital and Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Diem T T Tran
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Calum Redpath
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Tori Lenet
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Greg Sigler
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Donna Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Patrick Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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27
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Buchan CA, Li HOY, Herry C, Scales N, MacPherson P, Faller E, Bredeson C, Huebsch L, Hodgins M, Seely AJE. Early Warning of Infection in Patients Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Using Heart Rate Variability and Serum Biomarkers. Transplant Cell Ther 2021; 28:166.e1-166.e8. [PMID: 33964517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtct.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Early warning of infection is critical to reduce the risk of deterioration and mortality, especially in neutropenic patients following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Given that heart rate variability (HRV) is a sensitive and early marker for infection, and that serum inflammatory biomarkers can have high specificity for infection, we hypothesized their combination may be useful for accurate early warning of infection. In this study, we developed and evaluated a composite predictive model using continuous HRV with daily serum biomarker measurements to provide risk stratification of future deterioration in HCT recipients. A total of 116 ambulatory outpatients about to undergo HCT consented to collection of prospective demographic, clinical (daily vital signs), HRV (continuous electrocardiography [ECG] monitoring, laboratory [daily serum samples frozen at -80 °C]), and infection outcome variables (defined as the time of escalation of antibiotics), all from 24 hours pre-HCT to the onset of infection or 14 days post-HCT. Indications for antibiotic escalation were adjudicated as "true infection" or not by 2 blinded HCT clinicians. A composite time series of 8 HRV metrics was created for each patient, and the probability of deterioration within the next 72 hours was estimated using logistic regression modeling of composite HRV and serum biomarkers using a rule-based naïve Bayes model if the HRV-based probability exceeded a median threshold. Thirty-five patients (30%) withdrew within <24 hours owing to intolerability of ECG monitoring, leaving 81 patients, of whom 48 (59%) had antibiotic escalation adjudicated as true infection. The combined HRV and biomarker (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-7) predictive model began increasing at ∼48 hours on average before the diagnosis of infection, could distinguish between high risk of impending infection (>90% incidence of subsequent infection within 72 hours), average risk (∼50%), and low risk (<10%), with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. However, given that prophylactic predictive ECG monitoring and daily serum collection proved challenging for many patients, further refinement in measurement is necessary for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arianne Buchan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Heidi Oi-Yee Li
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nathan Scales
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul MacPherson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elliott Faller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Bredeson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lothar Huebsch
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Hodgins
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Reardon PM, Seely AJE, Fernando SM, Didcote S, Strachan I, Baudino JL, Kyeremanteng K. Can Early Warning Systems Enhance Detection of High Risk Patients by Rapid Response Teams? J Intensive Care Med 2021; 36:542-549. [PMID: 33530838 DOI: 10.1177/0885066620978140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to evaluate if incorporating an early warning system (EWS), the Visensia Safety Index (VSI) and the National Early Warning Systems 2 (NEWS2), may lead to earlier identification of rapid response team (RRT) patients. METHODS This was a retrospective study (2015-2018) of patients experiencing RRT activation within a tertiary care network. We evaluated the proportion of patients with an EWS alert prior to RRT activation and their associated outcomes (primary: hospital mortality). RESULTS There were 6,346 RRT activations over the study period. Of these, 2042 (50.8%) patients would have had a VSI alert prior to RRT activation, with a median advanced time of 3.6 (IQR 0.5-12.8) hours, compared to 2351 (58.4%) patients and 9.8 (IQR 2.0-18.7) hours for NEWS2. Patients with a potential alert prior to RRT activation had an increased odds of mortality for both VSI (OR 1.2, 95%CI 1.1-1.3) and NEWS2 (OR 2.7, 95% CI 2.4-3.1). Prognostic accuracy for hospital mortality was similar between groups. CONCLUSION Utilization of an EWS by an RRT has potential to provide earlier recognition of deterioration and mortality risk among hospitalized inpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Reardon
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, 6363University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Grigor EJM, Kaaki S, Fergusson DA, Maziak DE, Seely AJE. Interventions to prevent anastomotic leak after esophageal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Surg 2021; 21:42. [PMID: 33461529 PMCID: PMC7814645 DOI: 10.1186/s12893-020-01026-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a common and serious complication following esophagectomy. We aimed to provide an up-to-date review and critical appraisal of the efficacy and safety of all previous interventions aiming to reduce AL risk. Methods We searched MEDLINE and Embase from 1946 to January 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating interventions to minimize esophagogastric AL. Pooled risk ratios (RR) for AL were obtained using a random effects model. Results Two reviewers screened 441 abstracts and identified 17 RCTs eligible for inclusion; 11 studies were meta-analyzed. Omentoplasty significantly reduced the risk of AL by 78% [RR: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.10, 0.50] compared to conventional anastomosis (3 studies, n = 611 patients). Early removal of NG tube significantly reduced the risk of AL by 62% [RR: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.65] compared to prolonged NG tube removal (2 studies, n = 293 patients); Stapled anastomosis did not significantly reduce the risk of AL [RR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.45, 1.87] compared to hand-sewn anastomosis (6 studies, n = 1454 patients). The quality of evidence was high for omentoplasty (vs. conventional anastomosis), moderate for early NG tube removal (vs. prolonged NG tube removal), and very low for stapled anastomosis (vs. hand-sewn anastomosis). Conclusions This is the first meta-analysis to summarize the graded quality of evidence for all RCT interventions designed to reduce the risk of AL following esophagectomy. Our findings demonstrated that omentoplasty significantly reduced the risk of AL with a high quality of evidence. Although early NG tube removal significantly reduced AL risk, there is a need for further research to strengthen the quality of evidence for this finding. Evidence profiles presented in our review may help inform the development of future clinical practice recommendations. Systematic review registration: CRD42019127181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J M Grigor
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, PO Box 201B, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada. .,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Suha Kaaki
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, PO Box 201B, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dean A Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Donna E Maziak
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, PO Box 201B, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, PO Box 201B, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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30
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Hylton DA, Kidane B, Spicer J, Turner S, Churchill I, Sullivan K, Finley CJ, Shargall Y, Agzarian J, Seely AJE, Yasufuku K, Hanna WC. Endobronchial Ultrasound Staging of Operable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Do Triple-Normal Lymph Nodes Require Routine Biopsy? Chest 2021; 159:2470-2476. [PMID: 33434503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staging guidelines for lung cancer recommend endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and systematic biopsy of at least three mediastinal lymph node (LN) stations for accurate staging. A four-point ultrasonographic score (Canada Lymph Node Score [CLNS]) was developed to determine the probability of malignancy in each LN. A LN with a CLNS of < 2 is considered low probability for malignancy. We hypothesized that, in patients with cN0 non-small cell lung cancer, LNs with CLNS of < 2 may not require routine biopsy because they represent true node-negative disease. RESEARCH QUESTION Do LNs considered triple normal on CT scanning, PET scanning, and CLNS evaluation require routine biopsy? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS LNs were evaluated for ultrasonographic features at the time of EBUS and the CLNS was applied. Triple-normal LNs were defined as cN0 on CT scanning (short axis, < 1 cm), PET scanning (no hypermetabolic activity), and EBUS (CLNS, < 2). Specificity and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated against the gold standard pathologic diagnosis from surgically excised specimens. RESULTS In total, 143 LNs from 57 cN0 patients were assessed. Triple-normal LNs showed a specificity and NPV of 60% (95% CI, 51.2%-68.3%) and 93.1% (95% CI, 85.6%-97.4%), respectively. After pathologic assessment, only 5.6% (n = 8/143) of triple-normal nodes were proven to be malignant. INTERPRETATION At the time of staging for lung cancer, combining CT scanning, PET scanning, and CLNS criteria can identify triple-normal LNs that have a high NPV for malignancy. This raises the question of whether triple-normal LNs require routine sampling during EBUS and transbronchial needle aspiration. A prospective trial is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Hylton
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Biniam Kidane
- Section of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Manitoba, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jonathan Spicer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Turner
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, WC Mackenzie Health Sciences Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Isabella Churchill
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kerrie Sullivan
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christian J Finley
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Yaron Shargall
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John Agzarian
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kazuhiro Yasufuku
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Waël C Hanna
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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31
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Li HOY, Smith HA, Brandts-Longtin O, Maziak DE, Gilbert S, Villeneuve P, Sundaresan S, Seely AJE. Variation in management of post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after thoracic surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 69:1230-1235. [PMID: 33400201 DOI: 10.1007/s11748-020-01574-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES New-onset post-operative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a frequent adverse event following major thoracic surgery and is associated with increased risk of perioperative morbidity, length of stay and stroke. It is managed initially with rate and rhythm control therapy; however, optimal duration and the need for anticoagulation are poorly understood. This study aims to assess practice variation regarding POAF management and duration. METHODS This retrospective, single-center cohort study included patients who underwent major thoracic surgery and developed POAF between 2008 and 2017, managed with rate and rhythm control therapy alone. Demographic, clinical, and surgical variables/outcomes, POAF management, and incidence of POAF recurrence in the 30-day post-operative period were collected. Chi-square and T-tests determined significance. RESULTS Of 2054 patients undergoing thoracic surgery, 155 (75%) patients developed POAF. Different rate and rhythm control agents were used, most commonly metoprolol. 107 (69%) continued rate and rhythm control therapy upon hospital discharge for a mean of 56 days. Among the 48 patients with discontinuation of rate and rhythm control therapy on discharge, none demonstrated recurrence of POAF; in contrast to 3 of 107 patients who continued on therapy. Among patients with CHA2DS2-VASc score ≥ 2, 15% were prescribed anticoagulation on discharge. CONCLUSIONS Use of rate and rhythm control therapy and anticoagulation for POAF is significantly varied in practice. Many patients are not continued on rate and rhythm control after hospital discharge, which does not appear to impact risk of POAF recurrence. Further research to inform guidelines for POAF management, including therapy duration and indications for anticoagulation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Oi-Yee Li
- Faculty of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Heather A Smith
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, 725 Parkdale Ave, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4E9, Canada.
| | | | - Donna E Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paul Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Tran A, Fernando SM, McIsaac DI, Rochwerg B, Mok G, Seely AJE, Kubelik D, Inaba K, Kim DY, Reardon PM, Shen J, Tanuseputro P, Thavorn K, Kyeremanteng K. Predictors of mortality and cost among surgical patients requiring rapid response team activation. Can J Surg 2020; 63:E598-E605. [PMID: 33295715 DOI: 10.1503/cjs.017319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior studies of rapid response team (RRT) implementation for surgical patients have demonstrated mixed results with respect to reductions in poor outcomes. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of in-hospital mortality and hospital costs among surgical inpatients requiring RRT activation. Methods We analyzed data prospectively collected from May 2012 to May 2016 at The Ottawa Hospital. We included patients who were at least 18 years of age, who were admitted to hospital, who received either preoperative or postoperative care, and and who required RRT activation. We created a multivariable logistic regression model to describe mortality predictors and a multivariable generalized linear model to describe cost predictors. Results We included 1507 patients. The in-hospital mortality rate was 15.9%. The patient-related factors most strongly associated with mortality included an Elixhauser Comorbidity Index score of 20 or higher (odds ratio [OR] 3.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.96-6.60) and care designations excluding admission to the intensive care unit and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (OR 3.52, 95% CI 2.25-5.52). The strongest surgical predictors included neurosurgical admission (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.17-3.75), emergent surgery (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.37-3.03) and occurrence of 2 or more operations (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.21-2.46). Among RRT factors, occurrence of 2 or more RRT assessments (OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.44-2.80) conferred the highest mortality. Increased cost was strongly associated with admitting service, multiple surgeries, multiple RRT assessments and medical comorbidity. Conclusion RRT activation among surgical inpatients identifies a population at high risk of death. We identified several predictors of mortality and cost, which represent opportunities for future quality improvement and patient safety initiatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Tran
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Shannon M Fernando
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Daniel I McIsaac
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Garrick Mok
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Dalibor Kubelik
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Kenji Inaba
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Dennis Y Kim
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Peter M Reardon
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Jennifer Shen
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, Seely, Kubelik); the Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Seely, Kubelik, Reardon, Kyeremanteng); the Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Tran, McIsaac, Seely, Shen, Tanuseputro, Thavorn, Kyeremanteng); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Fernando, Mok, Reardon); the Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac); the School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (McIsaac, Seely, Tanuseputro, Thavorn); the Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. (Rochwerg); the Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Inaba); the Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. (Kim); the Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont. (Tanuseputro, Kyeremanteng); and the Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, Ont. (Kyeremanteng)
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Masse MH, Battista MC, Wilcox ME, Pinto R, Marinoff N, D'Aragon F, St-Arnaud C, Mayette M, Leclair MA, Quiroz Martinez H, Grondin-Beaudoin B, Poulin Y, Carbonneau É, Seely AJE, Watpool I, Porteous R, Chassé M, Lebrasseur M, Lauzier F, Turgeon AF, Bellemare D, Mehta S, Charbonney E, Belley-Côté É, Botton É, Cohen D, Lamontagne F, Adhikari NKJ. Optimal VAsopressor TitraTION in patients 65 years and older (OVATION-65): protocol and statistical analysis plan for a randomised clinical trial. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037947. [PMID: 33191251 PMCID: PMC7668371 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vasodilatory hypotension is common among intensive care unit (ICU) patients; vasopressors are considered standard of care. However, optimal mean arterial pressure (MAP) targets for vasopressor titration are unknown. The objective of the Optimal VAsopressor TitraTION in patients 65 years and older (OVATION-65) trial is to ascertain the effect of permissive hypotension (vasopressor titration to achieve MAP 60-65 mm Hg) versus usual care on biomarkers of organ injury in hypotensive patients aged ≥65 years. METHODS AND ANALYSIS OVATION-65 is an allocation-concealed randomised trial in 7 Canadian hospitals. Eligible patients are ≥65 years of age, in an ICU with vasodilatory hypotension, receiving vasopressors for ≤12 hours to maintain MAP ≥65 mm Hg during or after adequate fluid resuscitation, and expected to receive vasopressors for ≥6 additional hours. Patients are excluded for any of the following: active treatment for spinal cord or acute brain injury; vasopressors given solely for bleeding, ventricular failure or postcardiopulmonary bypass vasoplegia; withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments expected within 48 hours; death perceived as imminent; previous enrolment in OVATION-65; organ transplant within the last year; receiving extracorporeal life support or lack of physician equipoise. Patients are randomised to permissive hypotension versus usual care for up to 28 days. The primary outcome is high-sensitivity troponin T, a biomarker of cardiac injury, on day 3. Secondary outcomes include biomarkers of injury to other organs (brain, liver, intestine, skeletal muscle); lactate (a biomarker of global tissue dysoxia); resource utilisation; adverse events; mortality (90 days and 6 months) and cognitive function (6 months). Assessors of biomarkers, mortality and cognitive function are blinded to allocation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol has been approved at all sites. Consent is obtained from the eligible patient, the substitute decision-maker if the patient is incapable, or in a deferred fashion where permitted. End-of-grant dissemination plans include presentations, publications and social media platforms and discussion forums. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03431181.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Masse
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Battista
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mary Elizabeth Wilcox
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ruxandra Pinto
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole Marinoff
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frédérick D'Aragon
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charles St-Arnaud
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael Mayette
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc-André Leclair
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Yannick Poulin
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Élaine Carbonneau
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Departments of Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene Watpool
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Michaël Chassé
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martine Lebrasseur
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Lauzier
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Bellemare
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Unit, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Charbonney
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Émilie Belley-Côté
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dian Cohen
- Patient partners, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - François Lamontagne
- Centre de recherche, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Neill K J Adhikari
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine and Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Seely AJE. Optimizing Our Patients' Entropy Production as Therapy? Hypotheses Originating from the Physics of Physiology. Entropy (Basel) 2020; 22:e22101095. [PMID: 33286863 PMCID: PMC7597192 DOI: 10.3390/e22101095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how nature drives entropy production offers novel insights regarding patient care. Whilst energy is always preserved and energy gradients irreversibly dissipate (thus producing entropy), increasing evidence suggests that they do so in the most optimal means possible. For living complex non-equilibrium systems to create a healthy internal emergent order, they must continuously produce entropy over time. The Maximum Entropy Production Principle (MEPP) highlights nature's drive for non-equilibrium systems to augment their entropy production if possible. This physical drive is hypothesized to be responsible for the spontaneous formation of fractal structures in space (e.g., multi-scale self-similar tree-like vascular structures that optimize delivery to and clearance from an organ system) and time (e.g., complex heart and respiratory rate variability); both are ubiquitous and essential for physiology and health. Second, human entropy production, measured by heat production divided by temperature, is hypothesized to relate to both metabolism and consciousness, dissipating oxidative energy gradients and reducing information into meaning and memory, respectively. Third, both MEPP and natural selection are hypothesized to drive enhanced functioning and adaptability, selecting states with robust basilar entropy production, as well as the capacity to enhance entropy production in response to exercise, heat stress, and illness. Finally, a targeted focus on optimizing our patients' entropy production has the potential to improve health and clinical outcomes. With the implications of developing a novel understanding of health, illness, and treatment strategies, further exploration of this uncharted ground will offer value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. E. Seely
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada;
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
- Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
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Fernando SM, Fan E, Rochwerg B, Burns KEA, Brochard LJ, Cook DJ, Walkey AJ, Ferguson ND, Hough CL, Brodie D, Seely AJE, Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Perry JJ, Tran A, Tanuseputro P, Kyeremanteng K. Lung-Protective Ventilation and Associated Outcomes and Costs Among Patients Receiving Invasive Mechanical Ventilation in the ED. Chest 2020; 159:606-618. [PMID: 32966812 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive mechanical ventilation is often initiated in the ED, and mechanically ventilated patients may be kept in the ED for hours before ICU transfer. Although lung-protective ventilation is beneficial, particularly in ARDS, it remains uncertain how often lung-protective tidal volumes are used in the ED, and whether lung-protective ventilation in this setting impacts patient outcomes. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the association between the use of lung-protective ventilation in the ED and outcomes among invasively ventilated patients? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A retrospective analysis (2011-2017) of a prospective registry from eight EDs enrolling consecutive adult patients (≥ 18 years) who received invasive mechanical ventilation in the ED was performed. Lung-protective ventilation was defined by use of tidal volumes ≤ 8 mL/kg predicted body weight. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included development of ARDS, hospital length of stay, and total hospital costs. RESULTS The study included 4,174 patients, of whom 2,437 (58.4%) received lung-protective ventilation in the ED. Use of lung-protective ventilation was associated with decreased odds of hospital death (adjusted OR [aOR], 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.96) and development of ARDS (aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81-0.92). Patients who received lung-protective ventilation in the ED had shorter median duration of mechanical ventilation (4 vs 5 days; P < 0.01), shorter median hospital length of stay (11 vs 14 days; P < .001), and reduced total hospital costs (Can$44,348 vs Can$52,484 [US$34,153 vs US$40,418]; P = .03) compared with patients who received higher tidal volumes. INTERPRETATION Use of lung-protective ventilation in the ED was associated with important patient- and system-centered outcomes, including lower hospital mortality, decreased incidence of ARDS, lower hospital length of stay, and decreased total costs. Protocol development promoting the regular use of lung-protective ventilation in the ED may be of value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Eddy Fan
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Karen E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurent J Brochard
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allan J Walkey
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Center for Implementation and Improvement Sciences, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Niall D Ferguson
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine L Hough
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Daniel Brodie
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY; Center for Acute Respiratory Failure, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Venkatesh Thiruganasambandamoorthy
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J Perry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandre Tran
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Bruyére Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Doubova M, Gowing S, Robaidi H, Gilbert S, Maziak DE, Shamji FM, Sundaresan RS, Villeneuve PJ, Seely AJE. Long-term Symptom Control After Laparoscopic Heller Myotomy and Dor Fundoplication for Achalasia. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:1717-1723. [PMID: 32891651 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.06.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achalasia is a primary esophageal motility disorder in which there is incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter and absence of peristalsis in the lower two thirds of the esophagus. A favored treatment is laparoscopic modified Heller myotomy with Dor fundoplication (LHMDor) with more than 90% immediate beneficial effect. The short-term outcomes of LHMDor are well documented, but stability and durability of postoperative symptom control over time is less understood. METHODS Between 2004 and 2016, 54 patients with achalasia underwent LHMDor (single center). Using validated questionnaires, patients rated their symptoms in five domains: pain, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), dysphagia, regurgitation, and quality of life. Symptom ratings were done preoperatively, 4 weeks postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and yearly after the operation. RESULTS As expected, patients reported marked improvement in dysphagia, odynophagia, regurgitation, GERD, and quality of life after the operation (P < .001). From then on, the symptom control remained durable with respect to absence of pain, regurgitation, and odynophagia; however, we observed a recurrence of GERD symptoms beginning 3 to 5 years postoperatively (P = .001 and P = .04, respectively), with associated increased antireflux medication use. After initial LHMDor, 5 patients required endoscopic dilatation an average of 1.5 years postoperatively, and no patient required reoperation. Patients reported preserved improved quality of life to 11 years after the operation (P = .001). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the durability of LHMDor in the definitive management of achalasia, offering consistent symptomatic relief and significant improvement in quality of life over the decade after surgery, despite some increase in GERD symptoms and antireflux medication use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Doubova
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Gowing
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hassan Robaidi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sebastien Gilbert
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna E Maziak
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farid M Shamji
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Sudhir Sundaresan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick James Villeneuve
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Macartney MJ, Meade RD, Notley SR, Herry CL, Seely AJE, Kenny GP. Fluid Loss during Exercise-Heat Stress Reduces Cardiac Vagal Autonomic Modulation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:362-369. [PMID: 31469711 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sweat-induced fluid loss during prolonged exercise-heat stress can compromise cardiovascular and thermoregulatory function, although its effects on cardiac autonomic modulation remain unclear. We therefore examined heart rate variability (HRV) and recovery (HRRec), as surrogates of cardiac autonomic modulation, during and after prolonged exercise in the heat with and without fluid replacement. METHODS Eleven young and healthy men performed 90 min of semi-recumbent cycling in dry heat (40°C; 20% relative humidity) at a fixed rate of metabolic heat production (600 W; ~46% V˙O2peak) followed by 40-min resting recovery without fluid replacement (No-FR; ~3.4% reduction in body mass). On a separate day, participants completed the same protocol with fluid replacement (FR; 500-700 mL timed boluses) to offset sweat losses. Esophageal temperature and ECG were recorded throughout, with measurements analyzed over 10-min averaged epochs during baseline, each 30-min interval during exercise and 20-min interval during recovery. RESULTS Esophageal temperature and heart rate were elevated in No-FR relative to FR throughout exercise (all P ≤ 0.02). The HRV indices reflecting vagal influence of heart rate including the cardiac vagal index (CVI = log10[16 × SD1 × SD2]) and root-mean-square of successive differences were attenuated throughout exercise relative to baseline in both conditions (all P < 0.05), with the magnitude of the reduction greater in the No-FR condition (all P < 0.05). Further, sample entropy was reduced throughout all time points measured during exercise in the No-FR relative to FR condition (all P ≤ 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our unique observations indicate that while prolonged exercise heat stress attenuates the vagal influence and complexity of cardiac rhythms, that reduction is further exacerbated by fluid loss, highlighting the importance of fluid replacement in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Macartney
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, AUSTRALIA
| | - Robert D Meade
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, CANADA
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Kaltsatou A, Flouris AD, Herry CL, Notley SR, Macartney MJ, Seely AJE, Kenny GP. Heart rate variability in older workers during work under the Threshold Limit Values for heat exposure. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:787-795. [PMID: 32677129 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Threshold Limit Values (TLV) of the American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists indicate the levels of heat stress that all workers may be repeatedly exposed to without adverse health effects. In this study, we evaluated heart rate variability (HRV) during moderate-to-heavy work performed continuously or according to different TLV work-rest (WR) allocations in healthy physically active older workers. METHODS Nine healthy older (58 ± 5 years) males performed three different 120-minute conditions in accordance with TLV guidelines for moderate-to-heavy intensity work (360 W fixed rate of heat production) in different wet-bulb globe temperatures (WBGT): continuous cycling at 28°C WBGT (CON), as well as intermitted work performed at WR of 3:1 in 29°C WBGT (WR3:1), and at WR of 1:1 at 30°C (WR1:1). Rectal temperature and HRV (3-lead electrocardiogram [ECG]) were assessed throughout. RESULTS Coefficient of Variation, Poincaré SD2, and Shannon Entropy were decreased during the CON compared with the WR3:1 when core temperature exceeded 38°C and after 1 hour of continuous work (P < .05). Also, 4 of the 12 HRV indices studied were reduced at CON compared with WR1:1 after 2 hours of accumulated work time (P < .05). Participants worked longer before core temperature reached 38°C during the WR1:1 and the WR3:1, compared with CON (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Incorporating breaks during moderate-to-heavy work in the heat for older adults can reduce autonomic stress and prolong the work performed at safe core temperature levels. The TLV WR1:1 provides increased cardiac protection for older workers, as compared with the CON and the WR3:1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaltsatou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of ThessalyTrikala Greece
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise ScienceUniversity of ThessalyTrikala Greece
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human KineticsUniversity of Ottawa Canada
| | - Christophe L. Herry
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care MedicineOttawa HospitalOttawa Ontario Canada
| | - Sean R. Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human KineticsUniversity of Ottawa Canada
| | - Michael J. Macartney
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of TasmaniaHobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care MedicineOttawa HospitalOttawa Ontario Canada
| | - Glen P. Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human KineticsUniversity of Ottawa Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawa Ontario Canada
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Smith H, Ramsay T, Seely AJE. Reply to Nezic. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2020; 58:401-402. [PMID: 32163553 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heather Smith
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tim Ramsay
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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40
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Macartney MJ, Notley SR, Herry CL, Seely AJE, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP. Cardiac autonomic modulation in type 1 diabetes during exercise-heat stress. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:959-963. [PMID: 32144491 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac autonomic modulation, as assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), is independently attenuated by both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and exercise-heat stress, although their combined effects remain unclear. We therefore assessed HRV during exercise-heat stress in young individuals (18-37 years) with (n = 14) and without type 1 diabetes (n = 14). METHODS Participants completed 30-min seated rest and three, 30-min bouts of semi-recumbent cycling at light, moderate, and vigorous metabolic heat productions (200, 250, 300 W/m2, respectively), each followed by 30-min recovery. Body core temperature (Tcore) and electrocardiogram were recorded throughout and analyzed during the final 5-min of rest and each exercise period. RESULTS Relative to baseline, Tcore was increased in both groups, albeit to a greater extent in type 1 diabetes during vigorous exercise (T1D, 1.1 ± 0.3 °C; control, 0.8 ± 0.3 °C; P < 0.05). Overall HRV (as reflected by entropy) was attenuated throughout exercise relative to baseline in both groups, with the magnitude of the reduction greater in type 1 diabetes during vigorous exercise (T1D, - 108%; control, - 70%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Given the negative correlations between decreased HRV and cardiac risk, our novel observations indicate that vigorous exercise in hot environments may pose a health concern for individuals with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Macartney
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
- Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
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Macartney MJ, Notley SR, Herry CL, Seely AJE, Sigal RJ, Kenny GP. Diminished heart rate variability in type 2 diabetes is exacerbated during exercise-heat stress. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:899-901. [PMID: 32008160 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ronald J Sigal
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medicine, Cardiac Sciences and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, Faculties of Medicine and Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Gowing SD, Cool-Lartigue JJ, Spicer JD, Seely AJE, Ferri LE. Toll-like receptors: exploring their potential connection with post-operative infectious complications and cancer recurrence. Clin Exp Metastasis 2020; 37:225-239. [PMID: 31975313 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-020-10018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death in North America. Despite modern advances in cancer therapy, many patients will ultimately develop cancer metastasis resulting in mortality. Surgery to resect early stage solid malignancies remains the cornerstone of cancer treatment. However, surgery places patients at risk of developing post-operative infectious complications that are linked to earlier cancer metastatic recurrence and cancer mortality. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily-conserved sentinel receptors of the innate immune system that are activated by microbial products present during infection, leading to activation of innate immunity. Numerous types of solid cancer cells also express TLRs, with their activation augmenting their ability to metastasize. Similarly, healthy host-tissue TLRs activated during infection induce a prometastatic environment in the host. Cancer cells additionally secrete TLR activating ligands that activate both cancer TLRs and host TLRs to promote metastasis. Consequently, TLRs are an attractive therapeutic candidate to target infection-induced cancer metastasis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Gowing
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. .,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada.
| | - J J Cool-Lartigue
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J D Spicer
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - A J E Seely
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ottawa General Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L E Ferri
- Deparment of Surgery, L.D. MacLean Surgical Research Laboratories, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Montreal General Hospital, Room L8-505, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3G 1A4, Canada
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Kaltsatou A, Flouris AD, Herry CL, Notley SR, Seely AJE, Beatty HW, Kenny GP. Age differences in cardiac autonomic regulation during intermittent exercise in the heat. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:453-465. [PMID: 31894413 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04290-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to detect potential differences in heart-rate variability (HRV) during a moderate-intensity intermittent exercise in the heat among physically active young (25.8 ± 1.9 years), middle-aged (43.5 ± 2.8 years), and older (62.9 ± 3.7 years) men. METHODS Thirty-three participants (11/group) performed four successive bouts of 15-min cycling at a moderate fixed rate of metabolic heat production of ~ 400 W; each separated by a 15-min recovery with 1 h of final recovery in a hot and dry environment (35 °C, 20% relative humidity). Twelve HRV indices were computed that have been commonly described in the literature, and characterized various domains of the variability and complexity of heart rate. RESULTS Cardiac autonomic regulation during intermittent exercise in the heat, as well as during pre-exercise rest and recovery was significantly affected by age, as changes were observed among the three different aged groups in five indices (p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, time influenced cardiac autonomic regulation as three indices showed changes across time (p ≤ 0.05) during intermittent exercise, whilst five indices displayed significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) during rest and recovery in the heat. CONCLUSIONS This study supports that moderate-intensity intermittent exercise in the heat is associated with significant cardiac autonomic dysregulation in older men, as compared to young and middle-aged men, yet it highlights the importance of developing preventative health strategies for heat-related illness in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kaltsatou
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100, Trikala, Greece
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100, Trikala, Greece
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Clinical Epidemiological Program of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Clinical Epidemiological Program of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather Wright Beatty
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, 125 University Private, Room 367, Montpetit Hall, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.
- Clinical Epidemiological Program of the Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Carrillo AE, Flouris AD, Herry CL, Notley SR, Macartney MJ, Seely AJE, Wright Beatty HE, Kenny GP. Age-related reductions in heart rate variability do not worsen during exposure to humid compared to dry heat: A secondary analysis. Temperature (Austin) 2019; 6:341-345. [PMID: 31934605 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1684791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a secondary analysis to investigate whether age-related attenuations in heart rate variability (HRV) worsen during exposure to moderate, dry (36.5°C, 20% RH) or humid (36.5°C, 60% RH) heat conditions that resulted in greater body heat storage among older compared to young participants, and during humid compared to dry heat, regardless of age. Six HRV indices [heart rate (HR), coefficient of variation (CoV), detrended fluctuation analysis: α1, low frequency power, high frequency power, and low/high frequency ratio] were assessed in 10 young (21 ± 3 y) and 9 older (65 ± 5 y) adults for 15-min prior to (baseline), and at the end of a 120-min exposure to dry and humid heat while seated at rest. Our results demonstrated a condition (dry and humid) x time (baseline and end) interaction effect on HR (p = 0.047) such that HR gradually increased during humid heat exposure yet remained similar during dry heat exposure across groups. We also found an age-related attenuation in CoV at baseline for both the dry (young: 0.097 ± 0.023%; older: 0.054 ± 0.016%) and humid (young: 0.093 ± 0.034%; older: 0.056 ± 0.014%) heat conditions (p < 0.02). Those age-related attenuations in CoV, however, were not magnified throughout the exposure nor different between conditions (p > 0.05). While older adults stored more heat during a brief 120-min exposure to dry heat compared to their young counterparts, this was not paralleled by further age-related impairments in HRV even when body heat storage and cardiovascular strain were exacerbated by exposure to humid heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres E Carrillo
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,Department of Movement Science, Chatham University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece.,Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Christophe L Herry
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sean R Notley
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J Macartney
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Thoracic Surgery and Critical Care Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Heather E Wright Beatty
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Glen P Kenny
- Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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McCaskell DS, Molloy AJ, Childerhose L, Costigan FA, Reid JC, McCaughan M, Clarke F, Cook DJ, Rudkowski JC, Farley C, Karachi T, Rochwerg B, Newman A, Fox-Robichaud A, Herridge MS, Lo V, Feltracco D, Burns KEA, Porteous R, Seely AJE, Ball IM, Seczek A, Kho ME. Correction to: Project management lessons learned from the multicentre CYCLE pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:606. [PMID: 31653225 PMCID: PMC6814047 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Devin S McCaskell
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Alexander J Molloy
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Laura Childerhose
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C16, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - F Aileen Costigan
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Julie C Reid
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Magda McCaughan
- Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - France Clarke
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C16, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jill C Rudkowski
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Farley
- Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, L8V 1C3, Canada
| | - Tim Karachi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anastasia Newman
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada.,Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alison Fox-Robichaud
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Lo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Centre, 8th Floor, 500 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Deanna Feltracco
- St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Karen E A Burns
- St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | | | - Ian M Ball
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, Critical Care Trauma Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Amy Seczek
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada. .,McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada. .,Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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46
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Burns KEA, Rizvi L, Cook DJ, Seely AJE, Rochwerg B, Lamontagne F, Devlin JW, Dodek P, Mayette M, Tanios M, Gouskos A, Kay P, Mitchell S, Kiedrowski KC, Hill NS. Frequency of Screening and SBT Technique Trial - North American Weaning Collaboration (FAST-NAWC): a protocol for a multicenter, factorial randomized trial. Trials 2019; 20:587. [PMID: 31604480 PMCID: PMC6787986 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE In critically ill patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (MV), research supports the use of daily screening to identify patients who are ready to undergo a spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) followed by conduct of an SBT. However, once daily (OD) screening is poorly aligned with the continuous care provided in most intensive care units (ICUs) and the best SBT technique for clinicians to use remains controversial. OBJECTIVES To identify the optimal screening frequency and SBT technique to wean critically ill adults in the ICU. METHODS We aim to conduct a multicenter, factorial design randomized controlled trial with concealed allocation, comparing the effect of both screening frequency (once versus at least twice daily [ALTD]) and SBT technique (Pressure Support [PS] + Positive End-Expiratory Pressure [PEEP] vs T-piece) on the time to successful extubation (primary outcome) in 760 critically ill adults who are invasively ventilated for at least 24 h in 20 North American ICUs. In the OD arm, respiratory therapists (RTs) will screen study patients between 06:00 and 08:00 h. In the ALTD arm, patients will be screened at least twice daily between 06:00 and 08:00 h and between 13:00 and 15:00 h with additional screens permitted at the clinician's discretion. When the SBT screen is passed, an SBT will be conducted using the assigned technique (PS + PEEP or T-piece). We will follow patients until successful extubation, death, ICU discharge, or until day 60 after randomization. We will contact patients or their surrogates six months after randomization to assess health-related quality of life and functional status. RELEVANCE The around-the-clock availability of RTs in North American ICUs presents an important opportunity to identify the optimal SBT screening frequency and SBT technique to minimize patients' exposure to invasive ventilation and ventilator-related complications. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical Trials.gov, NCT02399267 . Registered on Nov 21, 2016 first registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E A Burns
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Office 4-045 Donnelly Wing, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada. .,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Office 4-045 Donnelly Wing, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada.
| | - Leena Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care Medicine, St Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Office 4-045 Donnelly Wing, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Francois Lamontagne
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - John W Devlin
- School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Dodek
- Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Mayette
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Maged Tanios
- Critical Care Medicine, Longbeach Memorial, Longbeach, CA, USA
| | - Audrey Gouskos
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee Member, FAST - NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Phyllis Kay
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee Member, FAST - NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Mitchell
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee Member, FAST - NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kenneth C Kiedrowski
- Patient and Family Advisory Committee Member, FAST - NAWC Trial, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicholas S Hill
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Fernando SM, McIsaac DI, Rochwerg B, Bagshaw SM, Muscedere J, Munshi L, Ferguson ND, Seely AJE, Cook DJ, Dave C, Tanuseputro P, Kyeremanteng K. Frailty and invasive mechanical ventilation: association with outcomes, extubation failure, and tracheostomy. Intensive Care Med 2019; 45:1742-1752. [PMID: 31595352 DOI: 10.1007/s00134-019-05795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive mechanical ventilation is a common form of life support provided to critically ill patients. Frailty is an emerging prognostic factor for poor outcome in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU); however, its association with adverse outcomes following invasive mechanical ventilation is unknown. We sought to evaluate the association between frailty, defined by the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), and outcomes of ICU patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis (2011-2016) of a prospectively collected registry from two hospitals of consecutive ICU patients ≥ 18 years of age receiving invasive mechanical ventilation. CFS scores were based on recorded pre-admission function at the time of hospital admission. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included discharge to long-term care, extubation failure at time of first liberation attempt, and tracheostomy. RESULTS We included 8110 patients, and 2529 (31.2%) had frailty (CFS ≥ 5). Frailty was associated with increased odds of hospital death (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.24 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-1.40) and discharge to long-term care (aOR 1.21 [95% CI 1.13-1.35]). As compared to patients without frailty, patients with frailty had increased odds of extubation failure (aOR 1.17 [95% CI 1.04-1.37]), hospital death following extubation failure (aOR 1.18 [95% CI 1.07-1.28]), tracheostomy (aOR 1.17 [95% CI 1.01-1.36]), and hospital death following tracheostomy (aOR 1.14 [95% CI 1.03-1.25]). CONCLUSIONS The presence of frailty among patients receiving mechanical ventilation is associated with increased odds of hospital mortality, discharge to long-term care, extubation failure, and need for tracheostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Daniel I McIsaac
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sean M Bagshaw
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John Muscedere
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Laveena Munshi
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Niall D Ferguson
- Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chintan Dave
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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48
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Fernando SM, Rochwerg B, Seely AJE. Clinical implications of the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). CMAJ 2019; 190:E1058-E1059. [PMID: 30201611 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Fernando
- Division of Critical Care (Fernando, Seely), Department of Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine (Fernando), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Rochwerg), Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Rochwerg), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Seely), University of Ottawa; Clinical Epidemiology Program (Seely), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont.
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Division of Critical Care (Fernando, Seely), Department of Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine (Fernando), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Rochwerg), Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Rochwerg), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Seely), University of Ottawa; Clinical Epidemiology Program (Seely), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
| | - Andrew J E Seely
- Division of Critical Care (Fernando, Seely), Department of Medicine; Department of Emergency Medicine (Fernando), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Division of Critical Care (Rochwerg), Department of Medicine, and Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Rochwerg), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Surgery (Seely), University of Ottawa; Clinical Epidemiology Program (Seely), Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont
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49
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McCaskell DS, Molloy AJ, Childerhose L, Costigan FA, Reid JC, McCaughan M, Clarke F, Cook DJ, Rudkowski JC, Farley C, Karachi T, Rochwerg B, Newman A, Fox-Robichaud A, Herridge MS, Lo V, Feltracco D, Burns KE, Porteous R, Seely AJE, Ball IM, Seczek A, Kho ME. Project management lessons learned from the multicentre CYCLE pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials 2019; 20:532. [PMID: 31455384 PMCID: PMC6712681 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical trials management can be studied using project management theory. The CYCLE pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) was conducted to determine the feasibility of a future rehabilitation trial of early in-bed cycling in the intensive care unit (ICU). In-bed cycling is a novel intervention, not typically available in ICUs. Implementation of this intervention requires personnel with specialized clinical expertise caring for critically ill patients and use of the in-bed cycle. Our objective was to describe the implementation and conduct of our pilot RCT using a project management approach. Methods We retrospectively reviewed activities, timelines, and personnel involved in the trial. We organized activities into four project management phases: initiation, planning, execution, and monitoring and controlling. Data sources included Methods Centre documents used for trial coordination and conduct, and the trial data set. We report descriptive statistics as counts and proportions and also medians and quartiles, and we summarize the lessons learned. Results Seven ICUs in Canada participated in the trial. Time from research ethics board and contracts submission to first enrolment was a median (first quartile, third quartile) of 185 (146, 209) and 162 (114, 181) days, respectively. We trained 128 personnel on the CYCLE pilot RCT protocol, and 80 (63%) completed trial-related activities. Four sites required additional training after start-up due to staff turnover and leaves of absence. Over 15 months, we screened 864 patients: 256 were eligible and 66 were enrolled. Despite an 85% consent rate, 74% (190/256) of eligible patients were not randomized, largely (80% [152/190]) due to physiotherapist availability. Thirteen percent of recruitment weeks were lost due to physiotherapist staffing shortages. We highlight five key lessons learned: (1) prepare and anticipate site needs; (2) communicate regularly; (3) proactively analyse and act on process measure data; (4) develop contingency plans; (5) express appreciation to participating sites. Conclusions Our analysis highlights the scope of relevant activities, rigorous training and monitoring, number and types of required personnel, and time required to conduct a multicentre ICU rehabilitation intervention trial. Our lessons learned can help others interested in implementing complex intervention trials, such as rehabilitation. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02377830. Registered prospectively on 4 March 2015. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3634-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin S McCaskell
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Alexander J Molloy
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Laura Childerhose
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C16, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - F Aileen Costigan
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Julie C Reid
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Magda McCaughan
- Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - France Clarke
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Room 2C16, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Deborah J Cook
- Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Jill C Rudkowski
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Christopher Farley
- Juravinski Hospital, Hamilton, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, ON, L8V 1C3, Canada
| | - Tim Karachi
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Department of Critical Care, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anastasia Newman
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada.,Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alison Fox-Robichaud
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Hamilton General Hospital, 237 Barton St E, Hamilton, ON, L8L 2X2, Canada
| | | | - Vincent Lo
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Centre, 8th Floor, 500 University Ave, Toronto, ON, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Deanna Feltracco
- St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Karen Ea Burns
- St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond St, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | | | | | - Ian M Ball
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Western University, Critical Care Trauma Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, 800 Commissioners Rd E, London, ON, N6A 5W9, Canada
| | - Amy Seczek
- McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada
| | - Michelle E Kho
- The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada. .,McMaster University, School of Rehabilitation Science, Institute of Applied Health Science, Room 403, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 1C7, Canada. .,Department of Physiotherapy, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, 50 Charlton Ave E, Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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50
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Gershkovich B, Fernando SM, Herritt B, Castellucci LA, Rochwerg B, Munshi L, Mehta S, Seely AJE, McIsaac DI, Tran A, Reardon PM, Tanuseputro P, Kyeremanteng K. Outcomes of hospitalized hematologic oncology patients receiving rapid response system activation for acute deterioration. Crit Care 2019; 23:286. [PMID: 31455376 PMCID: PMC6712869 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-019-2568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with hematologic malignancies who are admitted to hospital are at increased risk of deterioration and death. Rapid response systems (RRSs) respond to hospitalized patients who clinically deteriorate. We sought to describe the characteristics and outcomes of hematologic oncology inpatients requiring rapid response system (RRS) activation, and to determine the prognostic accuracy of the SIRS and qSOFA criteria for in-hospital mortality of hematologic oncology patients with suspected infection. METHODS We used registry data from two hospitals within The Ottawa Hospital network, between 2012 and 2016. Consecutive hematologic oncology inpatients who experienced activation of the RRS were included in the study. Data was gathered at the time of RRS activation and assessment. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Logistical regression was used to evaluate for predictors of in-hospital mortality. RESULTS We included 401 patients during the study period. In-hospital mortality for all included patients was 41.9% (168 patients), and 145 patients (45%) were admitted to ICU following RRS activation. Among patients with suspected infection at the time of RRS activation, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria had a sensitivity of 86.9% (95% CI 80.9-91.6) and a specificity of 38.2% (95% CI 31.9-44.8) for predicting in-hospital mortality, while Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) criteria had a sensitivity of 61.9% (95% CI 54.1-69.3) and a specificity of 91.4% (95% CI 87.1-94.7). Factors associated with increased in-hospital mortality included transfer to ICU after RRS activation (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.56, 95% CI 2.12-5.97) and a higher number of RRS activations (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.63-3.69). Factors associated with improved survival included active malignancy treatment at the time of RRS activation (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34-0.86) and longer hospital length of stay (OR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70-0.87). CONCLUSIONS Hematologic oncology inpatients requiring RRS activation have high rates of subsequent ICU admission and mortality. ICU admission and higher number of RRS activations are associated with increased risk of death, while active cancer treatment and longer hospital stay are associated with lower risk of mortality. Clinicians should consider these factors in risk-stratifying these patients during RRS assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gershkovich
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6 Canada
| | - Shannon M. Fernando
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Brent Herritt
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Lana A. Castellucci
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Bram Rochwerg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
| | - Laveena Munshi
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sangeeta Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Sinai Health System, and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Andrew J. E. Seely
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Daniel I. McIsaac
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Alexandre Tran
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Peter M. Reardon
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Peter Tanuseputro
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Kwadwo Kyeremanteng
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON Canada
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