1
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Puhr B, Jones AOF, Kremer M, Müller T, Schrode B. Non-ambient X-ray diffraction – a further dimension in crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876732108870x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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2
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Santner H, Prehal C, Keilbach A, Urstöger G, Jones AOF. Operando SAXS/WAXS studies for structure determination of energy storage materials using a unique electrochemical scattering cell. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876732108613x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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3
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Jones AOF, Kremer M, Müller T, Puhr B, Schrode B. The latest X-ray analysis solutions from Anton Paar. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321088711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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4
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Hafner A, Gutfreund P, Toperverg BP, Jones AOF, de Silva JP, Wildes A, Fischer HE, Geoghegan M, Sferrazza M. Combined specular and off-specular reflectometry: elucidating the complex structure of soft buried interfaces. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721003575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron specular reflectometry (SR) and off-specular scattering (OSS) are nondestructive techniques which, through deuteration, give a high contrast even among chemically identical species and are therefore highly suitable for investigations of soft-matter thin films. Through a combination of these two techniques, the former yielding a density profile in the direction normal to the sample surface and the latter yielding a depth-resolved in-plane lateral structure, one can obtain quite detailed information on buried morphology on length scales ranging from the order of ångströms to ∼10 µm. This is illustrated via quantitative evaluation of data on SR and OSS collected in time-of-flight (ToF) measurements of a set of films composed of immiscible polymer layers, protonated poly(methyl methacrylate) and deuterated polystyrene, undergoing a decomposition process upon annealing. Joint SR and OSS data analysis was performed by the use of a quick and robust originally developed algorithm including a common absolute-scale normalization of both types of scattering, which are intricately linked, constraining the model to a high degree. This, particularly, makes it possible to distinguish readily between different dewetting scenarios driven either by the nucleation and growth of defects (holes, protrusions etc.) or by thermal fluctuations in the buried interface between layers. Finally, the 2D OSS maps of particular cases are presented in different spaces and qualitative differences are explained, allowing also the qualitative differentiation of the in-plane structure of long-range order, the correlated roughness and bulk defects by a simple inspection of the scattering maps prior to quantitative fits.
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5
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Jones AOF, Resel R, Schrode B, Machado-Charry E, Röthel C, Kunert B, Salzmann I, Kontturi E, Reishofer D, Spirk S. Structural Order in Cellulose Thin Films Prepared from a Trimethylsilyl Precursor. Biomacromolecules 2019; 21:653-659. [PMID: 31774663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymer cellulose is investigated in terms of the crystallographic order within thin films. The films were prepared by spin-coating of a trimethylsilyl cellulose precursor followed by an exposure to HCl vapors; two different source materials were used. Careful precharacterization of the films was performed by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Subsequently, the films were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation. The results showed broad diffraction peaks, indicating a rather short correlation length of the molecular packing in the range of a few nanometers. The analysis of the diffraction patterns was based on the known structures of crystalline cellulose, as the observed peak pattern was comparable to cellulose phase II and phase III. The dominant fraction of the film is formed by two different types of layers, which are oriented parallel to the substrate surface. The stacking of the layers results in a one-dimensional crystallographic order with a defined interlayer distance of either 7.3 or 4.2 Å. As a consequence, two different preferred orientations of the polymer chains are observed. In both cases, polymer chain axes are aligned parallel to the substrate surface, and the orientation of the cellulose molecules are concluded to be either edge-on or flat-on. A minor fraction of the cellulose molecules form nanocrystals that are randomly distributed within the films. In this case, the molecular packing density was found to be smaller in comparison to the known crystalline phases of cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Eduardo Machado-Charry
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria.,Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Karl-Franzens University of Graz , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Concordia University , H4B 1R6 Montréal , Canada
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Aalto , Finland
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology , Graz University of Technology , 8010 Graz , Austria
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6
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Pirolt F, Ehmann HMA, Jones AOF, Puhr B, Kotnik P. A laboratory rheo-SAXS setup – relating nanostructure to macroscopic properties in one go. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319089083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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7
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Puhr B, Jones AOF, Kotnik P. Latest developments in non-ambient XRD attachments from Anton Paar. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319088752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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8
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Perrotta A, Christian P, Jones AOF, Muralter F, Coclite AM. Growth Regimes of Poly(perfluorodecyl acrylate) Thin Films by Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition. Macromolecules 2018; 51:5694-5703. [PMID: 30135610 PMCID: PMC6096450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Control over thin film growth (e.g.,
crystallographic orientation
and morphology) is of high technological interest as it affects several
physicochemical material properties, such as chemical affinity, mechanical
stability, and surface morphology. The effect of process parameters
on the molecular organization of perfluorinated polymers deposited
via initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) has been previously
reported. We showed that the tendency of poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl
acrylate) (pPFDA) to organize in an ordered lamellar structure is
a function of the filament and substrate temperatures adopted during
the iCVD process. In this contribution, a more thorough investigation
of the effect of such parameters is presented, using synchrotron radiation
grazing incidence and specular X-ray diffraction (GIXD and XRD) and
atomic force microscopy (AFM). The parameters influencing the amorphization,
mosaicity, and preferential orientation are addressed. Different growth
regimes were witnessed, characterized by a different surface structuring
and by the presence of particular crystallographic textures. The combination
of morphological and crystallographic analyses allowed the identification
of pPFDA growth possibilities between island or columnar growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perrotta
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fabian Muralter
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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9
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Resel R, Jones AOF, Schweicher G, Fischer R, Demitri N, Geerts YH. Polymorphism of terthio-phene with surface confinement. IUCrJ 2018; 5:304-308. [PMID: 29755746 PMCID: PMC5929376 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252518003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The origin of unknown polymorphic phases within thin films is still not well understood. This work reports on crystals of the molecule terthio-phene which were grown by thermal gradient crystallization using glass-plate substrates. The crystalline domains displayed a plate-like morphology with an extended lateral size of about 100 µm, but a thickness of only a few µm. Specular X-ray diffraction patterns confirmed the presence of a new polymorph of terthio-phene. Crystal structure solution from a single crystal peeled from the film revealed a structure with an extremely large unit-cell volume containing 42 independent molecules. In contrast to the previously determined crystal structure of terthio-phene, a herringbone packing motif was observed where the terminal ends of the molecules are arranged within one plane (i.e. the molecular packing conforms to the flat substrate surface). This type of molecular packing is obtained by 180° flipped molecules combined with partially random (disordered) occupation. A densely packed interface between terthio-phene crystallites and the substrate surface is obtained, this confirms that the new packing motif has adapted to the flat substrate surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Resel
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, Technische Universität Graz, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Graz, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone, S. S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus de la Plaine, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
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10
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Schrode B, Jones AOF, Resel R, Bedoya N, Schennach R, Geerts YH, Ruzié C, Sferrazza M, Brillante A, Salzillo T, Venuti E. Substrate-Induced Phase of a Benzothiophene Derivative Detected by Mid-Infrared and Lattice Phonon Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:993-1000. [PMID: 29498172 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a substrate-induced polymorph of 2,7-dioctyloxy[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene is probed in microscopic crystals and in thin films. Two experimental techniques are used: lattice phonon Raman and IR spectroscopy. The bulk crystal and substrate-induced phase have an entirely different molecular packing, and therefore, their Raman spectra are characteristic fingerprints of the respective polymorphs. These spectra can be unambiguously assigned to the individual polymorphs. Drop-cast and spin-coated thin films on solid substrates are investigated in the as-prepared state and after solvent-vapor annealing. Because Raman spectroscopy is less sensitive with decreasing film thickness, IR spectroscopy is shown to be a more feasible tool for phase detection. The surface-induced phase is mainly present in the as-prepared thin films, whereas the bulk phase is present after solvent-vapor annealing. This result suggests that the surface-induced phase is a metastable polymorph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Schrode
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Natalia Bedoya
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Schennach
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP223, Campus de la Plaine, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aldo Brillante
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Resel R, Jones AOF. Crystal structure solution from thin films: software requirements. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273317090131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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12
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Park SK, Kim JH, Ohto T, Yamada R, Jones AOF, Whang DR, Cho I, Oh S, Hong SH, Kwon JE, Kim JH, Olivier Y, Fischer R, Resel R, Gierschner J, Tada H, Park SY. Highly Luminescent 2D-Type Slab Crystals Based on a Molecular Charge-Transfer Complex as Promising Organic Light-Emitting Transistor Materials. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1701346. [PMID: 28745406 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new 2:1 donor (D):acceptor (A) mixed-stacked charge-transfer (CT) cocrystal comprising isometrically structured dicyanodistyrylbenzene-based D and A molecules is designed and synthesized. Uniform 2D-type morphology is manifested by the exquisite interplay of intermolecular interactions. In addition to its appealing structural features, unique optoelectronic properties are unveiled. Exceptionally high photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦF ≈ 60%) is realized by non-negligible oscillator strength of the S1 transition, and rigidified 2D-type structure. Moreover, this luminescent 2D-type CT crystal exhibits balanced ambipolar transport (µh and µe of ≈10-4 cm2 V-1 s-1 ). As a consequence of such unique optoelectronic characteristics, the first CT electroluminescence is demonstrated in a single active-layered organic light-emitting transistor (OLET) device. The external quantum efficiency of this OLET is as high as 1.5% to suggest a promising potential of luminescent mixed-stacked CT cocrystals in OLET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Kyu Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Jin Hong Kim
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Tatsuhiko Ohto
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Dong Ryeol Whang
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Illhun Cho
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Sangyoon Oh
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwa Hong
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kwon
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-749, South Korea
| | - Yoann Olivier
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Roland Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hirokazu Tada
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Soo Young Park
- Center for Supramolecular Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-744, South Korea
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13
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Bedoya-Martínez N, Schrode B, Jones AOF, Salzillo T, Ruzié C, Demitri N, Geerts YH, Venuti E, Della Valle RG, Zojer E, Resel R. DFT-Assisted Polymorph Identification from Lattice Raman Fingerprinting. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3690-3695. [PMID: 28731723 PMCID: PMC5545759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A combined experimental and theoretical approach, consisting of lattice phonon Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, is proposed as a tool for lattice dynamics characterization and polymorph phase identification. To illustrate the reliability of the method, the lattice phonon Raman spectra of two polymorphs of the molecule 2,7-dioctyloxy[1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene are investigated. We show that DFT calculations of the lattice vibrations based on the known crystal structures, including many-body dispersion van der Waals (MBD-vdW) corrections, predict experimental data within an accuracy of ≪5 cm-1 (≪0.6 meV). Due to the high accuracy of the simulations, they can be used to unambiguously identify different polymorphs and to characterize the nature of the lattice vibrations and their relationship to the structural properties. More generally, this work implies that DFT-MBD-vdW is a promising method to describe also other physical properties that depend on lattice dynamics like charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Bedoya-Martínez
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail: (N.B.-M.)
| | - Benedikt Schrode
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polyméres, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra
- Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Yves H. Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polyméres, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) CP206/01, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Venuti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Guido Della Valle
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Egbert Zojer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- E-mail: (R.R.)
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14
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Knall AC, Jones AOF, Kunert B, Resel R, Reishofer D, Zach PW, Kirkus M, McCulloch I, Rath T. Synthesis of a conjugated pyrrolopyridazinedione-benzodithiophene (PPD-BDT) copolymer and its application in organic and hybrid solar cells. Monatsh Chem 2017; 148:855-862. [PMID: 28458400 PMCID: PMC5387020 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a conjugated donor-acceptor copolymer consisting of a pyrrolopyridazinedione (PPD) acceptor unit, and a benzodithiophene (BDT) donor unit. The polymerization was done via a Stille cross-coupling polycondensation. The resulting PPD-BDT copolymer revealed an optical bandgap of 1.8 eV and good processability from chlorobenzene solutions. In an organic solar cell in combination with PC70BM, the polymer led to a power conversion efficiency of 4.5%. Moreover, the performance of the copolymer was evaluated in polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells using non-toxic CuInS2 nanocrystals as inorganic phase, which were prepared from precursors directly in the polymer matrix without using additional capping ligands. The PPD-BDT/CuInS2 hybrid solar cells showed comparably high photovoltages and a power conversion efficiency of 2.2%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter W. Zach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mindaugas Kirkus
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), SPERC, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), SPERC, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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15
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Jones AOF, Röthel C, Lassnig R, Bedoya-Martínez ON, Christian P, Salzmann I, Kunert B, Winkler A, Resel R. Solution of an elusive pigment crystal structure from a thin film: a combined X-ray diffraction and computational study. CrystEngComm 2017; 19:1902-1911. [PMID: 28579922 PMCID: PMC5436089 DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00227k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epindolidione, a hydrogen-bonded derivative of the organic semiconductor tetracene, is an organic pigment which has previously been used to produce stable OFETs with relatively high hole mobilities. Despite its use as an inkjet pigment and organic semiconductor, the crystal structure of epindolidione has proved elusive and is currently unknown. In this work, we report a crystal structure solution of epindolidione determined from vapor deposited thin films using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. The structure is found to be similar to one of the previously reported epindolidione derivatives and is most likely a surface-mediated polymorph, with a slightly different crystal packing compared to the bulk powder. The effect of substrate temperature on film morphology and structure is also investigated, where it is found that the crystallite orientation can be tuned by deposition at different substrate temperatures. The results also illustrate the possibilities for crystal structures to be solved from thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- BioTechMed-Graz , Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology , Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Karl-Franzens University of Graz , Universitätsplatz 1 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Roman Lassnig
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - O N Bedoya-Martínez
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Paul Christian
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Institut für Physik , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Brook-Taylor Straße 6 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Adolf Winkler
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics , Graz University of Technology , Petersgasse 16 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
- BioTechMed-Graz , Austria
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16
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Pachmajer S, Jones AOF, Truger M, Röthel C, Salzmann I, Werzer O, Resel R. Self-Limited Growth in Pentacene Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:11977-11984. [PMID: 28287698 PMCID: PMC5384045 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Pentacene is one of the most studied organic semiconducting materials. While many aspects of the film formation have already been identified in very thin films, this study provides new insight into the transition from the metastable thin-film phase to bulk phase polymorphs. This study focuses on the growth behavior of pentacene within thin films as a function of film thickness ranging from 20 to 300 nm. By employing various X-ray diffraction methods, combined with supporting atomic force microscopy investigations, one crystalline orientation for the thin-film phase is observed, while three differently tilted bulk phase orientations are found. First, bulk phase crystallites grow with their 00L planes parallel to the substrate surface; second, however, crystallites tilted by 0.75° with respect to the substrate are found, which clearly dominate the former in ratio; third, a different bulk phase polymorph with crystallites tilted by 21° is found. The transition from the thin-film phase to the bulk phase is rationalized by the nucleation of the latter at crystal facets of the thin-film-phase crystallites. This leads to a self-limiting growth of the thin-film phase and explains the thickness-dependent phase behavior observed in pentacene thin films, showing that a large amount of material is present in the bulk phase much earlier during the film growth than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Pachmajer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Truger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Dohr M, Ehmann HMA, Jones AOF, Salzmann I, Shen Q, Teichert C, Ruzié C, Schweicher G, Geerts YH, Resel R, Sferrazza M, Werzer O. Reversibility of temperature driven discrete layer-by-layer formation of dioctyl-benzothieno-benzothiophene films. Soft Matter 2017; 13:2322-2329. [PMID: 28261727 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02541b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Film forming properties of semiconducting organic molecules comprising alkyl-chains combined with an aromatic unit have a decisive impact on possible applications in organic electronics. In particular, knowledge on the film formation process in terms of wetting or dewetting, and the precise control of these processes, is of high importance. In the present work, the subtle effect of temperature on the morphology and structure of dioctyl[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (C8-BTBT) films deposited on silica surfaces by spin coating is investigated in situ via X-ray diffraction techniques and atomic force microscopy. Depending on temperature, bulk C8-BTBT exhibits a crystalline, a smectic A and an isotropic phase. Heating of thin C8-BTBT layers at temperatures below the smectic phase transition temperature leads to a strong dewetting of the films. Upon approaching the smectic phase transition, the molecules start to rewet the surface in the form of discrete monolayers with a defined number of monolayers being present at a given temperature. The wetting process and layer formation is well defined and thermally stable at a given temperature. On cooling the reverse effect is observed and dewetting occurs. This demonstrates the full reversibility of the film formation behavior and reveals that the layering process is defined by an equilibrium thermodynamic state, rather than by kinetic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dohr
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - H M A Ehmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - A O F Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - I Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Q Shen
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - C Teichert
- Institut für Physik, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - C Ruzié
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - G Schweicher
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - Y H Geerts
- Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe CP 206/0, B-1050 Bruxelle, Belgium
| | - R Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - M Sferrazza
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 223, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - O Werzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Truger M, Jones AOF, Coclite AM, Pachmajer S, Kriegner D, Röthel C, Simbrunner J, Salzmann I, Resel R. Crystallization of Tyrian Purple (6,6'-Dibromoindigo) Thin Films: The Impact of Substrate Surface Modifications. J Cryst Growth 2016; 447:73-79. [PMID: 30093733 PMCID: PMC6080690 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The pigment 6,6'-dibromoindigo (Tyrian purple) shows strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds and the film formation is, therefore, expected to be influenced by the polar character of the substrate surface. Thin films of Tyrian purple were prepared by physical vapor deposition on a variety of substrates with different surface energies: from highly polar silicon dioxide surfaces to hydrophobic polymer surfaces. The crystallographic properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction techniques such as X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction. In all cases, crystallites with "standing" molecules relative to the substrate surface were observed independently of the substrate surface energy. In the case of polymer surfaces, additional crystallites are formed containing "lying" molecules with their aromatic planes parallel to the substrate surface. Small differences in the crystallographic lattice constants were observed as a function of substrate surface energy, the corresponding small changes in the molecular packing are explained by a variation of the hydrogen bond geometries. This work reveals that despite the limited influence of the surface energy on the molecular orientation, the crystalline packing of Tyrian purple within thin films is altered and slightly different structures form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Truger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Pachmajer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Kriegner
- Charles University Prague, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, 12116 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division of Neuroradiology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department of Physics, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Truger M, Roscioni O, Röthel C, Kriegner D, Simbrunner C, Ahmed R, Głowacki ED, Simbrunner J, Salzmann I, Coclite A, Jones AOF, Resel R. Surface-Induced Phase of Tyrian Purple (6,6'-Dibromoindigo): Thin Film Formation and Stability. Cryst Growth Des 2016; 16:3647-3655. [PMID: 27418882 PMCID: PMC4937453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of surface-induced phases of molecular crystals is a frequently observed phenomenon in organic electronics. However, despite their fundamental importance, the origin of such phases is not yet fully resolved. The organic molecule 6,6'-dibromoindigo (Tyrian purple) forms two polymorphs within thin films. At growth temperatures of 150 °C, the well-known bulk structure forms, while at a substrate temperature of 50 °C, a surface-induced phase is observed instead. In the present work, the crystal structure of the surface-induced polymorph is solved by a combined experimental and theoretical approach using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics simulations. A comparison of both phases reveals that π-π stacking and hydrogen bonds are common motifs for the intermolecular packing. In-situ temperature studies reveal a phase transition from the surface-induced phase to the bulk phase at a temperature of 210 °C; the irreversibility of the transition indicates that the surface-induced phase is metastable. The crystallization behavior is investigated ex-situ starting from the sub-monolayer regime up to a nominal thickness of 9 nm using two different silicon oxide surfaces; island formation is observed together with a slight variation of the crystal structure. This work shows that surface-induced phases not only appear for compounds with weak, isotropic van der Waals bonds, but also for molecules exhibiting strong and highly directional hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Truger
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otello
M. Roscioni
- School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Röthel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dominik Kriegner
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University
Prague, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic
| | - Clemens Simbrunner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Rizwan Ahmed
- Institute
of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- National
Center for Physics, Quaid-e-Azam University
Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Eric D. Głowacki
- Physical
Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstraße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Division
of Neuroradiology, Medical University of
Graz, Auenbruggerplatz
9, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Salzmann
- Department
of Physics, Humboldt Universität
zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor
Straße 6, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna
Maria Coclite
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Jones AOF, Schrode B, Sferrazza M, Resel R. Polymorphic phases of an organic semiconductor: a combined Raman and grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction study. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273315092384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Jones AOF, Knauer P, Resel R, Ringk A, Strohriegl P, Werzer O, Sferrazza M. Thermal Stability and Molecular Ordering of Organic Semiconductor Monolayers: Effect of an Anchor Group. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1712-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jones AOF, Geerts YH, Karpinska J, Kennedy AR, Resel R, Röthel C, Ruzié C, Werzer O, Sferrazza M. Substrate-induced phase of a [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene derivative and phase evolution by aging and solvent vapor annealing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:1868-73. [PMID: 25569633 DOI: 10.1021/am5075908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Substrate-induced phases (SIPs) are polymorphic phases that are found in thin films of a material and are different from the single crystal or "bulk" structure of a material. In this work, we investigate the presence of a SIP in the family of [1]benzothieno[3,2-b]benzothiophene (BTBT) organic semiconductors and the effect of aging and solvent vapor annealing on the film structure. Through extensive X-ray structural investigations of spin coated films, we find a SIP with a significantly different structure to that found in single crystals of the same material forms; the SIP has a herringbone motif while single crystals display layered π-π stacking. Over time, the structure of the film is found to slowly convert to the single crystal structure. Solvent vapor annealing initiates the same structural evolution process but at a greatly increased rate, and near complete conversion can be achieved in a short period of time. As properties such as charge transport capability are determined by the molecular structure, this work highlights the importance of understanding and controlling the structure of organic semiconductor films and presents a simple method to control the film structure by solvent vapor annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O F Jones
- Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles CP223, Campus de la Plaine, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
The persistence of the acid⋯amide heterodimer and the effect of methyl substitution on the short strong O–H⋯O hydrogen bond is investigated in urea and methylurea di-carboxylic acid molecular complexes. Temperature dependent structural changes are also reported utilising X-ray and neutron diffraction in tandem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew O. F. Jones
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Bath
- Bath, UK
- Institut Laue-Langevin
- 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte K. Leech
- ISIS Facility
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Harwell Innovation Campus
- , UK
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Jones AOF, Lemée-Cailleau MH, Martins DMS, McIntyre GJ, Oswald IDH, Pulham CR, Spanswick CK, Thomas LH, Wilson CC. Temperature dependent solid-state proton migration in dimethylurea–oxalic acid complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:13273-83. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41782k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thomas LH, Boyle B, Clive LA, Collins A, Currie LD, Gogol M, Hastings C, Jones AOF, Kennedy JL, Kerr GB, Kidd A, Lawton LM, Macintyre SJ, Maclean NM, Martin ARG, McGonagle K, Melrose S, Rew GA, Robinson CW, Schmidtmann M, Turnbull FB, Williams LG, Wiseman AY, Wocial MH, Wilson CC. 2-Acetyl-pyridinium bromanilate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2009; 65:o1218. [PMID: 21583087 PMCID: PMC2969770 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536809016456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal of the title molecular salt (systematic name: 2-acetylpyridinium 2,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-dienolate), C7H8NO+·C6HBr2O4−, centrosymmetric rings consisting of two cations and two anions are formed, with the components linked by alternating O—H⋯O and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Short O⋯Br contacts [3.243 (2) and 3.359 (2) Å] may help to consolidate the packing.
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