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Fowler AM, Tang WW, Young MP, Mamidi A, Viramontes KM, McCauley MD, Carlin AF, Schooley RT, Swanstrom J, Baric RS, Govero J, Diamond MS, Shresta S. Maternally Acquired Zika Antibodies Enhance Dengue Disease Severity in Mice. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:743-750.e5. [PMID: 30439343 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibody (Ab)-dependent enhancement can exacerbate dengue virus (DENV) infection due to cross-reactive Abs from an initial DENV infection, facilitating replication of a second DENV. Zika virus (ZIKV) emerged in DENV-endemic areas, raising questions about whether existing immunity could affect these related flaviviruses. We show that mice born with circulating maternal Abs against ZIKV develop severe disease upon DENV infection. Compared with pups of naive mothers, those born to ZIKV-immune mice lacking type I interferon receptor in myeloid cells (LysMCre+Ifnar1fl/fl) exhibit heightened disease and viremia upon DENV infection. Passive transfer of IgG isolated from mice born to ZIKV-immune mothers resulted in increased viremia in naive recipient mice. Treatment with Abs blocking inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor linked to DENV disease or Abs blocking DENV entry improved survival of DENV-infected mice born to ZIKV-immune mothers. Thus, the maternal Ab response to ZIKV infection or vaccination might predispose to severe dengue disease in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Fowler
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William W Tang
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthew P Young
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anila Mamidi
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Karla M Viramontes
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Melanie D McCauley
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aaron F Carlin
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert T Schooley
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jesica Swanstrom
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jennifer Govero
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Randive S, Johnston CL, Fowler AM, Evans CS. Influence of less than full-time or full-time on totality of training and subsequent consultant appointment in anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2015; 70:686-90. [PMID: 25959177 DOI: 10.1111/anae.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in medical training have increased the popularity of less than full-time training. However, there are no data on the impact on training time or consultant workforce. We reviewed a three-year cohort of trainees via the Royal College of Anaesthetist's training and recruitment databases. Eighty-eight (96%) less than full-time trainees and 677 (95%) full-time trainees were appointed to a substantive consultant post (p = 0.82). Three (3%) less than full-time trainees and 12 (2%) full-time trainees gained part-time consultant posts (p < 0.001). Average length of training (years, months, days) was 8 y, 5 m, 6 d (median (IQR [range]) 5 y, 0 m, 14 d (4 y, 11 m, 29 d - 9 y, 8 m, 3 d [4 y, 2 m, 18 d - 12 y, 0 m, 0 d]) for full-time and 10 y, 8 m, 23 d (median (IQR [range]) 7 y, 3 m, 28 d (6 y, 7 m, 24 d - 11 y, 1 m, 23 d [4 y, 11 m, 29 d - 11 y, 9 m, 10 d]) for less than full-time trainees. The average length of training for both groups is significantly longer than the seven years used in workforce planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Randive
- Mid Essex Services NHS Trust, Chelmsford, UK
| | - C L Johnston
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - C S Evans
- Royal College of Anaesthetists, London, UK
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Pradella N, Fowler AM, Booth DJ, Macreadie PI. Fish assemblages associated with oil industry structures on the continental shelf of north-western Australia. J Fish Biol 2014; 84:247-255. [PMID: 24344929 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides the first assessment of fish associations with oil and gas structures located in deep water (85-175 m) on Australia's north-west continental shelf, using rare oil industry video footage obtained from remotely operated vehicles. A diverse range of taxa were observed associating with the structures, including reef-dependent species and transient pelagic species. Ten commercially fished species were observed, the most abundant of which was Lutjanus argentimaculatus, with an estimated biomass for the two deepest structures (Goodwyn and Echo) of 109 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pradella
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability, School of the Environment, University of Technology, Sydney, P. O. Box 123, 2007 Broadway, Australia
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Allen LM, Fowler AM, Walker C, Derdeyn CP, Nguyen BV, Hasso AN, Ghodke BV, Zipfel GJ, Cross DT, Moran CJ. Retrospective review of cerebral mycotic aneurysms in 26 patients: focus on treatment in strongly immunocompromised patients with a brief literature review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:823-7. [PMID: 23064596 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral mycotic aneurysms are a rare and deadly type of aneurysm that have no definitive treatment guidelines. Our purpose was to retrospectively review known or suspected cases of CMA in order to identify patient populations that may be associated with higher morbidity and mortality. We hope that the identification of patients with these risk factors will lead to early stratification upon presentation, and more urgent treatment of their CMAs. We also hoped to identify any benefit or complication that was specific to either the endovascular or neurosurgical repair of CMAs. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective multi-institutional study was performed examining cases of CMA during a 15-year period. Patients were considered strongly immunocompromised if there were long-term severely immunocompromised states: AIDS, chemotherapy, or steroid immunosuppression. Patients were excluded if angiographic findings suggested an alternative diagnosis or if an infectious etiology was unknown. Antibiotics were considered "noninvasive treatment." Endovascular and neurosurgical repair were considered "invasive treatment." Data were recorded by reviewing electronic medical records and imaging reports. RESULTS Twenty-six patients with 40 CMAs were included. Three patients were considered strongly immunocompromised and presented with 4 CMAs, which demonstrated larger average size and more rapid growth; 3 of these patients' aneurysms were treated invasively in the acute period, with the one that was not ruptured causing death. Technical success (aneurysm occlusion without rupture or recanalization) and clinical success (no neurologic complication attributable to the intervention) were obtained equally endovascularly and neurosurgically. Clipping was aborted in favor of coiling for 1 patient. Anticoagulation needed reversal before 2 patients underwent craniotomy for clipping after valve replacement. For CMAs treated with antibiotics alone with angiographic follow-up (n=11), initial aneurysm size was unrelated to persistence and 64% completely regressed. CONCLUSIONS We recommend initial invasive treatment for CMAs in strongly immunocompromised patients. Testing for underlying immunocompromised states is warranted in patients with CMAs. Endovascular treatment is favored over neurosurgical treatment in patients requiring acute cardiac valve repair due to delays with anticoagulation reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Allen
- Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, California, USA.
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Fowler AM, Booth DJ. Evidence of sustained populations of a small reef fish on artificial structures. Does depth affect production on artificial reefs? J Fish Biol 2012; 80:613-629. [PMID: 22380556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.03201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The length frequencies and age structures of resident Pseudanthias rubrizonatus (n = 407), a small protogynous serranid, were measured at four isolated artificial structures on the continental shelf of north-western Australia between June and August 2008, to determine whether these structures supported full (complete size and age-structured) populations of this species. The artificial structures were located in depths between 82 and 135 m, and growth rates of juveniles and adults, and body condition of adults, were compared among structures to determine the effect of depth on potential production. All life-history stages, including recently settled juveniles, females and terminal males, of P. rubrizonatus were caught, ranging in standard length (L(s)) from 16·9 to 96·5 mm. Presumed ages estimated from whole and sectioned otoliths ranged between 22 days and 5 years, and parameter ±s.e. estimates of the von Bertalanffy growth model were L(∞) = 152 ± 34 mm, k = 0·15(±0·05) and t(0) = -1·15(±0·15). Estimated annual growth rates were similar between shallow and deep artificial structures; however, otolith lengths and recent growth of juveniles differed among individual structures, irrespective of depth. The artificial structures therefore sustained full populations of P. rubrizonatus, from recently settled juveniles through to adults; however, confirmation of the maximum age attainable for the species is required from natural populations. Depth placement of artificial reefs may not affect the production of fish species with naturally wide depth ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fowler
- Fish Ecology Laboratory, School of the Environment, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
History shows that progress in astronomy often stems directly from technological innovation and that each portion of the electromagnetic spectrum offers unique insights into the nature of the universe. Most recently, the widespread availability of infrared-sensitive two-dimensional array detectors has led to dramatic improvements in the capabilities of conventional ground-based observatories. The impact of this new technology on our understanding of a wide variety of phenomena is illustrated here by infrared pictures of star-forming regions, of nebulae produced by the late stages of stellar evolution, of the nucleus of our own galaxy(the Milky Way), and of activity in other galaxies.
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Bourbon M, Fowler AM, Sun XM, Soutar AK. Inheritance of two different alleles of the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor gene carrying the recurrent Pro664Leu mutation in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Clin Genet 1999; 56:225-31. [PMID: 10563483 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560308.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor gene that result in impaired clearance of plasma LDL and increased risk of coronary heart disease. Numerous different mutations have been found in FH patients worldwide, the majority of which are infrequent in out-bred populations and account for 2% or less of patients with the disorder in large cohorts. Thus, it was surprising to find that two homozygous FH patients referred to a single hospital in the UK were both apparently homozygous for the Pro664Leu mutation. One, an Asian patient, was a true homozygote. The other, of English origin, had inherited two different alleles of the LDL-receptor gene with the same mutation from unrelated parents, as inferred from the haplotype of polymorphic markers. A third, clinically homozygous FH patient, despite being the offspring of first cousins, had inherited one 'Asian' Pro664Leu allele, but an allele with a 1-bp deletion in exon 5 from the other parent. The Pro664Leu mutation in the LDL-receptor gene has now been described in heterozygous patients of very different ethnic origin and is associated with different haplotypes, suggesting that the same base change at a CpG may have recurred as many as six times.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bourbon
- Lipoprotein Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a relation between the adequacy of hemodialysis and mortality has been established, hemodialysis prescription is rarely individualized precisely in adults with end-stage renal disease in the United States. OBJECTIVE To test whether persons who receive standardized hemodialysis prescriptions have an increased risk for inadequate hemodialysis with increasing body mass. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Four ambulatory hemodialysis facilities in Brooklyn, New York. PATIENTS 214 patients receiving hemodialysis. Patients were sorted by body weight into quartiles (groups 1 through 4, in ascending order). MEASUREMENTS Urea reduction ratio (percentage reduction in blood urea nitrogen concentration after a hemodialysis session), prescribed length of hemodialysis, and body weight quartile at the start of the study. Urea reduction ratio was measured at the start of the study and at weeks 4, 8, and 12, and a mean value was calculated for each patient. Inadequate hemodialysis was defined by a urea reduction ratio of 65% or less. RESULTS Women had a higher mean urea reduction ratio (72% +/- 6%) than men (67.6% +/- 7%) (P < 0.001). The urea reduction ratio was inversely related to body weight (r = -0.47; P = 0.001). It was greater in group 1 (74% +/- 5.2%) than in group 2 (70% +/- 5.7%), group 3 (68% +/- 5.8%), or group 4 (66% +/- 8.4%) (P < 0.05). Logistic regression done with a urea reduction ratio of 65% or less as the outcome variable showed that the odds of receiving inadequate hemodialysis were increased 3.5-fold in men (95% CI, 1.53-fold to 8-fold; P = 0.003), 10-fold in group 3 (CI, 2.1-fold to 50.3-fold; P = 0.003), and 13-fold in group 4 (CI, 2.6-fold to 61.6-fold; P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Standardized hemodialysis prescriptions result in inadequate hemodialysis in many patients who weigh more than 68.2 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ifudu
- State University of New York Health Science Center, Brooklyn 11203, USA
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Fowler AM. Book Review: Biochemistry. Ann Clin Biochem 1996. [DOI: 10.1177/000456329603300226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Fowler
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, UK
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Abstract
1. The metabolic fate of benzothiazole in guinea pig has been investigated following i.p. administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg. 2. Five ring-cleavage products were identified in urinary extracts by g.l.c.-mass spectra. By reference to authentic compounds the three major metabolites were shown to be 2-methylmercaptoaniline (I), 2-methylsulphinylaniline (II) and 2-methylsulphonylaniline (III). On the basis of the mass spectrometric evidence the remaining two metabolites were postulated to be 2-methylsulphinylphenylhydroxylamine (IV) and 2-methylsulphonylphenylhydroxylamine (V). 3. I, II and III were present in conjugated and unconjugated forms; IV and V were identified only after hydrolysis with sulphatase.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wilson
- School of Natural Sciences, Hatfield Polytechnic, Hertfordshire, UK
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Ayers GJ, Baldwin AJ, Fowler AM, Goudie JH, Burnett D. Theophylline assay on Kodak Ektachem DTSC--performance and interference by structurally-related compounds and salicylate. Ann Clin Biochem 1989; 26 ( Pt 3):268-73. [PMID: 2764472 DOI: 10.1177/000456328902600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Theophylline was measured with a Kodak Ektachem DTSC using its property of uncompetitive inhibition of alkaline phosphatase. Within- and between-batch reproducibility was satisfactory. Agreement with consensus mean values on quality assessment samples was good as was agreement on patients' samples with a high performance liquid chromatography reference method and an automated fluorescence polarisation immunoassay. At therapeutic theophylline concentrations, no interference was seen with caffeine, theobromine, 1,7-dimethylxanthine, 1,3-dimethyluric acid or 3-propylxanthine. 3-methylxanthine (a theophylline metabolite) gave a positive bias but the concentrations of this metabolite found in serum are such that the clinical significance of this finding is questionable. Salicylate at concentrations which might be found during therapy for paediatric rheumatoid arthritis also gave a positive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Ayers
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, St. Albans City Hospital, UK
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Dereniak EL, Britt JP, Fowler AM, Joyce RR, Boreman G, Ewing WS. Evaluation of a PtSi Schottky infrared CCD for astronomy. Appl Opt 1984; 23:889. [PMID: 18204656 DOI: 10.1364/ao.23.000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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