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Rath T, Marin-Beloqui JM, Bai X, Knall AC, Sigl M, Warchomicka FG, Griesser T, Amenitsch H, Haque SA. Solution-Processable Cu 3BiS 3 Thin Films: Growth Process Insights and Increased Charge Generation Properties by Interface Modification. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:41624-41633. [PMID: 37623297 PMCID: PMC10485802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Cu3BiS3 thin films are fabricated via spin coating of precursor solutions containing copper and bismuth xanthates onto planar glass substrates or mesoporous metal oxide scaffolds followed by annealing at 300 °C to convert the metal xanthates into copper bismuth sulfide. Detailed insights into the film formation are gained from time-resolved simultaneous small and wide angle X-ray scattering measurements. The Cu3BiS3 films show a high absorption coefficient and a band gap of 1.55 eV, which makes them attractive for application in photovoltaic devices. Transient absorption spectroscopic measurements reveal that charge generation yields in mesoporous TiO2/Cu3BiS3 heterojunctions can be significantly improved by the introduction of an In2S3 interlayer, and long-lived charge carriers (t50% of 10 μs) are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rath
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jose M. Marin-Beloqui
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Xinyu Bai
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Sigl
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fernando G. Warchomicka
- Institute
of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Institute
of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniveristät
Leoben, Otto Glöckelstrasse
2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz
University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Saif A. Haque
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular
Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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2
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Knall AC, Rabensteiner S, Hoefler SF, Reinfelds M, Hobisch M, Ehmann HMA, Pastukhova N, Pavlica E, Bratina G, Hanzu I, Wen S, Yang R, Trimmel G, Rath T. A pyrrolopyridazinedione-based copolymer for fullerene-free organic solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04573j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with the synthesis and thorough characterization of the conjugated polymer T-EHPPD-T-EHBDT, which shows promising performance in polymer/non-fullerene acceptor organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
- Anton Paar GmbH
- 8054 Graz
| | - Samuel Rabensteiner
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Sebastian Franz Hoefler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Matiss Reinfelds
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Mathias Hobisch
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | | | - Nadiia Pastukhova
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica
- 5270 Ajdovščina
- Slovenia
| | - Egon Pavlica
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica
- 5270 Ajdovščina
- Slovenia
| | - Gvido Bratina
- Laboratory of Organic Matter Physics, University of Nova Gorica
- 5270 Ajdovščina
- Slovenia
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Shuguang Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao 266101
- China
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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3
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Knall AC, Hoefler SF, Hollauf M, Thaler F, Noesberger S, Hanzu I, Ehmann H, Hobisch M, Spirk S, Wen S, Yang R, Rath T, Trimmel G. Synthesis of a tetrazine-quaterthiophene copolymer and its optical, structural and photovoltaic properties. J Mater Sci 2019; 54:10065-10076. [PMID: 31057182 PMCID: PMC6472551 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-019-03551-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel, tetrazine-based conjugated polymer. Tetrazines have the benefit of being strong electron acceptors, while little steric hindrance is imposed on the flanking thiophene rings. Conversion of a suitably substituted nitrile precursor led to 3,6-bis(5-bromo-4-(2-octyldodecyl)thiophen-2-yl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (2OD-TTz). Palladium-catalyzed copolymerization of 2OD-TTz with a bithiophene monomer yielded an alternating tetrazine-quaterthiophene copolymer (PTz4T-2OD). The polymer PTz4T-2OD showed an optical band gap of 1.8 eV, a deep HOMO energy level of - 5.58 eV and good solubility. In combination with the non-fullerene acceptor ITIC-F, solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.6% were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Anton Paar GmbH, Anton Paar Straße 20, 8054 Graz, Austria
| | - Sebastian Franz Hoefler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Hollauf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ferula Thaler
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sven Noesberger
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ilie Hanzu
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Heike Ehmann
- Anton Paar GmbH, Anton Paar Straße 20, 8054 Graz, Austria
| | - Mathias Hobisch
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Shuguang Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Renqiang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 China
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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4
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Rath T, Scheunemann D, Canteri R, Amenitsch H, Handl J, Wewerka K, Kothleitner G, Leimgruber S, Knall AC, Haque SA. Ligand-free preparation of polymer/CuInS 2 nanocrystal films and the influence of 1,3-benzenedithiol on their photovoltaic performance and charge recombination properties. J Mater Chem C Mater 2019; 7:943-952. [PMID: 30774956 PMCID: PMC6350655 DOI: 10.1039/c8tc05103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on conjugated polymer donors and fullerene-derivative acceptors have received much attention in the last decade. Alternative acceptors like organic non-fullerene acceptors or inorganic nanocrystals have been investigated to a lesser extent; however, they also show great potential. In this study, one focus is set on the investigation of the in situ growth of copper indium sulfide nanocrystals in a conjugated polymer matrix. This preparation method allows the fabrication of a hybrid active layer without long-chain ligands, which could hinder charge separation and transport. In contrast, surfactants for the passivation of the nanocrystal surface are missing. To tackle this problem, we modified the absorber layer with 1,3-benzenedithiol and investigated the influence on charge transfer and solar cell performance. Using ToF-SIMS measurements, we could show that 1,3-benzenedithiol is successfully incorporated and homogeneously distributed in the absorber layer, which significantly increases the power conversion efficiency of the corresponding solar cells. This can be correlated to an improved charge transfer between the nanocrystals and the conjugated polymer as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy as well as prolonged carrier lifetimes as disclosed by transient photovoltage measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM) , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Dorothea Scheunemann
- Energy and Semiconductor Research Laboratory , Department of Physics , Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11 , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - Roberto Canteri
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler - Center for Materials and Microsystems , Via Sommarive 18 , I-38123 Povo (Trento) , Italy
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Jasmin Handl
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM) , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Karin Wewerka
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy , Graz University of Technology , NAWI Graz , Steyrergasse 17 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Institute for Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis and Center for Electron Microscopy , Graz University of Technology , NAWI Graz , Steyrergasse 17 , 8010 Graz , Austria
| | - Simon Leimgruber
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM) , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM) , NAWI Graz , Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9 , 8010 Graz , Austria .
| | - Saif A Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Imperial College Road , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
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5
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Knall AC, Jones AOF, Kunert B, Resel R, Reishofer D, Zach PW, Kirkus M, McCulloch I, Rath T. Synthesis of a conjugated pyrrolopyridazinedione-benzodithiophene (PPD-BDT) copolymer and its application in organic and hybrid solar cells. Monatsh Chem 2017; 148:855-862. [PMID: 28458400 PMCID: PMC5387020 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1949-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a conjugated donor-acceptor copolymer consisting of a pyrrolopyridazinedione (PPD) acceptor unit, and a benzodithiophene (BDT) donor unit. The polymerization was done via a Stille cross-coupling polycondensation. The resulting PPD-BDT copolymer revealed an optical bandgap of 1.8 eV and good processability from chlorobenzene solutions. In an organic solar cell in combination with PC70BM, the polymer led to a power conversion efficiency of 4.5%. Moreover, the performance of the copolymer was evaluated in polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells using non-toxic CuInS2 nanocrystals as inorganic phase, which were prepared from precursors directly in the polymer matrix without using additional capping ligands. The PPD-BDT/CuInS2 hybrid solar cells showed comparably high photovoltages and a power conversion efficiency of 2.2%. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Andrew O. F. Jones
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Kunert
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - David Reishofer
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter W. Zach
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Mindaugas Kirkus
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), SPERC, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Imperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), SPERC, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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6
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Hollauf M, Cajlakovič M, Tscherner M, Köstler S, Knall AC, Trimmel G. Synthesis and characterization of naphthalimide-functionalized polynorbornenes. Monatsh Chem 2016; 148:121-129. [PMID: 28127098 PMCID: PMC5225232 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Highly fluorescent and photostable (2-alkyl)-1H-benzo[de]isoquinoline-1,3(2H)-diones with a polymerizable norbornene scaffold have been synthesized and polymerized using ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The monomers presented herein could be polymerized in a living fashion, using different comonomers and different monomer ratios. All obtained materials showed good film-forming properties and bright fluorescence caused by the incorporated push-pull chromophores. Additionally, one of the monomers containing a methylpiperazine functionality showed protonation-dependent photoinduced electron transfer which opens up interesting applications for logic gates and sensing. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hollauf
- ICTM-Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Merima Cajlakovič
- Materials, Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Martin Tscherner
- Materials, Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Stefan Köstler
- Materials, Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Joanneum Research, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- ICTM-Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- ICTM-Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Knall AC, Hollauf M, Saf R, Slugovc C. A trifunctional linker suitable for conducting three orthogonal click chemistries in one pot. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10576-10580. [PMID: 27786326 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of a one pot approach for conducting mutually orthogonal thiol-Michael addition, copper catalyzed azide-alkyne and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder click chemistry on a tri-functional substrate was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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8
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Buchmaier C, Rath T, Pirolt F, Knall AC, Kaschnitz P, Glatter O, Wewerka K, Hofer F, Kunert B, Krenn K, Trimmel G. Room temperature synthesis of CuInS2 nanocrystals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22813e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we investigate a synthetic approach to prepare copper indium sulfide nanocrystals at room temperature.
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9
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Holliday S, Ashraf RS, Nielsen CB, Kirkus M, Röhr JA, Tan CH, Collado-Fregoso E, Knall AC, Durrant JR, Nelson J, McCulloch I. A Rhodanine Flanked Nonfullerene Acceptor for Solution-Processed Organic Photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:898-904. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James R. Durrant
- SPECIFIC
IKC, Swansea University, Baglan Bay Innovation Centre, Port Talbot, Swansea SA12 7AX, United Kingdom
| | | | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 23955−6900
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10
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MacLachlan AJ, Rath T, Cappel UB, Dowland SA, Amenitsch H, Knall AC, Buchmaier C, Trimmel G, Nelson J, Haque SA. Polymer/Nanocrystal Hybrid Solar Cells: Influence of Molecular Precursor Design on Film Nanomorphology, Charge Generation and Device Performance. Adv Funct Mater 2015; 25:409-420. [PMID: 25866496 PMCID: PMC4384757 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201403108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, molecular tuning of metal xanthate precursors is shown to have a marked effect on the heterojunction morphology of hybrid poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT)/CdS blends and, as a result, the photochemical processes and overall performance of in situ fabricated hybrid solar cells. A series of cadmium xanthate complexes is synthesized for use as in situ precursors to cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in hybrid P3HT/CdS solar cells. The formation of CdS domains is studied by simultaneous GIWAXS (grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering) and GISAXS (grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering), revealing knowledge about crystal growth and the formation of different morphologies observed using TEM (transmission electron microscopy). These measurements show that there is a strong relationship between precursor structure and heterojunction nanomorphology. A combination of TAS (transient absorption spectroscopy) and photovoltaic device performance measurements is used to show the intricate balance required between charge photogeneration and percolated domains in order to effectively extract charges to maximize device power conversion efficiencies. This study presents a strong case for xanthate complexes as a useful route to designing optimal heterojunction morphologies for use in the emerging field of hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells, due to the fact that the nanomorphology can be tuned via careful design of these precursor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J MacLachlan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Thomas Rath
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ute B Cappel
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Simon A Dowland
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christine Buchmaier
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyStremayrgasse 9, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jenny Nelson
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Saif A Haque
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College LondonImperial College Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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11
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Shen Q, Edler M, Griesser T, Knall AC, Trimmel G, Kern W, Teichert C. Ex situ and in situ characterization of patterned photoreactive thin organic surface layers using friction force microscopy. Scanning 2014; 36:590-598. [PMID: 25183629 PMCID: PMC4286208 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Photolithographic methods allow an easy lateral top-down patterning and tuning of surface properties with photoreactive molecules and polymers. Employing friction force microscopy (FFM), we present here different FFM-based methods that enable the characterization of several photoreactive thin organic surface layers. First, three ex situ methods have been evaluated for the identification of irradiated and non-irradiated zones on the same organosilane sample by irradiation through different types of masks. These approaches are further extended to a time dependent ex situ FFM measurement, which allows to study the irradiation time dependent evolution of the resulting friction forces by sequential irradiation through differently sized masks in crossed geometry. Finally, a newly designed in situ FFM measurement, which uses a commercial bar-shaped cantilever itself as a noncontact shadow mask, enables the determination of time dependent effects on the surface modification during the photoreaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Shen
- Institute of Physics, Montanuniversität LeobenLeoben, Austria
| | - Matthias Edler
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität LeobenLeoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität LeobenLeoben, Austria
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, NAWI Graz, Graz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität LeobenLeoben, Austria
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12
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Knall AC, Hollauf M, Slugovc C. Kinetic studies of inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions (iEDDA) of norbornenes and 3,6-dipyridin-2-yl-1,2,4,5-tetrazine. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:4763-4766. [PMID: 25152544 PMCID: PMC4125744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions (iEDDA) between 1,2,4,5-tetrazines and olefins have recently found widespread application as a novel 'click chemistry' scheme and as a mild technique for the modification of materials. Norbornenes are, due to their straightforward synthetic availability, especially interesting in the latter context. Therefore, the reactivity of different norbornene-based compounds was compared with unsubstituted norbornene and other alkenes using UV-vis measurements for the determination of reaction rates under pseudo first order conditions. Thereby, exo,exo-5-norbornene-2,3-dimethanol was found to be almost as reactive as unsubstituted norbornene whereas (±)-endo,exo-dimethyl-5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylate reacted only insignificanty faster than unstrained alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Dunst S, Rath T, Radivo A, Sovernigo E, Tormen M, Amenitsch H, Marmiroli B, Sartori B, Reichmann A, Knall AC, Trimmel G. Nanoimprinted comb structures in a low bandgap polymer: thermal processing and their application in hybrid solar cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:7633-7642. [PMID: 24724990 DOI: 10.1021/am5009425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate conjugated polymer layers structured by nanoimprint lithography toward their suitability for the fabrication of nanostructured polymer/metal sulfide hybrid solar cells. Consequently, we first study the thermal stability of the nanoimprinted conjugated polymer layers by means of scanning electron microscopy and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, which reveals a reasonable thermal stability up to 145 °C and sufficient robustness against the solvent mixture used in the subsequent fabrication process. In the second part, we demonstrate the preparation of nanostructured polymer/copper indium sulfide hybrid solar cells via the infiltration and thermal decomposition of a mixture of copper and indium xanthates. Although this step needs temperatures of more than 160 °C, the nanostructures are retained in the final polymer/copper indium sulfide layers. The nanostructured solar cells show significantly improved power conversion efficiencies compared to similarly prepared flat bilayer devices, which is based on a distinct improvement of the short circuit current in the nanostructured solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dunst
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology , Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Knall AC, Kovačič S, Hollauf M, Reishofer D, Saf R, Slugovc C. Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (iEDDA) functionalisation of macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) foams. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 49:7325-7. [PMID: 23851956 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42925c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reactions performed on the double bonds in open cellular macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) monoliths yield a high degree of functionalisation (up to 2 mmol pyridazines per g or 8 mmol N per g) with grafted di(pyridyl)pyridazines in a single step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Stremayrgasse 9/5, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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Gallas K, Knall AC, Scheicher SR, Fast DE, Saf R, Slugovc C. A Modular Approach Towards Fluorescent pH and Ascorbic Acid Probes Based on Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gallas
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9/5, Graz, A-8010; Austria
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9/5, Graz, A-8010; Austria
| | - Sylvia R. Scheicher
- Joanneum Research, Institute of Surface Technologies and Photonics; Steyrergasse 17; Graz A-8010 Austria
| | - David E. Fast
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9/5, Graz, A-8010; Austria
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9/5, Graz, A-8010; Austria
| | - Christian Slugovc
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), Graz University of Technology; Stremayrgasse 9/5, Graz, A-8010; Austria
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Knall AC, Slugovc C. Inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (iEDDA)-initiated conjugation: a (high) potential click chemistry scheme. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 42:5131-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Knall AC, Schinagl C, Pein A, Noormofidi N, Saf R, Slugovc C. Polynorbornenes With Pendant Europium (III) Coordination Compounds. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hauser L, Knall AC, Roth M, Trimmel G, Edler M, Griesser T, Kern W. Reversible photochromism of polynorbornenes bearing spiropyran side groups. Monatsh Chem 2012; 143:1551-1558. [PMID: 26166860 PMCID: PMC4495054 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-012-0827-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of poly(norbornene) homo- and copolymers bearing spiropyran side groups are described. Difficulties in the homopolymerization of spiropyrans due to the opened merocyanine form were observed leading to low polymerization yields for homopolymers while copolymers with 10 mol% spiropyran content were prepared in good yield. Spiropyrans are characterized by their reversible photochromism, which was conserved in the polymers as shown by UV-Vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. The switching between the apolar spiropyran form and the zwitterionic merocyanine form also leads to switchable wettability as evidenced by contact angle measurements. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Hauser
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid-Caroline Knall
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Meinhart Roth
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Matthias Edler
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Thomas Griesser
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Kern
- Chair of Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, University of Leoben, Otto-Glöckel-Strasse 2, 8700 Leoben, Austria
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