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Gordils J, Jamieson JP, Elliot AJ. The effect of Black-White income inequality on perceived interracial psychological outcomes via perceived interracial competition. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:2479-2503. [PMID: 37104800 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
This research examined the influence of Black-White income inequality on negative interracial psychological outcomes and the role of perceived interracial competition as a mediational mechanism. The research utilized three different designs across three preregistered experiments to assess the proposed processes. Study 1 (N = 846) used a measurement-of-mediation design and found that participants assigned to the high racial income gap condition reported more perceived interracial competition, discrimination, avoidance, and anxiety relative to those in the low racial income gap condition. Effects were mediated by increased perceptions of interracial competition. Studies 2a (n = 827) and 2b (n = 841) used an experimental-causal-chain design and replicated the effect of the racial income gap condition on increased perceptions of interracial competition (Study 2a) and showed that participants in the high perceived interracial competition condition-the manipulated mechanism-exhibited greater perceived discrimination, anxiety, and mistrust relative to those in the low perceived interracial competition condition (Study 2b). Study 3 (N = 1,583) diversified the sample by recruiting similar numbers of Black (n = 796) and White (n = 787) participants and used a moderation-of-process design by simultaneously manipulating the racial income gap and perceived interracial competition. Competition moderated effects: Inequality effects were stronger for those in the high competition condition. Implications for theory development are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Weissman DL, Elliot AJ. Achievement goal perception: An interpersonal approach to achievement goals. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 125:607-628. [PMID: 36931826 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Research on achievement goals is voluminous but focused primarily on intrapersonal regulation. In the present article, we emphasize the integral role that achievement goals also play in the broader process of interpersonal judgment. We establish a new interpersonal approach to achievement goals that integrates the extensive achievement goal literature with the well-established social relations model (SRM). We introduce and formally define the interpersonal concept of achievement goal perception, present a formal methodological approach to studying this novel concept using a Bayesian implementation of the multivariate SRM (MSRM), and put the proposed integrative approach to the test with an in-depth empirical study that directly addresses fundamental questions of achievement goal perception. In this empirical study, we measured four types of achievement goal perceptions-mastery-approach (MAP), mastery-avoidance (MAV), performance-approach (PAP), performance-avoidance (PAV)-across 1,809 student-classmate dyads from 42 small discussion-based undergraduate classes. Results indicated a predominantly perceiver-driven process consisting of self-other agreement for MAP, MAV, and PAV goals but not PAP goals, assumed similarity for each achievement goal, and greater assumed similarity among closer classmates. Achievement goal perception provided incremental predictive utility for two gold-standard educational outcomes-academic performance and intrinsic motivation-among both perceivers and targets, and four additional educationally relevant constructs-perceived class value, perceived effort investment, perceived competence, and peer help-seeking-among perceivers. Having laid the theoretical, methodological, and empirical foundations, we discuss this new interpersonal approach to achievement goals alongside contemporary research on achievement motivation and interpersonal judgment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Abstract
Social scientists have begun to extensively study how living in contexts with high income inequality affects psychological outcomes. Herein we overview a conceptual framework that integrates, organizes, and extends these complex (and sometimes contradictory) findings. First, we describe studies showing that income inequality breeds an ethos of competitiveness. Second, we argue that the inequality-competitiveness relation explains why income inequality (a) promotes status-focused behaviors aimed at lifting oneself up and/or bringing others down, (b) harms social relations when they pose an obstacle to one's economic advancement, (c) exerts opposing effects on well-being via avoidance motivation (focusing on the risk of economic failure) and approach motivation (focusing on the prospect of economic success), and (d) represents a threat to those who perceive they do not have sufficient individual/contextual resources to cope with the demands of competition but a challenge to those with sufficient resources. We also discuss limitations and future directions for research.
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Elliot AJ. Energization and Direction Are Both Essential Parts of Motivation. Motivation Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197662359.003.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A clear and precise definition of motivation lays the foundation for motivational science theory and research. Motivation is the energization and direction of behavior. Energization serves to activate and orient individuals, and it is commonly experienced as a desire, fear, interest, or concern. Direction serves to channel and guide the general energization toward specific outcomes, and it is commonly experienced as a goal, strategy, or tactic. Energization and direction work together to produce observable behavior. Ignoring the distinction between energization and direction, or only focusing on one but not the other, leads to an unclear and/or incomplete explanation of behavior.
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Elliot AJ. Expectancy, value, . . . And more. Motivation Science 2023. [DOI: 10.1037/mot0000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Gocłowska MA, Elliot AJ, van Elk M, Bulska D, Thorstenson CA, Baas M. Awe arises in reaction to exceeded rather than disconfirmed expectancies. Emotion 2023; 23:15-29. [PMID: 34807695 DOI: 10.1037/emo0001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Awe is a fascinating emotion, associated with positive consequences such as greater prosociality, generosity, and epistemic openness. Unfortunately, in spite of the weighty consequences of awe, the exact way in which it arises, and what it entails, is still a puzzle. Particularly puzzling is the question of whether awe is the result of expectancy violation. While awe is thought to arise in reaction to expectancy-violating objects or events, classical expectancy violations (e.g., a red queen of spades playing card) do not tend to cause awe. To shed light on this problem, we distinguished two types of expectancy violations-those that disconfirm and those that exceed one's expectancies-and we investigated whether awe is more likely to arise in reaction to one versus the other. We also looked at what appraisals constitute and are most important to the awe experience and how they structurally interact. To do this, we utilized network analysis and mapped out the network structure of appraisals linked to awe and to expectancy violations. Across two experimental studies (N = 823), we demonstrated that awe arises in reaction to exceeded (rather than disconfirmed) expectancies and that appraisals linked to exceeded expectancies (vastness and uniqueness) are central to awe, while appraisals linked to disconfirmed expectancies (uncertainty and inconsistency) are peripheral to the awe experience. Taken together, our investigation sheds new light on psychologists' understanding of expectancy violations and reveals when and how awe arises and what it entails. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Pekrun R, Marsh HW, Elliot AJ, Stockinger K, Perry RP, Vogl E, Goetz T, van Tilburg WAP, Lüdtke O, Vispoel WP. A three-dimensional taxonomy of achievement emotions. J Pers Soc Psychol 2023; 124:145-178. [PMID: 36521161 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We present a three-dimensional taxonomy of achievement emotions that considers valence, arousal, and object focus as core features of these emotions. By distinguishing between positive and negative emotions (valence), activating and deactivating emotions (arousal), and activity emotions, prospective outcome emotions, and retrospective outcome emotions (object focus), the taxonomy has a 2 × 2 × 3 structure representing 12 groups of achievement emotions. In four studies across different countries (N = 330, 235, 323, and 269 participants in Canada, the United States, Germany, and the U.K., respectively), we investigated the empirical robustness of the taxonomy in educational (Studies 1-3) and work settings (Study 4). An expanded version of the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire was used to assess 12 key emotions representing the taxonomy. Consistently across the four studies, findings from multilevel facet analysis and structural equation modeling documented the importance of the three dimensions for explaining achievement emotions. In addition, based on hypotheses about relations with external variables, the findings show clear links of the emotions with important antecedents and outcomes. The Big Five personality traits, appraisals of control and value, and context perceptions were predictors of the emotions. The 12 emotions, in turn, were related to participants' use of strategies, cognitive performance, and self-reported health problems. Taken together, the findings provide robust evidence for the unique positions of different achievement emotions in the proposed taxonomy, as well as unique patterns of relations with external variables. Directions for future research and implications for policy and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Herbert W Marsh
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education,, Australian Catholic University
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Goetz
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Vienna
| | | | - Oliver Lüdtke
- IPN - Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel University
| | - Walter P Vispoel
- Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa
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Weissman DL, Elliot AJ, Sommet N. Dispositional predictors of perceived academic competitiveness: Evidence from multiple countries. Personality and Individual Differences 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Sommet N, Elliot AJ. Opposing effects of income inequality on health: The role of perceived competitiveness and avoidance/approach motivation. Euro J Social Psych 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sommet
- LIVES Centre University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Psychology University of Rochester Rochester NY USA
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Guo J, Hu X, Elliot AJ, Marsh HW, Murayama K, Basarkod G, Parker PD, Dicke T. Mastery-approach goals: A large-scale cross-cultural analysis of antecedents and consequences. J Pers Soc Psychol 2022:2023-02637-001. [PMID: 36136789 DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mastery-approach (MAP) goals, focusing on developing competence and acquiring task mastery, are posited to be the most optimal, beneficial type of achievement goal for academic and life outcomes. Although there is meta-analytic evidence supporting this finding, such evidence does not allow us to conclude that the extant MAP goal findings generalize across cultures. Meta-analyses have often suffered from overrepresentation of Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) samples; reliance on bivariate correlations; and lack the ability to directly control individual-level background variables. To address these limitations, this study used nationally representative data from 77 countries/regions (N = 595,444 adolescents) to examine the relations of MAP goals to four antecedents (workmastery, competitiveness, fear of failure, fixed mindset) and 16 consequences (task-specific motivational, achievement-related, and well-being outcomes), and tested the cross-cultural generalizability of these relations. Results showed that MAP goals were: (a) grounded primarily in positive but not negative achievement motives/beliefs; (b) most strongly predictive of well-being outcomes, followed by adaptive motivation; (c) positively but consistently weakly associated with achievement-related outcomes, particularly for academic performance (β = .069); (d) negatively and weakly associated with maladaptive outcomes; and (e) uniquely predictive of various consequences, controlling for the antecedents and covariates. Further, the MAP goal predictions were generalizable across countries/regions for 13 of 16 consequences. While directions of effect sizes were slightly mixed for academic performance, perceived reading, and PISA test difficulty, the effect sizes were consistently small for most countries/regions. This generalizability points to quite strong cross-cultural support for the observed patterns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiesi Guo
- Institute for Positive Psychology and Education
| | | | | | | | - Kou Murayama
- Hector Research Institute of Education Sciences and Psychology
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Tan SH, Liem GAD, Ramos RL, Elliot AJ, Nie Y, Pang JS. Goal complexes: Integrating achievement goals as standards and self-attributed motives as reasons underlying goal pursuit. Soc Psychol Educ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wallace AS, Elliot AJ, Rogge RD. Spontaneous use of retrieval and rereading: Relation to achievement goals and exam performance. Journal of Educational Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1037/edu0000757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Gilbert KM, Elliot AJ, Le BM. Economic status and avoidance motivation: a meta-analysis. Motiv Emot 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-022-09930-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Sommet N, Weissman DL, Elliot AJ. Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school. Journal of Educational Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1037/edu0000731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Henderson GV, Elliot AJ. Is It Possible to Thrive During a Pandemic? Front Psychol 2022; 13:759665. [PMID: 35173659 PMCID: PMC8841476 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.759665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey V. Henderson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Syracuse DVAMC and SUNY Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Geoffrey V. Henderson,
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Abstract
Background: Motivation scientists study goals, self-regulatory tools that are used to help people approach or avoid objects of desire or disdain. Purpose: Using these tools, motivation science can offer insights to guide behaviour and help individuals maintain optimal health and well-being during pandemics, including COVID-19. Results: Avoidance goals help guide behaviour away from negative objects like COVID-19, and are necessary in situations where survival is at stake. Formulating the goal of avoiding COVID-19 is therefore recommended during the pandemic. However, avoidance goals have inherent limitations, in that they tax one’s energy and well-being. To minimize these costs, the pursuit of approach sub-goals may be recommended, such as increasing social connection online or exercising outdoors (particularly prior to widespread vaccination). Conclusion: Adhering to the goal of avoiding COVID-19 prevents infection and saves lives when safe and effective vaccines and treatments are lacking. But avoidance goals have known costs that must be acknowledged and addressed. One solution is to pair avoidance goals with approach sub-goals to bolster mental and physical health while adhering to the ultimate goal of avoiding COVID-19, viral variants, and future contagions. Doi: 10.28991/SciMedJ-2021-0304-7 Full Text: PDF
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Gordils J, Elliot AJ, Toprakkiran S, Jamieson JP. The effects of COVID-19 on perceived intergroup competition and negative intergroup outcomes. The Journal of Social Psychology 2021; 161:419-434. [DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2021.1918617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Elliot AJ, Weissman DL, Hangen E, Thorstenson CA. Social comparison information, performance expectancy, and performance goal adoption. Motivation Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1037/mot0000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Liu Z, Elliot AJ, Li Y. Social comparison orientation and trait competitiveness: Their interrelation and utility in predicting overall and domain-specific risk-taking. Personality and Individual Differences 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
There remains a dearth of research on causal roles of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. Towards this end, this research experimentally manipulated perceptions of group-level competition between Black and White individuals in the U.S. and tested for effects on negative psychological outcomes. In Study 1 (N = 899), participants assigned to the high interracial competition condition (HRC) reported perceiving more discrimination, behavioral avoidance, intergroup anxiety, and interracial mistrust relative to low interracial competition (LRC) participants. Study 2 -a preregistered replication and extension-specifically recruited similar numbers of only Black and White participants (N = 1,823). Consistent with Study 1, Black and White participants in the HRC condition reported more discrimination, avoidance, anxiety, and mistrust. Main effects for race also emerged: Black participants perceived more interracial competition and negative outcomes. Racial income inequality moderated effects; competition effects were stronger in areas with higher levels of inequality. Implications for theory development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordils
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Sarkar A, Nithyanand D, Sella F, Sarkar R, Mäkelä I, Cohen Kadosh R, Elliot AJ, Thompson JM. Knowledge of wealth shapes social impressions. J Exp Psychol Appl 2020; 28:205-236. [PMID: 32940492 DOI: 10.1037/xap0000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seven experiments conducted in India and the United States (N ∼7,000; 5 preregistered) examined the effects of wealth on warmth and competence, 2 fundamental dimensions of social impressions. Wealth causally influenced perceptions of a target's competence: high wealth increased perceived competence and low wealth decreased perceived competence (Experiments 1-3). Furthermore, both high and low wealth reduced perceived warmth compared with control conditions that provided no wealth-related information (Experiments 2 and 3). Attributing prosocial tendencies to the target in the form of charitable donations reversed wealth-induced reductions in warmth, while low levels of charitable donations lowered both perceived warmth and competence (Experiment 3). Reciprocally, information about the target's competence or warmth influenced how wealthy they were perceived to be (Experiment 4). Knowing the source of wealth (e.g., entrepreneurship, corporate fraud, inheritance) also affected perceptions of competence and warmth (Experiments 5 and 6). Moreover, participants expressed greater willingness to hire wealthier targets compared with poorer targets in hypothetical employment scenarios, a relationship mediated by perceived competence, suggesting that an individual's wealth may influence consequential assessments and decisions (Experiment 7). With rising economic inequality, it is crucial to understand how wealthy and poor individuals are perceived and the implications of these perceptions. The present experiments offer insight in this direction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Radha Sarkar
- Department of Political Science, Yale University
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Day J, MacMahon A, Roberts MM, Drakos MC, Johnson AH, Levine DS, O’Malley MJ, Cody EA, Behrens SB, Deland JT, Demetracopoulos CA, Elliot AJ, Ellis SJ. Perspectives From the Foot and Ankle Department at an Academic Orthopedic Hospital During the Surge Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York City. Foot Ankle Int 2020; 41:881-884. [PMID: 32450723 PMCID: PMC7251625 DOI: 10.1177/1071100720930003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Scott J. Ellis
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY,
USA
- Scott J. Ellis, MD, Foot and Ankle, Hospital for
Special Surgery, 535 East 70th St, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Young SG, Elliot AJ. The influence of competition and performance goals on decoding complex emotions. Motiv Emot 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09845-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scherrer V, Preckel F, Schmidt I, Elliot AJ. Development of achievement goals and their relation to academic interest and achievement in adolescence: A review of the literature and two longitudinal studies. Dev Psychol 2020; 56:795-814. [PMID: 32052983 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is important for the development of achievement motivation, including achievement goal pursuit. Longitudinal research is scarce on adolescents' goal development and its implications for academic outcomes. In our research, we first present a systematic review of findings on achievement goals in adolescence. Then we report 2 longitudinal studies with German adolescents in which we investigated the separate as well as joint development of achievement goals, interest, and achievement in the domain of mathematics. Study 1 comprised 745 students assessed in 4 waves in grades 5-7 (43% female; age MT1 = 10.66). Study 2 comprised 1,420 students assessed in 4 waves in grades 5-8 (47% female; age MT1 = 10.58). Students reported their mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance goals and their interest in mathematics. Mathematics achievement was assessed by school grades (Studies 1 and 2) and standardized test scores (Study 1). Data were analyzed using latent growth curve, multiple process, and cross-lagged models. Findings for the 2 studies evidenced a substantial degree of consistency. All goals decreased and the decrease became smaller over time in most instances. Controlling for nonfocal goals and demographic variables (socioeconomic status, gender), multiple process models revealed that change in mastery and performance-approach goals was positively related or unrelated to change in interest and achievement, whereas change in performance-avoidance goals was negatively related or unrelated to change in interest and achievement. Cross-lagged models revealed that relations between the achievement goals on the one hand and interest and achievement on the other hand were reciprocal rather than unidirectional. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Velasco C, Pathak A, Woods AT, Corredor A, Elliot AJ. The relation between symmetry in food packaging and approach and avoidance words. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2019; 73:654-663. [PMID: 31625811 DOI: 10.1177/1747021819887172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on aesthetic science has demonstrated that people generally prefer symmetrical over asymmetrical compositions. However, it remains unclear whether and how such compositions relate to the concepts of approach and avoidance motivation, especially in consumer contexts. In addition, it is not known how symmetry may influence such concepts in contexts where objects can differ in terms of their hedonic values (symmetry/product taste congruency). In the present research, we evaluated the relation between visual symmetry of the packaging of products with different hedonic value (sweet, non-sweet, non-food) and approach and avoidance words. In two experiments, we found evidence that people associate symmetrical designs with approach words more often than asymmetrical designs. Importantly, however, we did not find evidence that such an effect is influenced by the hedonic value of the products. Our results have value for scholars and practitioners interested in the effect of aesthetic features of brand elements (such as a product's packaging) on consumer motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Velasco
- Centre for Multisensory Marketing, Department of Marketing, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Andy T Woods
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, UK
| | - Andres Corredor
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Shelly L. Gable
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
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Lake IR, Colón-González FJ, Barker GC, Morbey RA, Smith GE, Elliot AJ. Machine learning to refine decision making within a syndromic surveillance service. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:559. [PMID: 31088446 PMCID: PMC6515660 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, syndromic surveillance is increasingly used for improved and timely situational awareness and early identification of public health threats. Syndromic data streams are fed into detection algorithms, which produce statistical alarms highlighting potential activity of public health importance. All alarms must be assessed to confirm whether they are of public health importance. In England, approximately 100 alarms are generated daily and, although their analysis is formalised through a risk assessment process, the process requires notable time, training, and maintenance of an expertise base to determine which alarms are of public health importance. The process is made more complicated by the observation that only 0.1% of statistical alarms are deemed to be of public health importance. Therefore, the aims of this study were to evaluate machine learning as a tool for computer-assisted human decision-making when assessing statistical alarms. Methods A record of the risk assessment process was obtained from Public Health England for all 67,505 statistical alarms between August 2013 and October 2015. This record contained information on the characteristics of the alarm (e.g. size, location). We used three Bayesian classifiers- naïve Bayes, tree-augmented naïve Bayes and Multinets - to examine the risk assessment record in England with respect to the final ‘Decision’ outcome made by an epidemiologist of ‘Alert’, ‘Monitor’ or ‘No-action’. Two further classifications based upon tree-augmented naïve Bayes and Multinets were implemented to account for the predominance of ‘No-action’ outcomes. Results The attributes of each individual risk assessment were linked to the final decision made by an epidemiologist, providing confidence in the current process. The naïve Bayesian classifier performed best, correctly classifying 51.5% of ‘Alert’ outcomes. If the ‘Alert’ and ‘Monitor’ actions are combined then performance increases to 82.6% correctly classified. We demonstrate how a decision support system based upon a naïve Bayes classifier could be operationalised within an operational syndromic surveillance system. Conclusions Within syndromic surveillance systems, machine learning techniques have the potential to make risk assessment following statistical alarms more automated, robust, and rigorous. However, our results also highlight the importance of specialist human input to the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK.
| | - F J Colón-González
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK
| | - G C Barker
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK
| | - R A Morbey
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK.,Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, B3 2PW, UK
| | - G E Smith
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK.,Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, B3 2PW, UK
| | - A J Elliot
- National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Emergency Preparedness and Response, London, UK.,Real-time Syndromic Surveillance Team, Field Service, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Birmingham, B3 2PW, UK
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Gordils J, Sommet N, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. Racial Income Inequality, Perceptions of Competition, and Negative Interracial Outcomes. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619837003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There exists a racial income gap in America: Blacks earn ∼38% less than Whites, but little is known about its relation to interracial psychological outcomes. Toward this end, the present research examined associations between the Black–White income gap and perceptions of interracial competition and, subsequently, negative intergroup outcomes. Study 1 extracted data from a large, preexisting data set ( N = 2,543) and provided initial support for the hypothesis that higher levels of racial income inequality are associated with increased perceptions of competition. Study 2 then recruited approximately equal numbers of White and Black participants ( N = 1,731) and demonstrated that increases in racial income inequality predict increased perceptions of competition, discrimination, behavioral avoidance, and intergroup anxiety. Implications for theory development and public policy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Gordils
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Elliot AJ. Social Perception of Facial Color Appearance for Human Trichromatic Versus Dichromatic Color Vision. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2019; 46:51-63. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167219841641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Typical human color vision is trichromatic, on the basis that we have three distinct classes of photoreceptors. A recent evolutionary account posits that trichromacy facilitates detecting subtle skin color changes to better distinguish important social states related to proceptivity, health, and emotion in others. Across two experiments, we manipulated the facial color appearance of images consistent with a skin blood perfusion response and asked participants to evaluate the perceived attractiveness, health, and anger of the face (trichromatic condition). We additionally simulated what these faces would look like for three dichromatic conditions (protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia). The results demonstrated that flushed (relative to baseline) faces were perceived as more attractive, healthy, and angry in the trichromatic and tritanopia conditions, but not in the protanopia and deuteranopia conditions. The results provide empirical support for the social perception account of trichromatic color vision evolution and lead to systematic predictions of social perception based on ecological social perception theory.
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Jury M, Aelenei C, Chen C, Darnon C, Elliot AJ. Examining the role of perceived prestige in the link between students’ subjective socioeconomic status and sense of belonging. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219827361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low socioeconomic status (SES) students have a lower sense of belonging to college than high-SES students. Due to the importance of sense of belonging in the college pathway, understanding the reason for this relation is particularly important. Here, we argue that in addition to having less access to resources, low-SES students in the college context also perceive themselves as having lower prestige than their high-SES counterparts. Thus, in the present research, we tested perceived prestige as a mediator of the link between subjective SES and sense of belonging to college. We conducted 3 studies in 2 different countries (USA and China), and these investigations provided evidence that the lower students’ subjective SES, the lower their self-attributed prestige, and that prestige mediated the relation between students’ subjective SES and their sense of belonging to college. The implications of these findings for understanding the collegiate experience of low-SES students are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Jury
- ESPE Lille Nord de France (formerly), ESPE Clermont Auvergne, France
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31
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Bialobrzeska O, Elliot AJ, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Nostalgia counteracts the negative relation between threat appraisals and intrinsic motivation in an educational context. Learning and Individual Differences 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Elliot AJ. A Historically Based Review of Empirical Work on Color and Psychological Functioning: Content, Methods, and Recommendations for Future Research. Review of General Psychology 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Empirical work on color and psychological functioning has a long history, dating back to the 19th century. This early research focused on five different areas: Arousal, physical strength, preference, time perception, and attention. In the present paper, I overview the relations observed in this early research, and detail methodological weaknesses therein. I then trace subsequent 20th and 21st century developments in these research areas, in terms of both content and methods. Finally, I extend the review to cover the full breadth of research in this domain of inquiry, and provide guidelines for interpreting existing work and conducting future work. Thus, this historically based review tells us much about research on color and psychological functioning, including where it started, where it has been, where it is, and where it can go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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Hangen EJ, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. Highlighting the difference between approach and avoidance motivation enhances the predictive validity of performance-avoidance goal reports. Motiv Emot 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9744-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Hangen EJ, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. Stress reappraisal during a mathematics competition: testing effects on cardiovascular approach-oriented states and exploring the moderating role of gender. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping 2018; 32:95-108. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2018.1530049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Hangen
- Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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35
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Sommet N, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP, Butera F. Income inequality, perceived competitiveness, and approach-avoidance motivation. J Pers 2018; 87:767-784. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sommet
- Department of Clinical & Social Sciences in Psychology; University of Rochester; Rochester New York
- Life Course and Inequality Research Centre; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical & Social Sciences in Psychology; University of Rochester; Rochester New York
| | - Jeremy P. Jamieson
- Department of Clinical & Social Sciences in Psychology; University of Rochester; Rochester New York
| | - Fabrizio Butera
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Lehmann GK, Elliot AJ, Calin-Jageman RJ. Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Red on Perceived Attractiveness. Evol Psychol 2018; 16:1474704918802412. [PMID: 30282470 PMCID: PMC10480976 DOI: 10.1177/1474704918802412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted meta-analyses of studies that test the red-romance hypothesis, which is that the color red enhances heterosexual attraction in romantic contexts. For men rating women, we found a small, statistically significant effect ( d = 0.26 [0.12, 0.40], p = .0004, N = 2,961), with substantial heterogeneity, Q(44) = 172.5, pQ < .0001, I2 = 89% [82, 94], and equivocal results regarding the possibility of upward bias in the estimate. For women rating men, we found a very small effect ( d = 0.13 [0.01, 0.25], p = .03, N = 2,739), with substantial heterogeneity, Q(35) = 73.0, pQ = .0002, I2 = 53% [33, 80], and evidence of upward bias in the estimate. Moderator analyses suggest effect sizes may have declined over time (both genders), may be largest when an original shade of red is used (men only), and may be smaller in preregistered studies (women only). We present contrasting interpretations and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Hangen EJ, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. Lay conceptions of norm-based approach and avoidance motivation: Implications for the performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal relation. J Pers 2018; 87:737-749. [PMID: 30230550 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Performance-approach goals and performance-avoidance goals are conceptually distinct, but they are often moderately or even highly positively correlated. The present research examines lay conceptions of approach and avoidance motivation as a moderator of this intergoal relation. METHOD Study 1 (N = 281) assessed whether participants considered norm-based approach motivation as being the same or different from norm-based avoidance motivation and tested these conceptions as a moderator of the performance goal correlation. Study 2 (N = 990) measured and experimentally manipulated lay conceptions. RESULTS In both studies, individuals who viewed approach and avoidance motivation as different exhibited a smaller performance goal correlation and lower performance-based goal adoption than those who viewed approach and avoidance goals as the same. Findings from experimentally manipulated conceptions provided further clarity regarding the precise nature of the relations and mean differences observed. Specifically, moderation was driven by the different condition (where the differences between approach and avoidance were highlighted). CONCLUSIONS This research sheds light on the nature and magnitude of the focal performance-based goal correlation and highlights the value of attending to lay conceptions of approach and avoidance motivation as well as lay conceptions of ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Hangen
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Andrew J Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Jeremy P Jamieson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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40
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Thorstenson CA, Pazda AD, Young SG, Elliot AJ. Face color facilitates the disambiguation of confusing emotion expressions: Toward a social functional account of face color in emotion communication. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 19:799-807. [PMID: 30080074 DOI: 10.1037/emo0000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Facial expressions of emotion include both muscular and color modulations that contribute to the accurate perception of emotion. However, some emotion categories share common facial-muscular features during the dynamic expressive sequence, which can lead to confusion and misidentification. The current research posits that a potential social function of facial-color expression lies in its ability to disambiguate confusing facial-muscular emotion expressions. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to rate and categorize confusing emotion expressions (i.e., mixed anger-disgust) that varied in facial color (i.e., CIELAB a*, red-green axis). The results showed that changes in facial color facilitated the disambiguation of the confusing emotion expressions for both ratings and categorizations. In Experiment 2, participants were asked to change the color on faces with either disgust, confusing, or anger expressions, to match the emotion being expressed. The results showed that participants differentially used color information to make the faces maximally expressive. Additionally, participants in Experiment 2 consistently applied facial color changes regardless of disambiguating information provided by either explicit instructions or validated expressions. The findings from the current research support a social functional account of facial color in the communication of emotion; facial color makes a unique contribution to emotion expression, independent of facial musculature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Gocłowska MA, Ritter SM, Elliot AJ, Baas M. Novelty seeking is linked to openness and extraversion, and can lead to greater creative performance. J Pers 2018; 87:252-266. [PMID: 29604214 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Novelty seeking (the tendency to explore things novel and unfamiliar) has been extensively researched in the clinical and health domains, but its effects on creative performance are largely unknown. We examined whether creativity-related personality traits (openness to experience and extraversion) are associated with novelty seeking, and whether novelty seeking is linked to, and facilitates, creativity. METHOD In Study 1a (N = 230; Mage = 20; 64% females) and Study 1b (N = 421; Mage = 19; 65% females), we measured extraversion, openness to experience, novelty seeking, and divergent thinking. To provide causal evidence for the relation between novelty seeking and creativity, in Study 2 (N = 147; Mage = 27; 75% females), we manipulated people's motivation to seek novelty and then measured subsequent divergent thinking. RESULTS In Studies 1a and 1b, we demonstrated that trait novelty seeking is associated with openness and extraversion, on the one hand, and divergent thinking on the other. In Study 2, the novelty seeking manipulation led to greater divergent thinking. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that novelty seeking is linked to openness to experience and extraversion, and that it can lead to greater divergent thinking.
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Sheldon KM, Sommet N, Corcoran M, Elliot AJ. Feeling Interpersonally Controlled While Pursuing Materialistic Goals: A Problematic Combination for Moral Behavior. Pers Soc Psychol Bull 2018; 44:1330-1349. [PMID: 29661058 DOI: 10.1177/0146167218766863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We created a life-goal assessment drawing from self-determination theory and achievement goal literature, examining its predictive power regarding immoral behavior and subjective well-being. Our source items assessed direction and energization of motivation, via the distinction between intrinsic and extrinsic aims and between intrinsic and extrinsic reasons for acting, respectively. Fused source items assessed four goal complexes representing a combination of direction and energization. Across three studies ( Ns = 109, 121, and 398), the extrinsic aim/extrinsic reason complex was consistently associated with immoral and/or unethical behavior beyond four source and three other goal complex variables. This was consistent with the triangle model of responsibility's claim that immoral behaviors may result when individuals disengage the self from moral prescriptions. The extrinsic/extrinsic complex also predicted lower subjective well-being, albeit less consistently. Our goal complex approach sheds light on how self-determination theory's goal contents and organismic integration mini-theories interact, particularly with respect to unethical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennon M Sheldon
- 1 University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.,4 International Laboratory of Positive Psychology of Personality and Motivation, National Research University Higher School of Economics
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Hughes SL, Greer AL, Elliot AJ, McEwen SA, Young I, Papadopoulos A. Acute gastroenteritis and prevalence of noroviruses in Ontario, CA - 2009-2014. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- SL Hughes
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - AL Greer
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - AJ Elliot
- Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - SA McEwen
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - I Young
- Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology
| | - Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina–Aiken
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester
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Elliot AJ, Jury M, Murayama K. Trait and perceived environmental competitiveness in achievement situations. J Pers 2017; 86:353-367. [PMID: 28390137 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Trait and perceived environmental competitiveness are typically studied separately, but they undoubtedly have a joint influence on goal pursuit and behavior in achievement situations. The present research was designed to study them together. We tested the relation between trait and perceived environmental competitiveness, and we tested these variables as separate and sequential predictors of both performance-based goals and performance attainment. METHOD In Studies 1a (N = 387 U.S. undergraduates) and 1b (N = 322 U.S. undergraduates), we assessed participants' trait and perceived environmental competitiveness, as well as third variable candidates. In Study 2 (N = 434 MTurk workers), we sought to replicate and extend Study 1 by adding reports of performance-based goal pursuit. In Study 3 (N = 403 U.S. undergraduates), we sought to replicate and extend Study 2 by adding real-world performance attainment. The studies focused on both the classroom and the workplace. RESULTS Trait and perceived environmental competitiveness were shown to be positively related and to positively predict separate variance in performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal pursuit. Perceived environmental competitiveness and performance-based goal pursuit were shown to be sequential mediators of the indirect relation between trait competitiveness and performance attainment. CONCLUSIONS These studies highlight the importance of attending to the interplay of the person and the (perceived) situation in analyses of competitive striving.
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Hine JL, de Lusignan S, Burleigh D, Pathirannehelage S, McGovern A, Gatenby P, Jones S, Jiang D, Williams J, Elliot AJ, Smith GE, Brownrigg J, Hinchliffe R, Munro N. Association between glycaemic control and common infections in people with Type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabet Med 2017; 34:551-557. [PMID: 27548909 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the impact of glycaemic control on infection incidence in people with Type 2 diabetes. METHODS We compared infection rates during 2014 in people with Type 2 diabetes and people without diabetes in a large primary care cohort in the UK (the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre database). We performed multilevel logistic regression to investigate the impact of Type 2 diabetes on presentation with infection, and the effect of glycaemic control on presentation with upper respiratory tract infections, bronchitis, influenza-like illness, pneumonia, intestinal infectious diseases, herpes simplex, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections. People with Type 2 diabetes were stratified by good [HbA1c < 53 mmol/mol (< 7%)], moderate [HbA1c 53-69 mmol/mol (7-8.5%)] and poor [HbA1c > 69 mmol/mol (> 8.5%)] glycaemic control using their most recent HbA1c concentration. Infection incidence was adjusted for important sociodemographic factors and patient comorbidities. RESULTS We identified 34 278 people with Type 2 diabetes and 613 052 people without diabetes for comparison. The incidence of infections was higher in people with Type 2 diabetes for all infections except herpes simplex. Worsening glycaemic control was associated with increased incidence of bronchitis, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections, and genital and perineal infections, but not with upper respiratory tract infections, influenza-like illness, intestinal infectious diseases or herpes simplex. CONCLUSIONS Almost all infections analysed were more common in people with Type 2 diabetes. Infections that are most commonly of bacterial, fungal or yeast origin were more frequent in people with worse glycaemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Hine
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - S de Lusignan
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - D Burleigh
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - S Pathirannehelage
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - A McGovern
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - P Gatenby
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
- Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - S Jones
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | - D Jiang
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Williams
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
| | | | - G E Smith
- Public Health England, Birmingham, UK
| | - J Brownrigg
- St George's Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - R Hinchliffe
- St George's Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - N Munro
- Section of Clinical Medicine and Ageing, University of Surrey, Guildford
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Gocłowska MA, Baas M, Elliot AJ, De Dreu CK. Why schema-violations are sometimes preferable to schema-consistencies: The role of interest and openness to experience. Journal of Research in Personality 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This article presents a meta-analysis of the experimental literature that has examined the effect of performance and mastery achievement goals on intrinsic motivation. Summary analyses provided supportfor the hypothesis that the pursuit ofperformance goals has an undermining effect on intrinsic motivation relative to the pursuit of mastery goals. Moderator analyses were conducted in an attempt to explain significant variation in the magnitude and direction of this effect across studies. Results indicated that the undermining effect ofperformance goals relative to mastery goals was contingent on whether participants received confirming or nonconfirming competence feedback, and on whether the experimental procedures induced a performance-approach or performance-avoidance orientation. These findings provide conceptual clarity to the literature on achievement goals and intrinsic motivation and suggest numerous avenues for subsequent empirical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Rawsthorne
- Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Past research has shown that peripheral and facial redness influences perceptions of attractiveness for men viewing women. The current research investigated whether a parallel effect is present when women rate men with varying facial redness. In four experiments, women judged the attractiveness of men’s faces, which were presented with varying degrees of redness. We also examined perceived healthiness and other candidate variables as mediators of the red-attractiveness effect. The results show that facial redness positively influences ratings of men’s attractiveness. Additionally, perceived healthiness was documented as a mediator of this effect, independent of other potential mediator variables. The current research emphasizes facial coloration as an important feature of social judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Thorstenson
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
- Munsell Color Science Laboratory, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA
| | - Adam D. Pazda
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina–Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Andrew J. Elliot
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences in Psychology, University of Rochester, NY, USA
| | - David I. Perrett
- School of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of St. Andrews, Fife, KY, UK
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Hangen EJ, Elliot AJ, Jamieson JP. The opposing processes model of competition: Elucidating the effects of competition on risk-taking. Motivation Science 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/mot0000038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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