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Ding Z, Burghoff S, Buchheiser A, Kögler G, Schrader J. Survival, integration, and differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells in the heart. Cell Transplant 2014; 22:15-27. [PMID: 23594819 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x640466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs) derived from human umbilical cord blood represent an attractive cell source to reconstitute the damaged heart. We have analyzed the cardiomyogenic potential and investigated the fate of USSCs after transplantation into rat heart in vivo. USSCs demonstrated cardiomyogenic differentiation properties characterized by the spontaneously beating activity and the robust expression of cardiac α-actinin and troponin T (cTnT) at protein and mRNA level after cocultivation with neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. To study the fate in vivo, eGFP⁺ USSCs were injected transcoronarily into immunosuppressed rats via a catheter-based technique. Nearly 80% USSCs were retained within the myocardium without altering cardiac hemodynamics. After 7 days, 20% of the transplanted cells survived in the host myocardium and showed elongated morphology with weak expression of cardiac-specific markers, while some eGFP⁺ USSCs were found to integrate into the vascular wall. After 21 days, only a small fraction of USSCs were found in the myocardium (0.13%); however, the remaining cells clearly exhibited a sarcomeric structure similar to mature cardiomyocytes. Identical results were also obtained in nude rats. In addition, we found some cells stained positively for activated caspase 3 paralleled by the massive infiltration of CD11b⁺ cells into the myocardium. In summary, USSCs can differentiate into beating cardiomyocytes by cocultivation in vitro. After coronary transplantation in vivo, however, long-term survival of differentiated USSCs was rather low despite a high initial fraction of trapped cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoping Ding
- Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufphysiologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Germany
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Buchheiser A, Houben AP, Bosch J, Marbach J, Liedtke S, Kögler G. Oxygen tension modifies the 'stemness' of human cord blood-derived stem cells. Cytotherapy 2012; 14:967-82. [PMID: 22494073 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2012.671518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Amongst different stem cell populations derived from human cord blood (CB), unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC) are distinguished from CB mesenchymal stromal cells (CB MSC) by expression patterns of homeobox (HOX) genes, delta-like1 homolog (DLK1) expression and adipogenic differentiation potential. In this study we investigated the effects of oxygen tension on the generation, proliferation and expression of stem cell marker genes, which could be critical during large-scale cell culture for clinical applications. METHODS We cultured CB-derived stem cells at 5% and 20% O(2). Telomere length shortening was analyzed and we investigated gene expression using reverse-transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR. Additionally we performed adipogenic and osteogenic in vitro differentiation. Results. Altering the cultivation conditions of USSC or CB MSC from 20% to 5% O(2) had no significant impact. In contrast, cell populations derived from primary cultures prepared at 5% O(2) qualified as neither USSC nor as CB MSC. When converted to 20%, their proliferation was diminished, telomere shortening was accelerated, and two of six cell lines ceased expression of HOX genes. The HOX code of the other cell populations was not been affected by culture conditions. CONCLUSIONS Altering culture conditions during generation can impact cell characteristics such as the HOX code. These effects need to be considered when dealing with cell cultures for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Buchheiser
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Bosch J, Houben AP, Radke TF, Stapelkamp D, Bünemann E, Balan P, Buchheiser A, Liedtke S, Kögler G. Distinct differentiation potential of "MSC" derived from cord blood and umbilical cord: are cord-derived cells true mesenchymal stromal cells? Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:1977-88. [PMID: 22087798 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) with distinct differentiation properties have been reported in many adult [eg, bone marrow (BM)] or fetal tissues [eg, cord blood (CB); umbilical cord (UC)] and are defined by their specific surface antigen expression and multipotent differentiation potential. The MSC identity of these cells should be validated by applying well-defined readout systems if a clinical application is considered. In order to determine whether cells isolated from human UC fulfill the criteria defined for MSC, the immunophenotype and differentiation potential including gene expression analysis of the most relevant lineage-specific markers were analyzed in the presented report in combination with the HOX-gene expression. Cells from the UC do not differentiate into osteoblasts demonstrated by Alizarin Red and Von Kossa staining in addition to real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-analysis of runt-related transcription factor 2, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, osterix, bone morphogenetic proteins 2 and 4. Oil Red O staining as well as PCR analysis of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, fatty acid-binding protein 4, and perilipin revealed an absent adipogenic differentiation. The lack of potential to differentiate into chondrocytes was documented by Alcian-Blue periodic acid-Schiff, Safranin O staining, and real-time PCR analysis of SOX9. Furthermore, neither endothelial nor myogenic differentiation was documented after induction of UC-MSC. In comparison to CB- and BM-derived cells, UC cells revealed an absent trilineage differentiation capacity in vitro. Therefore, these cells should not be termed "mesenchymal stromal cells". The UC cells can be distinguished from CB- and BM-derived cells as well as from pericytes and foreskin fibroblasts by the expression of HOX-genes and the cell surface antigens CD56 and CD146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bosch
- Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Buchheiser A, Ebner A, Burghoff S, Ding Z, Romio M, Viethen C, Lindecke A, Köhrer K, Fischer JW, Schrader J. Inactivation of CD73 promotes atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:338-47. [PMID: 21955554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase) is expressed by a broad range of immune cells and attenuates inflammation in several acute disease models. This study therefore explored the role of CD73-derived adenosine in a model of chronic vascular inflammation such as atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS CD73(-/-) mice were backcrossed into the apolipoprotein E (ApoE(-/-)) background. In CD73(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) double mutants, atherosclerotic lesion formation was increased by ∼50% compared with ApoE(-/-). However, the cellular composition and extracellular matrix of the plaques did not differ. Surprisingly, we found significant activity and expression of CD73 in the plaque of ApoE(-/-) mice which increased over time. CD73 co-localized with macrophages, Tregs, and cells of mesenchymal origin. Genome-wide microarray analysis of the aorta lacking CD73 revealed upregulation of endothelin-1 (Edn1) mRNA together with changes of genes in lipid metabolism and the Wnt and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. Measurement of plasma levels verified the upregulation of Edn1 in CD73(-/-) and double mutants. Plasma triglycerides (TG) were also found to be significantly elevated in the CD73(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice compared with ApoE(-/-) controls. CONCLUSION Lack of CD73 promotes atherogenesis most likely by de-inhibition of resident macrophages and T cells. Elevated Edn1 and TG levels may have contributed. This establishes CD73-derived adenosine as a direct or indirect regulator of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Buchheiser
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kluth SM, Buchheiser A, Houben AP, Geyh S, Krenz T, Radke TF, Wiek C, Hanenberg H, Reinecke P, Wernet P, Kögler G. DLK-1 as a marker to distinguish unrestricted somatic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells in cord blood. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 19:1471-83. [PMID: 20331358 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to hematopoietic stem cells, cord blood (CB) also contains different nonhematopoietic CD45-, CD34- adherent cell populations: cord blood mesenchymal stromal cells (CB MSC) that behave almost like MSC from bone marrow (BM MSC) and unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC) that differentiate into cells of all 3 germ layers. Distinguishing between these populations is difficult due to overlapping features such as the immunophenotype or the osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation pathway. Functional differences in the differentiation potential suggest different developmental stages or different cell populations. Here we demonstrate that the expression of genes and the differentiation toward the adipogenic lineage can discriminate between these 2 populations. USSC, including clonal-derived cells lacking adipogenic differentiation, strongly expressed δ-like 1/preadipocyte factor 1 (DLK-1/PREF1) correlating with high proliferative potential, while CB MSC were characterized by a strong differentiation toward adipocytes correlating with a weak or negative DLK-1/PREF1 expression. Constitutive overexpression of DLK-1/PREF1 in CB MSC resulted in a reduced adipogenic differentiation, whereas silencing of DLK-1 in USSC resulted in adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Maria Kluth
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Aktas M, Buchheiser A, Houben A, Reimann V, Radke T, Jeltsch K, Maier P, Zeller WJ, Kogler G. Good manufacturing practice-grade production of unrestricted somatic stem cell from fresh cord blood. Cytotherapy 2010; 12:338-48. [PMID: 20370349 DOI: 10.3109/14653241003695034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The discovery of unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSC), a non-hematopoietic stem cell population, brought cord blood (CB) to the attention of regenerative medicine for defining more protocols for non-hematopoietic indications. We demonstrate that a reliable and reproducible method for good manufacturing practice (GMP)-conforming generation of USSC is possible that fulfils safety requirements as well as criteria for clinical applications, such as adherence of strict regulations on cell isolation and expansion. METHODS In order to maintain GMP conformity, the automated cell processing system Sepax (Biosafe) was implemented for mononucleated cell (MNC) separation from fresh CB. After USSC generation, clinical-scale expansion was achieved by multi-layered CellSTACKs (Costar/Corning). Infectious disease markers, pyrogen and endotoxin levels, immunophenotype, potency, genetic stability and sterility of the cell product were evaluated. RESULTS The MNC isolation and cell cultivation methods used led to safe and reproducible GMP-conforming USSC production while maintaining somatic stem cell character. CONCLUSIONS Together with implemented in-process controls guaranteeing contamination-free products with adult stem cell character, USSC produced as suggested here may serve as a universal allogeneic stem cell source for future cell treatment and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Aktas
- Institute for Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapeutics, University of Duesseldorf Medical School, Germany
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Liedtke S, Buchheiser A, Bosch J, Bosse F, Kruse F, Zhao X, Santourlidis S, Kögler G. The HOX Code as a “biological fingerprint” to distinguish functionally distinct stem cell populations derived from cord blood. Stem Cell Res 2010; 5:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Zaehres H, Kögler G, Arauzo-Bravo MJ, Bleidissel M, Santourlidis S, Weinhold S, Greber B, Kim JB, Buchheiser A, Liedtke S, Eilken HM, Graffmann N, Zhao X, Meyer J, Reinhardt P, Burr B, Waclawczyk S, Ortmeier C, Uhrberg M, Schöler HR, Cantz T, Wernet P. Induction of pluripotency in human cord blood unrestricted somatic stem cells. Exp Hematol 2010; 38:809-18, 818.e1-2. [PMID: 20541586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2010.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells from human cord blood (CB)-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells and evaluation of their molecular signature and differentiation potential in comparison to human embryonic stem cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unrestricted somatic stem cells isolated from human CB were reprogrammed to iPS cells using retroviral expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and C-MYC. The reprogrammed cells were analyzed morphologically, by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, genome-wide microRNA and methylation profiling, and gene expression microarrays, as well as in their pluripotency potential by in vivo teratoma formation in severe combined immunodeficient mice and in vitro differentiation. RESULTS CB iPS cells are very similar to human embryonic stem cells morphologically, at their molecular signature, and in their differentiation potential. CONCLUSIONS Human CB-derived unrestricted somatic stem cells offer an attractive source of cells for generation of iPS cells. Our findings open novel perspectives to generate human leukocyte antigen-matched pluripotent stem cell banks based on existing CB banks. Besides the obvious relevance of a second-generation CB iPS cell bank for pharmacological and toxicological testing, its application for autologous or allogenic regenerative cell transplantation appears feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holm Zaehres
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Waclawczyk S, Buchheiser A, Flögel U, Radke TF, Kögler G. In vitro differentiation of unrestricted somatic stem cells into functional hepatic-like cells displaying a hepatocyte-like glucose metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2010; 225:545-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ozüyaman B, Ding Z, Buchheiser A, Koszalka P, Braun N, Gödecke A, Decking UKM, Zimmermann H, Schrader J. Adenosine produced via the CD73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase pathway has no impact on erythropoietin production but is associated with reduced kidney weight. Pflugers Arch 2006; 452:324-31. [PMID: 16468051 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase, which catalyzes the conversion of adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, has been implicated in vascular homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of CD73 in erythropoietin (EPO) production and to determine its influence on basal kidney perfusion using a CD73 knockout mutant recently generated by us. Of all organs investigated, kidneys showed the most prominent CD73 activity, preferentially located in peritubular fibroblasts of the renal cortex and the glomerular mesangium. In the absence of CD73, alkaline phosphatase remained unchanged, but tissue adenosine was reduced under control conditions (by 76%) and during normobaric hypoxia (by 72%). Despite the loss of CD73 activity, EPO mRNA and plasma protein concentrations were not different under basal conditions as well as after normobaric hypoxia (8% O2) and carbon monoxide (0.1% CO) inhalation (both for 4 h). Although there were no differences in blood pressure and urine flow volume, average weight of both kidneys was reduced by 21% in the knockout (wild type 7.17+/-1.18 mg g-1 body wt, CD73-/- 5.70+/-1.91 mg g-1 body wt). Measurement of renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration revealed no significant differences when related to respective kidney weights. We conclude that adenosine derived by the extracellular CD73 pathway has no impact on EPO production under basal conditions and after hypoxic challenge but may determine kidney weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcin Ozüyaman
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Koszalka P, Ozüyaman B, Huo Y, Zernecke A, Flögel U, Braun N, Buchheiser A, Decking UKM, Smith ML, Sévigny J, Gear A, Weber AA, Molojavyi A, Ding Z, Weber C, Ley K, Zimmermann H, Gödecke A, Schrader J. Targeted disruption of cd73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase alters thromboregulation and augments vascular inflammatory response. Circ Res 2004; 95:814-21. [PMID: 15358667 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000144796.82787.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of adenosine formed extracellularly in vascular homeostasis, mice with a targeted deletion of the cd73/ecto-5'-nucleotidase were generated. Southern blot, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis confirmed the constitutive knockout. In vivo analysis of hemodynamic parameters revealed no significant differences in systolic blood pressure, ejection fraction, or cardiac output between strains. However, basal coronary flow measured in the isolated perfused heart was significantly lower (-14%; P<0.05) in the mutant. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong CD73 expression on the endothelium of conduit vessels in wild-type (WT) mice. Time to carotid artery occlusion after ferric chloride (FeCl3) was significantly reduced by 20% in cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Bleeding time after tail tip resection tended to be shorter in cd73-/- mice (-35%). In vivo platelet cAMP levels were 0.96+/-0.46 in WT versus 0.68+/-0.27 pmol/106 cells in cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Under in vitro conditions, platelet aggregation in response to ADP (0.05 to 10 micromol/L) was undistinguishable between the two strains. In the cremaster model of ischemia-reperfusion, the increase in leukocyte attachment to endothelium was significantly higher in cd73-/- compared with WT littermates (WT 98% versus cd73-/- 245%; P<0.005). The constitutive adhesion of monocytes in ex vivo-perfused carotid arteries of WT mice was negligible but significantly increased in arteries of cd73-/- mice (P<0.05). Thus, our data provide the first evidence that adenosine, extracellularly formed by CD73, can modulate coronary vascular tone, inhibit platelet activation, and play an important role in leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Koszalka
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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