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Fitzgerald MB, Ward KM, Gianakas SP, Smith ML, Blevins NH, Swanson AP. Speech-in-Noise Assessment in the Routine Audiologic Test Battery: Relationship to Perceived Auditory Disability. Ear Hear 2024:00003446-990000000-00258. [PMID: 38414136 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Self-assessment of perceived communication difficulty has been used in clinical and research practices for decades. Such questionnaires routinely assess the perceived ability of an individual to understand speech, particularly in background noise. Despite the emphasis on perceived performance in noise, speech recognition in routine audiologic practice is measured by word recognition in quiet (WRQ). Moreover, surprisingly little data exist that compare speech understanding in noise (SIN) abilities to perceived communication difficulty. Here, we address these issues by examining audiometric thresholds, WRQ scores, QuickSIN signal to noise ratio (SNR) loss, and perceived auditory disability as measured by the five questions on the Speech Spatial Questionnaire-12 (SSQ12) devoted to speech understanding (SSQ12-Speech5). DESIGN We examined data from 1633 patients who underwent audiometric assessment at the Stanford Ear Institute. All individuals completed the SSQ12 questionnaire, pure-tone audiometry, and speech assessment consisting of ear-specific WRQ, and ear-specific QuickSIN. Only individuals with hearing threshold asymmetries ≤10 dB HL in their high-frequency pure-tone average (HFPTA) were included. Our primary objectives were to (1) examine the relationship between audiometric variables and the SSQ12-Speech5 scores, (2) determine the amount of variance in the SSQ12-Speech5 scores which could be predicted from audiometric variables, and (3) predict which patients were likely to report greater perceived auditory disability according to the SSQ12-Speech5. RESULTS Performance on the SSQ12-Speech5 indicated greater perceived auditory disability with more severe degrees of hearing loss and greater QuickSIN SNR loss. Degree of hearing loss and QuickSIN SNR loss were found to account for modest but significant variance in SSQ12-Speech5 scores after accounting for age. In contrast, WRQ scores did not significantly contribute to the predictive power of the model. Degree of hearing loss and QuickSIN SNR loss were also found to have moderate diagnostic accuracy for determining which patients were likely to report SSQ12-Speech5 scores indicating greater perceived auditory disability. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data indicate that audiometric factors including degree of hearing loss (i.e., HFPTA) and QuickSIN SNR loss are predictive of SSQ12-Speech5 scores, though notable variance remains unaccounted for after considering these factors. HFPTA and QuickSIN SNR loss-but not WRQ scores-accounted for a significant amount of variance in SSQ12-Speech5 scores and were largely effective at predicting which patients are likely to report greater perceived auditory disability on the SSQ12-Speech5. This provides further evidence for the notion that speech-in-noise measures have greater clinical utility than WRQ in most instances as they relate more closely to measures of perceived auditory disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Fitzgerald
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Kristina M Ward
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Steven P Gianakas
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nikolas H Blevins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Austin P Swanson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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Smith ML, Winn MB, Fitzgerald MB. A Large-Scale Study of the Relationship Between Degree and Type of Hearing Loss and Recognition of Speech in Quiet and Noise. Ear Hear 2024:00003446-990000000-00256. [PMID: 38389129 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Understanding speech in noise (SIN) is the dominant complaint of individuals with hearing loss. For decades, the default test of speech perception in routine audiologic assessment has been monosyllabic word recognition in quiet (WRQ), which does not directly address patient concerns, leading some to advocate that measures of SIN should be integrated into routine practice. However, very little is known with regard to how SIN abilities are affected by different types of hearing loss. Here, we examine performance on clinical measures of WRQ and SIN in a large patient base consisting of a variety of hearing loss types, including conductive (CHL), mixed (MHL), and sensorineural (SNHL) losses. DESIGN In a retrospective study, we examined data from 5593 patients (51% female) who underwent audiometric assessment at the Stanford Ear Institute. All individuals completed pure-tone audiometry, and speech perception testing of monaural WRQ, and monaural QuickSIN. Patient ages ranged from 18 to 104 years (average = 57). The average age in years for the different classifications of hearing loss was 51.1 (NH), 48.5 (CHL), 64.2 (MHL), and 68.5 (SNHL), respectively. Generalized linear mixed-effect models and quartile regression were used to determine the relationship between hearing loss type and severity for the different speech-recognition outcome measures. RESULTS Patients with CHL had similar performance to patients with normal hearing on both WRQ and QuickSIN, regardless of the hearing loss severity. In patients with MHL or SNHL, WRQ scores remained largely excellent with increasing hearing loss until the loss was moderately severe or worse. In contrast, QuickSIN signal to noise ratio (SNR) losses showed an orderly systematic decrease as the degree of hearing loss became more severe. This effect scaled with the data, with threshold-QuickSIN relationships absent for CHL, and becoming increasingly stronger for MHL and strongest in patients with SNHL. However, the variability in these data suggests that only 57% of the variance in WRQ scores, and 50% of the variance in QuickSIN SNR losses, could be accounted for by the audiometric thresholds. Patients who would not be differentiated by WRQ scores are shown to be potentially differentiable by SIN scores. CONCLUSIONS In this data set, conductive hearing loss had little effect on WRQ scores or QuickSIN SNR losses. However, for patients with MHL or SNHL, speech perception abilities decreased as the severity of the hearing loss increased. In these data, QuickSIN SNR losses showed deficits in performance with degrees of hearing loss that yielded largely excellent WRQ scores. However, the considerable variability in the data suggests that even after classifying patients according to their type of hearing loss, hearing thresholds only account for a portion of the variance in speech perception abilities, particularly in noise. These results are consistent with the idea that variables such as cochlear health and aging add explanatory power over audibility alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Stanford Ear Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew B Winn
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Matthew B Fitzgerald
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Stanford Ear Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
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van Wyngaardt WM, Bowan AHH, Clark EL, Keevers CMB, Smith ML, Zarifi M, Stopic A. Cross-validation of standardisation techniques at ANSTO using cobalt-60 and learnings from the presence and identification of non-gamma-ray emitting impurities. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 201:111027. [PMID: 37748217 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.111027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
To fulfil the technical requirements for accreditation to ISO/IEC 17025, the end-to-end validation of all processes associated with standardising 60Co, including gravimetric source dispensing, primary standardisation by the 4π(LS)β-γ coincidence and live-timed anti-coincidence extrapolation techniques, and impurity determination were performed and documented. Pure-beta-emitting impurities in a 60Co stock solution were identified. The impact of such impurities on measurement by liquid scintillation counting and comparison in the ESIR are discussed. A fresh 60Co source was produced, standardised, and compared using the SIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M van Wyngaardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia.
| | - A H H Bowan
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - E L Clark
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - C M B Keevers
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - M L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - M Zarifi
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
| | - A Stopic
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234 NSW, Australia
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Jhawar J, Davidson JD, Weidenmüller A, Wild B, Dormagen DM, Landgraf T, Couzin ID, Smith ML. How honeybees respond to heat stress from the individual to colony level. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230290. [PMID: 37848056 PMCID: PMC10581772 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A honey bee colony functions as an integrated collective, with individuals coordinating their behaviour to adapt and respond to unexpected disturbances. Nest homeostasis is critical for colony function; when ambient temperatures increase, individuals switch to thermoregulatory roles to cool the nest, such as fanning and water collection. While prior work has focused on bees engaged in specific behaviours, less is known about how responses are coordinated at the colony level, and how previous tasks predict behavioural changes during a heat stress. Using BeesBook automated tracking, we follow thousands of individuals during an experimentally induced heat stress, and analyse their behavioural changes from the individual to colony level. We show that heat stress causes an overall increase in activity levels and a spatial reorganization of bees away from the brood area. Using a generalized framework to analyse individual behaviour, we find that individuals differ in their response to heat stress, which depends on their prior behaviour and correlates with age. Examining the correlation of behavioural metrics over time suggests that heat stress perturbation does not have a long-lasting effect on an individual's future behaviour. These results demonstrate how thousands of individuals within a colony change their behaviour to achieve a coordinated response to an environmental disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitesh Jhawar
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- School of Arts and Sciences, Ahmedabad University, 380009, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Jacob D. Davidson
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Anja Weidenmüller
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wild
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David M. Dormagen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Landgraf
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain D. Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, 36849 Auburn AL, USA
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Coulon R, Leobino da Silva MA, Bendall E, Bergeron DE, Bobin C, Bonková I, Bowan AHH, Ryszard B, Capogni M, Capone M, Carconi P, Cassette P, Jeffrey TC, Clark EL, Collins S, Courte S, Czudek M, da Silva CJ, de Almeida Rangel J, De Felice P, Fan F, Fazio A, Fitzgerald RP, Fréchou C, Galea R, Gressier V, Iwahara A, Judge SM, Keevers CMB, Keightley J, Kossert K, Krivošík M, Kulkarni DB, Laureano-Perez L, Lech E, Leiras A, Liang J, Lima da Cruz PA, Lins da Silva R, Listkowska A, Liu H, Liu M, Lubbe J, Michotte C, Moore K, Nähle O, Nonis M, Pearce A, Pibida L, Quadros ALL, Ramirez N, Ravindra A, Sabot B, Saganowski P, Sathian V, Smith ML, Sharma R, Takács MP, van Rooy MW, Shearman R, van Staden MJ, van Wyngaardt WM, Yang Z, Zarifi M, Zhang M, Ziemek T. The international reference system for beta-particle emitting radionuclides: Validation through the pilot study CCRI(II)-P1.Co-60. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 200:110945. [PMID: 37515859 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) is developing a new transfer instrument to extend its centralized services for assessing the international equivalence of radioactive standards to new radionuclides. A liquid scintillation counter using the triple/double coincidence ratio method is being studied and tested in the CCRI(II)-P1.Co-60 pilot study. The pilot study, involving 13 participating laboratories with primary calibration capabilities, validated the approach against the original international reference system based on ionization chambers, which has been in operation since 1976. The results are in agreement and an accuracy suitable for purpose, below 5×10-4, is achieved. The pilot study also reveals an issue when impurities emitting low-energy electrons are present in the standard solution, which have a different impact on liquid scintillation counting compared to other primary measurement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Coulon
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France.
| | - Monica Aguiar Leobino da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Emma Bendall
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Denis E Bergeron
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Christophe Bobin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Ivana Bonková
- Slovenský Metrologický ústav, Karloveská 63, 842 55, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Angus H H Bowan
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia
| | - Broda Ryszard
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Marco Capogni
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Via Anguillarese - 301, I-00123, Roma, (IT), Italy
| | - Mauro Capone
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Via Anguillarese - 301, I-00123, Roma, (IT), Italy
| | - Pierluigi Carconi
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Via Anguillarese - 301, I-00123, Roma, (IT), Italy
| | - Philippe Cassette
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - T Cessna Jeffrey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Emily L Clark
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia
| | - Sean Collins
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Sammy Courte
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Marek Czudek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Carlos José da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Johnny de Almeida Rangel
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Pierino De Felice
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Via Anguillarese - 301, I-00123, Roma, (IT), Italy
| | - Fuyou Fan
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Aldo Fazio
- ENEA-Italian National Institute of Ionizing Radiation Metrology, Via Anguillarese - 301, I-00123, Roma, (IT), Italy
| | - Ryan P Fitzgerald
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Carole Fréchou
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Raphael Galea
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Vincent Gressier
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Akira Iwahara
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Steven M Judge
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | | | - John Keightley
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Karsten Kossert
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matej Krivošík
- Slovenský Metrologický ústav, Karloveská 63, 842 55, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Lizbeth Laureano-Perez
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Edyta Lech
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Anderson Leiras
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Juncheng Liang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Paulo Alberto Lima da Cruz
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Lins da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Anna Listkowska
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - Haoran Liu
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Meiling Liu
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Joline Lubbe
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, 15 Lower Hope Road, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Carine Michotte
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Kimberly Moore
- National Research Council of Canada, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Ole Nähle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel Nonis
- Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Pavillon de Breteuil, F-92312, Sèvres Cedex, France
| | - Andy Pearce
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia Pibida
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - André L L Quadros
- Laboratório Nacional de Metrologia das Radiações Ionizantes, Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, LNMRI/IRD, Av. Salvador Allende, 3773, CEP 22783-127, Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Natasha Ramirez
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | | | - Benoit Sabot
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel (LNE-LNHB), F-91120, Palaiseau, France
| | - Paweł Saganowski
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
| | - V Sathian
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Michael L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia
| | - Ritu Sharma
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Marcell P Takács
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Milton W van Rooy
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, 15 Lower Hope Road, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Robert Shearman
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road Middlesex, TW11 0LW, Teddington, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J van Staden
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa, 15 Lower Hope Road, Rosebank, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | | | - Zhijie Yang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Melek Zarifi
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Australia
| | - Ming Zhang
- National Institute of Metrology (NIM), 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Tomasz Ziemek
- National Centre for Nuclear Research Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, 05-400, Otwock, Poland
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Smith ML, Sergi Z, Mignogna KM, Rodriguez NE, Tatom Z, MacLeod L, Choi KB, Philip V, Miles MF. Identification of Genetic and Genomic Influences on Progressive Ethanol Consumption in Diversity Outbred Mice. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.15.554349. [PMID: 37745421 PMCID: PMC10515943 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.15.554349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk for development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Using 3-bottle choice intermittent access ethanol (IEA), we have employed the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse panel as a model of alcohol use disorder in a genetically diverse population. Through use of gene expression network analysis techniques, in combination with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping, we have completed an extensive analysis of the influence of genetic background on gene expression changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This approach revealed that, in DO mice, genes whose expression was significantly disrupted by intermittent ethanol in the PFC also tended to be those whose expression correlated to intake. This finding is in contrast to previous studies of both mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, these analyses identified genes involved in myelination in the PFC as significantly disrupted by IEA, correlated to ethanol intake, and having significant eQTLs. Genes that code for canonical components of the myelin sheath, such as Mbp, also emerged as key drivers of the gene expression response to intermittent ethanol drinking. Several regulators of myelination were also key drivers of gene expression, and had significant QTLs, indicating that genetic background may play an important role in regulation of brain myelination. These findings underscore the importance of disruption of normal myelination in the PFC in response to prolonged ethanol exposure, that genetic variation plays an important role in this response, and that this interaction between genetics and myelin disruption in the presence of ethanol may underlie previously observed behavioral changes under intermittent access ethanol drinking such as escalation of consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Sergi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K M Mignogna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - N E Rodriguez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Z Tatom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - L MacLeod
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - K B Choi
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - V Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - M F Miles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- VCU Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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7
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Ancel EE, Smith ML, Rao VNV, Munson B. Relating Acoustic Measures to Listener Ratings of Children's Productions of Word-Initial /ɹ/ and /w/. J Speech Lang Hear Res 2023; 66:3413-3427. [PMID: 37591234 PMCID: PMC10558147 DOI: 10.1044/2023_jslhr-22-00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The /ɹ/ productions of young children acquiring American English are highly variable and often inaccurate, with [w] as the most common substitution error. One acoustic indicator of the goodness of children's /ɹ/ productions is the difference between the frequency of the second formant (F2) and the third formant (F3), with a smaller F3-F2 difference being associated with a perceptually more adultlike /ɹ/. This study analyzed the effectiveness of automatically extracted F3-F2 differences in characterizing young children's productions of /ɹ/-/w/ in comparison with manually coded measurements. METHOD Automated F3-F2 differences were extracted from productions of a variety of different /ɹ/- and /w/-initial words spoken by 3- to 4-year-old monolingual preschoolers (N = 117; 2,278 tokens in total). These automated measures were compared to ratings of the phoneme goodness of children's productions as rated by untrained adult listeners (n = 132) on a visual analog scale, as well as to narrow transcriptions of the production into four categories: [ɹ], [w], and two intermediate categories. RESULTS Data visualizations show a weak relationship between automated F3-F2 differences with listener ratings and narrow transcriptions. Mixed-effects models suggest the automated F3-F2 difference only modestly predicts listener ratings (R 2 = .37) and narrow transcriptions (R 2 = .32). CONCLUSION The weak relationship between automated F3-F2 difference and both listener ratings and narrow transcriptions suggests that these automated acoustic measures are of questionable reliability and utility in assessing preschool children's mastery of the /ɹ/-/w/ contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Ancel
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis
| | - V. N. Vimal Rao
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis
| | - Benjamin Munson
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis
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8
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Hemingway HW, Richey RE, Moore AM, Saul BM, Shokraeifard AM, Cope HL, Olivencia-Yurvati AH, Cunningham RL, Smith ML, Romero SA. Effect of acute heat exposure on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:542-548. [PMID: 37439242 PMCID: PMC10538993 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00245.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated largely by increased sympathetic outflow. The neural control of blood pressure is altered in recovery from acute heat exposure, but its effect on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea has never been explored. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that prior heat exposure would attenuate the pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea. Eleven healthy adults (five women) were exposed to whole body passive heating (water-perfused suit) sufficient to increase body core temperature by 1.2°C. Voluntary hypoxic apneas were performed at baseline and in recovery when body core temperature returned to ≤ 0.3°C of baseline. Participants breathed gas mixtures of varying [Formula: see text] (21%, 16%, and 12%; randomized) for 1 min followed by a 15-s end-expiratory apnea. The change in arterial oxygen saturation during each apnea did not differ from baseline to recovery (P = 0.6 for interaction), whereas the pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxia apnea was reduced ([Formula: see text] 21%, baseline 17 ± 7 mmHg vs. recovery 14 ± 7 mmHg; [Formula: see text] 16%, baseline 24 ± 8 mmHg vs. recovery 18 ± 7 mmHg; [Formula: see text] 12%, baseline 28 ± 11 mmHg vs. recovery 24 ± 11 mmHg; P = 0.01 for main effect of time). These data suggest that prior heat exposure induces a cross-stressor effect such that the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea is attenuated.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The pressor response induced by a voluntary hypoxic apnea is mediated by increased sympathetic outflow. The neural control of blood pressure is altered in recovery from acute heat exposure, but its effect on the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea has never been explored. Our data suggest that prior heat exposure induces a cross-stressor effect such that the pressor response to a voluntary hypoxic apnea is attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden W Hemingway
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Rauchelle E Richey
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Amy M Moore
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin M Saul
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Austin M Shokraeifard
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Heidi L Cope
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Albert H Olivencia-Yurvati
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
- Department of Surgery, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Steven A Romero
- Human Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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9
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Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. High dietary iodine intake may contribute to the low death rate from COVID-19 infection in Japan with activation by the lactoperoxidase system. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13269. [PMID: 38441191 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
We draw the attention of readers and governments to the death rate from coronavirus disease 2019 in Japan, continuing as a fraction of that experienced by many other developed nations. We think this is due to the activity of the powerful, protective lactoperoxidase system (LPO) which prevents serious airborne infections. The LPO system requires iodine, which is liberally provided by the typical Japanese diet but lacking in many others. One might consider the Japanese experience an incredibly large, open-label study exhibiting the preventative power of a high-iodine diet. We predict this favourable trend will continue for Japan because deadly variants of the severe, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will be with us, forever.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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10
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Smith ML, Loope KJ, Chuttong B, Dobelmann J, Makinson JC, Saga T, Petersen KH, Napp N. Honey bees and social wasps reach convergent architectural solutions to nest-building problems. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002211. [PMID: 37498968 PMCID: PMC10374112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The hexagonal cells built by honey bees and social wasps are an example of adaptive architecture; hexagons minimize material use, while maximizing storage space and structural stability. Hexagon building evolved independently in the bees and wasps, but in some species of both groups, the hexagonal cells are size dimorphic-small worker cells and large reproductive cells-which forces the builders to join differently sized hexagons together. This inherent tiling problem creates a unique opportunity to investigate how similar architectural challenges are solved across independent evolutionary origins. We investigated how 5 honey bee and 5 wasp species solved this problem by extracting per-cell metrics from 22,745 cells. Here, we show that all species used the same building techniques: intermediate-sized cells and pairs of non-hexagonal cells, which increase in frequency with increasing size dimorphism. We then derive a simple geometric model that explains and predicts the observed pairing of non-hexagonal cells and their rate of occurrence. Our results show that despite different building materials, comb configurations, and 179 million years of independent evolution, honey bees and social wasps have converged on the same solutions for the same architectural problems, thereby revealing fundamental building properties and evolutionary convergence in construction behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Loope
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Bajaree Chuttong
- Meliponini and Apini Research Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jana Dobelmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - James C Makinson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Tatsuya Saga
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kirstin H Petersen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nils Napp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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11
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Marting PR, Koger B, Smith ML. Manipulating nest architecture reveals three-dimensional building strategies and colony resilience in honeybees. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222565. [PMID: 37161326 PMCID: PMC10170196 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Form follows function throughout the development of an organism. This principle should apply beyond the organism to the nests they build, but empirical studies are lacking. Honeybees provide a uniquely suited system to study nest form and function throughout development because we can image the three-dimensional structure repeatedly and non-destructively. Here, we tracked nest-wide comb growth in six colonies over 45 days (control colonies) and found that colonies have a stereotypical process of development that maintains a spheroid nest shape. To experimentally test if nest structure is important for colony function, we shuffled the nests of an additional six colonies, weekly rearranging the comb positions and orientations (shuffled colonies). Surprisingly, we found no differences between control and shuffled colonies in multiple colony performance metrics-worker population, comb area, hive weight and nest temperature. However, using predictive modelling to examine how workers allocate comb to expand their nests, we show that shuffled colonies compensate for these disruptions by accounting for the three-dimensional structure to reconnect their nest. This suggests that nest architecture is more flexible than previously thought, and that superorganisms have mechanisms to compensate for drastic architectural perturbations and maintain colony function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Marting
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin Koger
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78464, Germany
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12
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Kustubayeva AM, Nelson EB, Smith ML, Allendorfer JB, Eliassen JC. Corrigendum: Functional MRI study of feedback-based reinforcement learning in depression. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1175847. [PMID: 37025551 PMCID: PMC10070971 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1175847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.1028121.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira M. Kustubayeva
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Erik B. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jane B. Allendorfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James C. Eliassen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Robert Bosch Automotive Steering LLC, Florence, KY, United States
- *Correspondence: James C. Eliassen
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13
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Kustubayeva AM, Nelson EB, Smith ML, Allendorfer JB, Eliassen JC. Functional MRI study of feedback-based reinforcement learning in depression. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:1028121. [PMID: 36605827 PMCID: PMC9807874 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.1028121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reinforcement learning depends upon the integrity of emotional circuitry to establish associations between environmental cues, decisions, and positive or negative outcomes in order to guide behavior through experience. The emotional dysregulation characteristic of major depressive disorder (MDD) may alter activity in frontal and limbic structures that are key to learning. Although reward and decision-making have been examined in MDD, the effects of depression on associative learning is less well studied. We investigated whether depressive symptoms would be related to abnormalities in learning-related brain activity as measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, we explored whether melancholic and atypical features were associated with altered brain activity. We conducted MRI scans on a 4T Varian MRI system in 10 individuals with MDD and 10 healthy subjects. We examined event-related brain activation during feedback-based learning task using Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI) for image processing and statistical analysis. We observed that MDD patients exhibited reduced activation in visual cortex but increased activation in cingulate and insular regions compared to healthy participants. Also, in relation to features of depressive subtypes, we observed that levels of activation in striatal, thalamic, and precuneus regions were negatively correlated with atypical characteristics. These results suggest that the effects of MDD change the neural circuitry underlying associative learning, and these effects may depend upon subtype features of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almira M. Kustubayeva
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Erik B. Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Michael L. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jane B. Allendorfer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - James C. Eliassen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States,Robert Bosch Automotive Steering LLC, Florence, KY, United States,*Correspondence: James C. Eliassen,
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14
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Smith ML, Davidson JD, Wild B, Dormagen DM, Landgraf T, Couzin ID. Behavioral variation across the days and lives of honey bees. iScience 2022; 25:104842. [PMID: 36039297 PMCID: PMC9418442 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In honey bee colonies, workers generally change tasks with age (from brood care, to nest work, to foraging). While these trends are well established, our understanding of how individuals distribute tasks during a day, and how individuals differ in their lifetime behavioral trajectories, is limited. Here, we use automated tracking to obtain long-term data on 4,100+ bees tracked continuously at 3 Hz, across an entire summer, and use behavioral metrics to compare behavior at different timescales. Considering single days, we describe how bees differ in space use, detection, and movement. Analyzing the behavior exhibited across their entire lives, we find consistent inter-individual differences in the movement characteristics of individuals. Bees also differ in how quickly they transition through behavioral space to ultimately become foragers, with fast-transitioning bees living the shortest lives. Our analysis framework provides a quantitative approach to describe individual behavioral variation within a colony from single days to entire lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn AL 36849, USA
| | - Jacob D Davidson
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wild
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - David M Dormagen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim Landgraf
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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15
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Balouch E, Burapachaisri A, Woo D, Norris Z, Segar A, Ayres EW, Vasquez-Montes D, Buckland AJ, Razi A, Smith ML, Protopsaltis TS, Kim YH. Assessing Postoperative Pseudarthrosis in Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion (ACDF) on Dynamic Radiographs Using Novel Angular Measurements. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2022; 47:1151-1156. [PMID: 35853174 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A retrospective review of operative patients at a single institution. OBJECTIVE The aim was to validate a novel method of detecting pseudarthrosis on dynamic radiographs. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A common complication after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is pseudarthrosis. A previously published method for detecting pseudarthrosis identifies a 1 mm difference in interspinous motion (ISM), which requires calibration of images and relies on anatomic landmarks difficult to visualize. An alternative is to use angles between spinous processes, which does not require calibration and relies on more visible landmarks. MATERIALS AND METHODS ISM was measured on dynamic radiographs using the previously published linear method and new angular method. Angles were defined by lines from screw heads to dorsal points of spinous processes. Angular cutoff for fusion was calculated using a regression equation correlating linear and angular measures, based on the 1 mm linear cutoff. Pseudarthrosis was assessed with both cutoffs. Sensitivity, specificity, inter-reliability and intrareliability of angular and linear measures used postoperative computed tomography (CT) as the reference. RESULTS A total of 242 fused levels (81 allograft, 84 polyetheretherketone, 40 titanium, 37 standalone cages) were measured in 143 patients (mean age 52.0±11.5, 42%F). 36 patients (66 levels) had 1-year postoperative CTs; 13 patients (13 levels) had confirmed pseudarthrosis. Linear and angular measurements closely correlated ( R =0.872), with 2.3° corresponding to 1 mm linear ISM. Potential pseudarthroses was found in 28.0% and 18.5% levels using linear and angular cutoffs, respectively. Linear cutoff had 85% sensitivity, 87% specificity; angular cutoff had 85% sensitivity, 96% specificity for detecting CT-validated pseudarthrosis. Interclass correlation coefficients were 0.974 and 0.986 (both P <0.001); intrarater reliability averaged 0.953 and 0.974 ( P <0.001 for all) for linear and angular methods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The angular measure for assessing potential pseudarthrosis is as sensitive as and more specific than published linear methods, has high interobserver reliability, and can be used without image calibration. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eaman Balouch
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Dainn Woo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Zoe Norris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Anand Segar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
| | - Ethan W Ayres
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | - Aaron J Buckland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
- Melbourne Orthopaedic Group, Melbourne Australia
- Spine and Scoliosis Research Associates, Melbourne Australia
| | | | | | | | - Yong H Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, NY
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16
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Cope HL, Hemingway HW, Saul BM, Richey RE, Moore AM, Shokraeifard AM, Olivencia‐Yurvati AH, Smith ML, Romero SA. Effect of Acute Heat Exposure on the Pressor Response to a Voluntary Hypoxic Apnea: A Cross‐Tolerance Study. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L. Cope
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Holden W. Hemingway
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | | | - Rauchelle E. Richey
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Amy M. Moore
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | | | | | - Michael L. Smith
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | - Steven A. Romero
- Physiology and AnatomyUniversity of North Texas Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
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Jeanne RL, Loope KJ, Bouwma AM, Nordheim EV, Smith ML. Five decades of misunderstanding in the social Hymenoptera: a review and meta-analysis of Michener's paradox. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1559-1611. [PMID: 35338566 PMCID: PMC9546470 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In a much-cited 1964 paper entitled "Reproductive efficiency in relation to colony size in hymenopterous societies," Charles Michener investigated the correlation between a colony's size and its reproductive efficiency - the ability of its adult females to produce reproductives, measured as per-capita output. Based on his analysis of published data from destructively sampled colonies in 18 species, he reported that in most of these species efficiency decreased with increasing colony size. His conclusion that efficiency is higher in smaller groups has since gained widespread acceptance. But it created a seeming paradox: how can natural selection maintain social behaviour when a female apparently enjoys her highest per-capita output by working alone? Here we treat Michener's pattern as a hypothesis and perform the first large-scale test of its prediction across the eusocial Hymenoptera. Because data on actual output of reproductives were not available for most species, Michener used various proxies, such as nest size, numbers of brood, or amounts of stored food. We show that for each of Michener's data sets the reported decline in per-capita productivity can be explained by factors other than decreasing efficiency, calling into question his conclusion that declining efficiency is the cause of the pattern. The most prominent cause of bias is the failure of the proxy to capture all forms of output in which the colony invests during the course of its ontogeny. Other biasing factors include seasonal effects and a variety of methodological flaws in the data sets he used. We then summarize the results of 215 data sets drawn from post-1964 studies of 80 species in 33 genera that better control for these factors. Of these, 163 data sets are included in two meta-analyses that statistically synthesize the available data on the relationship between colony size and efficiency, accounting for variable sample sizes and non-independence among the data sets. The overall effect, and those for most taxonomic subgroups, indicates no loss of efficiency with increasing colony size. Two exceptional taxa, the halictid bees and independent-founding paper wasps, show negative trends consistent with the Michener hypothesis in some species. We conclude that in most species, particularly those with large colony sizes, the hypothesis of decreasing efficiency with increasing colony size is not supported. Finally, we explore potential mechanisms through which the level of efficiency can decrease, be maintained, or even increase, as colonies increase in size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Jeanne
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - Kevin J Loope
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Cheatham Hall, 310 W. Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, U.S.A
| | - Andrew M Bouwma
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall, 3029, 2701 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, U.S.A
| | - Erik V Nordheim
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, U.S.A
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, U.S.A
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Bunde KA, Stamenović D, Smith ML. Pattern Generation for Micropattern Traction Microscopy. J Vis Exp 2022. [DOI: 10.3791/63628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Silverstein JW, Block J, Smith ML, Bomback DA, Sanderson S, Paul J, Ball H, Ellis JA, Goldstein M, Kramer DL, Arutyunyan G, Marcus J, Mermelstein S, Slosar P, Goldthwaite N, Lee SI, Reynolds J, Riordan M, Pirnia N, Kunwar S, Abbi G, Bizzini B, Gupta S, Porter D, Mermelstein LE. Femoral nerve neuromonitoring for lateral lumbar interbody fusion surgery. Spine J 2022; 22:296-304. [PMID: 34343664 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The transpsoas lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) technique is an effective alternative to traditional anterior and posterior approaches to the lumbar spine; however, nerve injuries are the most reported postoperative complication. Commonly used strategies to avoid nerve injury (eg, limiting retraction duration) have not been effective in detecting or preventing femoral nerve injuries. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of emerging intraoperative femoral nerve monitoring techniques and the importance of employing prompt surgical countermeasures when degraded femoral nerve function is detected. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING We present the results from a retrospective analysis of a multi-center study conducted over the course of 3 years. PATIENT SAMPLE One hundred and seventy-two lateral lumbar interbody fusion procedures were reviewed. OUTCOME MEASURES Intraoperative femoral nerve monitoring data was correlated to immediate postoperative neurologic examinations. METHODS Femoral nerve evoked potentials (FNEP) including saphenous nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (snSSEP) and motor evoked potentials with quadriceps recordings were used to detect evidence of degraded femoral nerve function during the time of surgical retraction. RESULTS In 89% (n=153) of the surgeries, there were no surgeon alerts as the FNEP response amplitudes remained relatively unchanged throughout the surgery (negative group). The positive group included 11% of the cases (n=19) where the surgeon was alerted to a deterioration of the FNEP amplitudes during surgical retraction. Prompt surgical countermeasures to an FNEP alert included loosening, adjusting, or removing surgical retraction, and/or requesting an increase in blood pressure from the anesthesiologist. All the cases where prompt surgical countermeasures were employed resulted in recovery of the degraded FNEP amplitudes and no postoperative femoral nerve injuries. In two cases, the surgeons were given verbal alerts of degraded FNEPs but did not employ prompt surgical countermeasures. In both cases, the degraded FNEP amplitudes did not recover by the time of surgical closure, and both patients exhibited postoperative signs of sensorimotor femoral nerve injury including anterior thigh numbness and weakened knee extension. CONCLUSIONS Multimodal femoral nerve monitoring can provide surgeons with a timely alert to hyperacute femoral nerve conduction failure, enabling prompt surgical countermeasures to be employed that can mitigate or avoid femoral nerve injury. Our data also suggests that the common strategy of limiting retraction duration may not be effective in preventing iatrogenic femoral nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin W Silverstein
- Neuro Protective Solutions, New York, NY 11788, USA; Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Northwell Health Huntington Hospital, Huntington, NY, USA.
| | - Jon Block
- ION Intraoperative Neurophysiology, Orinda, CA, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute, New York, NY, USA; Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Bomback
- Connecticut Neck and Back Specialists, Danbury, CT, USA; Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Scott Sanderson
- Elite Brain and Spine of Connecticut, Danbury CT, USA; Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Justin Paul
- OrthoConnecticut, Danbury CT, USA; Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Hieu Ball
- San Ramone Regional Medical Center, San Ramon, CA, USA
| | - Jason A Ellis
- Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Goldstein
- Orthopedic Associates of Manhasset, Great Neck, NY, USA; St. Francis Hospital, Roslyn, NY, USA
| | - David L Kramer
- Connecticut Neck and Back Specialists, Danbury, CT, USA; Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Grigoriy Arutyunyan
- Rothman Orthopedic Institute, New York, NY, USA; Northwell Health Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua Marcus
- Elite Brain and Spine of Connecticut, Danbury CT, USA; Nuvance Health, Danbury, CT, USA
| | - Sara Mermelstein
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sarita Gupta
- ION Intraoperative Neurophysiology, Orinda, CA, USA
| | | | - Laurence E Mermelstein
- Long Island Spine Specialists, Long Island, NY, USA; Northwell Health Huntington Hospital, Huntington, NY, USA
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Singh PK, Ahmad N, Yamini S, Singh RP, Singh AK, Sharma P, Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. Structural evidence of the oxidation of iodide ion into hyper-reactive hypoiodite ion by mammalian heme lactoperoxidase. Protein Sci 2022; 31:384-395. [PMID: 34761444 PMCID: PMC8819834 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (1.11.1.7, LPO) is a mammalian heme peroxidase found in the extracellular fluids of mammals including plasma, saliva, airway epithelial lining fluids, nasal lining fluid, milk, tears, gastric juices, and intestinal mucosa. To perform its innate immune action against invading microbes, LPO utilizes hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) to convert thiocyanate (SCN- ) and iodide (I- ) ions into the oxidizing compounds hypothiocyanite (OSCN- ) and hypoiodite (IO- ). Previously determined structures of the complexes of LPO with SCN- , OSCN- , and I- show that SCN- and I- occupy appropriate positions in the distal heme cavity as substrates while OSCN- binds in the distal heme cavity as a product inhibitor. We report here the structure of the complex of LPO with IO- as the first structural evidence of the conversion of iodide into hypoiodite by LPO. To obtain this complex, a solution of LPO was first incubated with H2 O2 , then mixed with ammonium iodide solution and the complex crystallized by the addition of PEG-3350, 20% (wt/vol). These crystals were used for X-ray intensity data collection and structure analysis. The structure determination revealed the presence of four hypoiodite ions in the substrate binding channel of LPO. In addition to these, six other hypoiodite ions were observed at different exterior sites. We surmise that the presence of hypoiodite ions in the distal heme cavity blocks the substrate binding site and inhibits catalysis. This was confirmed by activity experiments with the colorimetric substrate, ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-sulfonic acid)), in the presence of hypoiodite and iodide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Singh
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Nayeem Ahmad
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Shavait Yamini
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Rashmi P. Singh
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Amit K. Singh
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Pradeep Sharma
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | | | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
| | - Tej P. Singh
- Department of BiophysicsAll India Institute of Medical SciencesNew DelhiIndia
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21
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Stamenović D, Smith ML. Reply to the 'Comment on "Tensional homeostasis at different length scales" by J. Humphrey and C. Cyron, Soft Matter, 2022, 18, DOI: 10.1039/D1SM01151K'. Soft Matter 2022; 18:680-682. [PMID: 34985478 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Drs Humphrey and Cyron wrote a commentary regarding our review article entitled "Tensional homeostasis at different length scales" that was published in Soft Matter, 2020, 16, 6946-6963. These authors brought up some valid concerns to which we would like to respond. Their first concern is related to our remark regarding equations that we used to describe homeostasis in blood vessels, where we stated that those equations were limited only to linearly elastic materials. We were wrong, and we agree with the authors that these equations hold for all cylindrical vessels regardless of their material properties. Their second concern is related to tensional homeostasis at the subcellular level. Drs Humphrey and Cyron disagree with our substantiated claim that tensional homeostasis breaks down at the level of focal adhesions (FAs) of a living cell. In our reply, we provided several pieces of evidence that demonstrate that tensional homeostasis depends upon FA size, FA maturity and FA force dynamics and thus, tensional homeostasis cannot hold in all FAs across a cell. In summary, we are grateful for the opportunity to reply to the commentary of Drs Humphrey and Cyron. Moreover, we are excited that this topic has become an important focus in the biomechanics and mechanobiology communities, and we feel strongly that critical feedback is necessary to move this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, MA 02446, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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22
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Thai A, Tran E, Swanson A, Fitzgerald MB, Blevins NH, Ma Y, Smith ML, Larky JB, Alyono JC. Outcomes in Patients Meeting Cochlear Implant Criteria in Noise but Not in Quiet. Otol Neurotol 2022; 43:56-63. [PMID: 34889839 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate outcomes in cochlear implant (CI) recipients qualifying in AzBio noise but not quiet, and identify factors associated with postimplantation improvement. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Tertiary otology/neurotology clinic. PATIENTS This study included 212 implanted ears. The noise group comprised 23 ears with preoperative AzBio more than or equal to 40% in quiet and less than or equal to 40% in +10 signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The quiet group included 189 ears with preoperative AzBio less than 40% in quiet. The two groups displayed similar demographics and device characteristics. INTERVENTIONS Cochlear implantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AzBio in quiet and noise. RESULTS Mean AzBio quiet scores improved in both the quiet group (pre-implant: 12.7%, postimplant: 67.2%, p < 0.001) and noise group (pre-implant: 61.6%, postimplant: 73.8%, p = 0.04). Mean AzBio +10 SNR also improved in the quiet group (pre-implant: 15.8%, postimplant: 59.3%, p = 0.001) and noise group (pre-implant: 30.5%, postimplant: 49.1%, p = 0.01). However, compared with the quiet group, fewer ears in the noise group achieved within-subject improvement in AzBio quiet (≥15% improvement; quiet group: 90.3%, noise group: 43.8%, p < 0.001) and AzBio +10 SNR (quiet group: 100.0%, noise group: 45.5%, p < 0.001). Baseline AzBio quiet (p < 0.001) and Consonant-Nucleus-Consonant (CNC) scores (p = 0.004) were associated with within-subject improvement in AzBio quiet and displayed a higher area under the curve than either aided or unaided pure-tone average (PTA) (both p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS CI patients qualifying in noise display significant mean benefit in speech recognition scores but are less likely to benefit compared with those qualifying in quiet. Patients with lower baseline AzBio quiet scores are more likely to display postimplant improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Thai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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23
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Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. Iodide supplementation of the anti-viral duox-lactoperoxidase activity may prevent some SARS-CoV-2 infections. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:629-630. [PMID: 34471253 PMCID: PMC8408568 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00995-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujata Sharma
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P. Singh
- grid.413618.90000 0004 1767 6103Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Smith ML, Sharma S, Singh TP. Comments on the Discussion Forum: Oromucosal immunomodulation as clinical spectrum mitigating factor in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Scand J Immunol 2021; 95:e13111. [PMID: 34709678 PMCID: PMC8646740 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian lactoperoxidase system, consisting of lactoperoxidase and the H2O2‐producing enzyme duox, is our first line of defence against airborne microbes. This system catalyses the production of hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid in the presence of sufficient iodine. These products are highly efficient at destroying the H1N1 virus and the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Japan has not been affected as much as other nations during the COVID‐19 pandemic (death rate about 10% of the United States), and we think this is due to a diet high in iodine. With this in mind, we suggest four actions to prevent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections. First, health professionals should study the preventative effect of increasing iodine in the diets of the aged, institutionalized, diabetics andsmokers. Second, the recommended daily intake (RDI) for iodine should be significantly increased, to at least double, the current RDI. Governments should encourage the use and distribution of cheap iodized salts, kelp and seaweed. Third, more research should be done around the physiology and the protective effects of the lactoperoxidase system. Finally, the degradation products of the SARS‐CoV‐2 viral particle by hypoiodite and hypoiodous acid should be characterized; portions of the damaged particle are likely to elicit stronger immunity and better vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Tej P Singh
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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25
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Heranudin, Smith ML, van Wyngaardt WM, Guatelli S, Li E, Rosenfeld A. Characterisation of a well-type NaI(Tl) detector by means of a Monte Carlo simulation for radionuclide metrology application. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 176:109889. [PMID: 34375816 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A well-type NaI(Tl) detector was modelled and characterised by means of a Monte Carlo simulation, as part of a project to develop a 4πβ (Plastic Scintillator)-4πγ instrument to be used for the primary standardisation of radionuclides at ANSTO. The simulation based on GEANT4 was used to characterise the 4πγ detector in terms of potential dead layer/inactive materials, full energy peak efficiency, coincidence-summing correction, and energy resolution. An excellent agreement was obtained between the simulation results and the experimental measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heranudin
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia; National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia, Tangerang, Indonesia.
| | - M L Smith
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia
| | - W M van Wyngaardt
- Radionuclide Metrology, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, NSW, Australia
| | - S Guatelli
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - E Li
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - A Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Honeybees are renowned for their perfectly hexagonal honeycomb, hailed as the pinnacle of biological architecture for its ability to maximize storage area while minimizing building material. However, in natural nests, workers must regularly transition between different cell sizes, merge inconsistent combs, and optimize construction in constrained geometries. These spatial obstacles pose challenges to workers building perfect hexagons, but it is unknown to what extent workers act as architects versus simple automatons during these irregular building scenarios. Using automated image analysis to extract the irregularities in natural comb building, we show that some building configurations are more difficult for the bees than others, and that workers overcome these challenges using a combination of building techniques, such as: intermediate-sized cells, regular motifs of irregular shapes, and gradual modifications of cell tilt. Remarkably, by anticipating these building challenges, workers achieve high-quality merges using limited local sensing, on par with analytical models that require global optimization. Unlike automatons building perfectly replicated hexagons, these building irregularities showcase the active role that workers take in shaping their nest and the true architectural abilities of honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849;
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nils Napp
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Kirstin H Petersen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Kung L, Savage RM, da Silva EB, Polukis SA, Smith ML, Johnson ACB, Miller MA. The effects of air stress during storage and low packing density on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4206-4222. [PMID: 33612226 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We determined if a microbial inoculant could improve the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage subjected to various challenges during storage that included an air stress challenge and low packing density. In Experiment 1, whole-plant corn was untreated (CTR) or treated (INO, Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 12455. Five individually replicated 7.5-L silos, at a density of 240 kg of dry matter (DM)/m3, for each treatment were kept sealed (NAS) for 19 wk, air stressed early (ES, 3 h/wk for wk 1-9), or air stressed late during storage (LS, 3 h/wk for wk 10-19). Inoculation increased the number of agar-culturable lactic acid bacteria regardless of air stress status, but it did not affect the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Early, but not late air stress, resulted in silages with a higher relative abundance of Acetobacter when compared with NAS. Silages treated with INO had greater concentrations of acetic acid than CTR. Numbers of yeasts were lowest for INO regardless of air stress and CTR-LS had the most yeasts among all treatments. Silages that were not air stressed had a higher relative abundance of Candida tropicalis than air stressed silages. Monascus purpureus was detected in ES and LS but not in NAS, and its relative abundance was numerically higher in CTR-ES than in INO-ES and statistically higher in CTR-LS compared with INO-LS. Early air stress numerically reduced aerobic stability compared with NAS, and there was a statistical tendency for lower stability in LS compared with NAS. Inoculation improved aerobic stability regardless of when the air stress occurred. In Experiment 2, corn silage was prepared with the same primary treatments of CTR and INO but was packed at a low (LD; 180 kg of DM/m3) or a normal (ND; 240 kg of DM/m3) density and sealed (NAS) or air stressed (AS; 24 h on d 28, 42, and 89) for 92 d of storage. The concentration of acetic acid was greater in INO compared with CTR and in AS compared with NAS. Numbers of yeasts were lower in NAS compared with AS regardless of inoculation and they were lower in INO-AS compared with CTR-AS. Treatment with INO improved aerobic stability but the improvement was better in NAS versus AS and better in ND versus LD. Overall, our experiments corroborate past findings showing that INO markedly improves the aerobic stability of corn silage but they are the first to show that improvement can be sustained even when the silage was exposed to regular air stresses and when packed at a low density.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716.
| | - R M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - E B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - S A Polukis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - A C B Johnson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark 19716
| | - M A Miller
- Phaseolus Consulting, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
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Wild B, Dormagen DM, Zachariae A, Smith ML, Traynor KS, Brockmann D, Couzin ID, Landgraf T. Social networks predict the life and death of honey bees. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1110. [PMID: 33597518 PMCID: PMC7889932 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In complex societies, individuals' roles are reflected by interactions with other conspecifics. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) generally change tasks as they age, but developmental trajectories of individuals can vary drastically due to physiological and environmental factors. We introduce a succinct descriptor of an individual's social network that can be obtained without interfering with the colony. This 'network age' accurately predicts task allocation, survival, activity patterns, and future behavior. We analyze developmental trajectories of multiple cohorts of individuals in a natural setting and identify distinct developmental pathways and critical life changes. Our findings suggest a high stability in task allocation on an individual level. We show that our method is versatile and can extract different properties from social networks, opening up a broad range of future studies. Our approach highlights the relationship of social interactions and individual traits, and provides a scalable technique for understanding how complex social systems function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wild
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David M Dormagen
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kirsten S Traynor
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Global Biosocial Complexity Initiative, Arizona State University, Tempe, FL, USA
| | - Dirk Brockmann
- Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tim Landgraf
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Davidson JD, Vishwakarma M, Smith ML. Hierarchical Approach for Comparing Collective Behavior Across Scales: Cellular Systems to Honey Bee Colonies. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.581222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
How individuals in a group lead to collective behavior is a fundamental question across biological systems, from cellular systems, to animal groups, to human organizations. Recent technological advancements have enabled an unprecedented increase in our ability to collect, quantify, and analyze how individual responses lead to group behavior. However, despite a wealth of data demonstrating that collective behavior exists across biological scales, it is difficult to make general statements that apply in different systems. In this perspective, we present a cohesive framework for comparing groups across different levels of biological organization, using an intermediate link of “collective mechanisms” that connects individual responses to group behavior. Using this approach we demonstrate that an effective way of comparing different groups is with an analysis hierarchy that asks complementary questions, including how individuals in a group implement various collective mechanisms, and how these various mechanisms are used to achieve group function. We apply this framework to compare two collective systems—cellular systems and honey bee colonies. Using a case study of a response to a disturbance, we compare and contrast collective mechanisms used in each system. We then discuss how inherent differences in group structure and physical constraints lead to different combinations of collective mechanisms to solve a particular problem. Together, we demonstrate how a hierarchical approach can be used to compare and contrast different systems, lead to new hypotheses in each system, and form a basis for common research questions in collective behavior.
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Bergeron CD, John JM, Sribhashyam M, Odonkor G, Oloruntoba O, Merianos AL, Horel S, Smith ML. County-Level Characteristics Driving Malnutrition Death Rates among Older Adults in Texas. J Nutr Health Aging 2021; 25:862-868. [PMID: 34409963 PMCID: PMC8013203 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-021-1626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to identify older adult malnutrition in Texas, examine county-level characteristics associated with crude malnutrition death rates, and describe assets and opportunities available to address and improve malnutrition among the older population. DESIGN Secondary data analysis using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's WONDER online database, the U.S. Census 2014-2018 American Community Survey, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Access Research Atlas data. SETTING All 254 counties in the state of Texas. PARTICIPANTS Individuals aged 65 years and older. MEASUREMENT The dependent variable was the proportion of county-level malnutrition crude death rates. Independent variables included Health Provider Shortage Area designations, rurality, poverty status, food access, age, race, ethnicity, and education. RESULTS The overall malnutrition crude death rate in Texas was 65.6 deaths per 100,000 older Texans, ranging from 0 to 414.46 deaths per 100,000 depending on the county. Higher malnutrition crude death rates were associated with non-metropolitan counties (P=0.018), lower education (P=0.047), greater household poverty (P=0.010), and low food access (P<0.001). CONCLUSION Socioeconomic disadvantages at the county-level appear to be one of the root causes of malnutrition crude death rates in Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Bergeron
- Matthew Lee Smith, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A and M University, College Station, TX, USA,
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Dounas GD, Cundy TP, Smith ML, Gent R, Antoniou G, Sutherland LM, Cundy PJ. The coronal aorto-mesenteric orientation theory for post-operative nausea and vomiting following scoliosis surgery in children: a pilot study. ANZ J Surg 2020; 91:174-178. [PMID: 33244810 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is often encountered following corrective scoliosis surgery in children, frequently attributed to high-dose opiate administration. PONV is a frequent cause of prolonged hospital stay. Mechanisms related to transient partial duodenal compression by narrow angulation of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and aorta following scoliosis surgery are poorly understood and might be implicated in PONV. This study investigates relationships between biomechanical anatomic variations of the SMA and aorta, and its relationship with clinically significant PONV following scoliosis surgery in children. METHODS Children undergoing elective spinal arthrodesis for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were assessed by preoperative abdominal ultrasound and spinal X-ray prior to surgery. Post-operative assessment of clinically significant PONV is compared to preoperative imaging and clinical variables. RESULTS Thirteen patients (11 female and two male), with a mean age of 14 years and 1 month were included. Five patients (38.5%) developed clinically significant PONV. A significant association was observed between the coronal aorto-mesenteric orientation and PONV (P = 0.035). Of the five patients who developed PONV, two had direct coronal angulation of the SMA, one had left angulation and two had right angulation. Patients with significant PONV had narrower aorto-mesenteric distances which approached significance (P = 0.06). No other preoperative variable reached significance. CONCLUSION Patients with coronal aorto-mesenteric orientation preoperatively appear at greater risk of developing significant PONV following scoliosis surgery, independent of opiate requirements, prompting consideration of transient partial duodenal obstruction as an important factor in the mechanisms of PONV. A coronal aorto-mesenteric orientation theory (CAMOT) is proposed to explain this biomechanical vascular 'scissor'.
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Affiliation(s)
- George D Dounas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Thomas P Cundy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Roger Gent
- Medical Imaging, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Georgia Antoniou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne M Sutherland
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Cundy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Discipline of Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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da Silva EB, Smith ML, Savage RM, Polukis SA, Drouin P, Kung L. Effects of Lactobacillus hilgardii 4785 and Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on the bacterial community, fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn silage. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 130:1481-1493. [PMID: 33040472 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the capacity of Lactobacillus hilgardii and Lactobacillus buchneri on modifying the bacterial community and improving fermentation and aerobic stability of high-moisture corn (HMC). METHODS AND RESULTS High-moisture corn was untreated (CTR), treated with L. hilgardii (LH) or L. buchneri (LB) at 600 000 CFU per gram fresh weight, or with L. hilgardii and L. buchneri at 300 000 CFU per gram fresh weight each (LHLB), and stored for 10, 30 or 92 days. Compared to CTR, inoculated silages had higher Lactobacillaceae relative abundance, lower yeasts numbers and higher aerobic stability. Treatment with LHLB resulted in a higher acetic acid concentration than LH and higher 1,2 propanediol concentration than LB, such differences were numerically greater at 10 and 30 days but statistically greater at 92 days. At 10 days, all inoculated silages were more stable than CTR, but LHLB was even more stable than LB or LH. CONCLUSIONS The combination of L. hilgardii and L. buchneri had a synergistic effect on yeast inhibition, leading to greater improvements in aerobic stability as early as 10 days after ensiling. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Lactobacillus hilgardii, especially in combination with L. buchneri, can improve the aerobic stability of HMC after a very short period of ensiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B da Silva
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M L Smith
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - R M Savage
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - S A Polukis
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - P Drouin
- Lallemand Specialties Inc, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - L Kung
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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Huestis MA, Sempio C, Newmeyer MN, Andersson M, Barnes AJ, Abulseoud OA, Blount BC, Schroeder J, Smith ML. Free and Glucuronide Urine Cannabinoids after Controlled Smoked, Vaporized and Oral Cannabis Administration in Frequent and Occasional Cannabis Users. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:651-660. [PMID: 32369162 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Total urinary 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCCOOH) concentrations are generally reported following cannabis administration. Few data are available for glucuronide and minor cannabinoid metabolite concentrations. All urine specimens from 11 frequent and 9 occasional cannabis users were analyzed for 11 cannabinoids for ~85 h by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry following controlled smoked, vaporized or oral 50.6 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject dosing design. No cannabidiol, cannabinol, cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), THC, 11-OH-THC and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid were detected in urine. Median THCCOOH-glucuronide maximum concentrations (Cmax) following smoked, vaporized and oral routes were 68.0, 26.7 and 360 μg/L for occasional and 378, 248 and 485 μg/L for frequent users, respectively. Median time to specific gravity-normalized Cmax (Tmax) was 5.1-7.9 h for all routes and all users. Median Cmax for THCCOOH, THC-glucuronide and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THCV (THCVCOOH) were <7.5% of THCCOOH-glucuronide Cmax concentrations. Only THC-glucuronide mean Tmax differed between routes and groups, and was often present only in occasional users' first urine void. Multiple THCCOOH-glucuronide and THCCOOH peaks were observed. We also evaluated these urinary data with published models for determining recency of cannabis use. These urinary cannabinoid marker concentrations from occasional and frequent cannabis users following three routes of administration provide a scientific database to assess single urine concentrations in cannabis monitoring programs. New target analytes (CBD, CBN, CBG, THCV and phase II metabolites) were not found in urine. The results are important to officials in drug treatment, workplace and criminal justice drug monitoring programs, as well as policy makers with responsibility for cannabis regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Currently at The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and Hemp, Institute on Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, 683 Shore Road, Severna, Park MD 21146, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Currently at Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Laboratory IC42, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew N Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Currently at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Maria Andersson
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Currently at Cepheid AB, Inc., Rontgenvägen 5, 171 54, Solna, Sweden
| | - Allan J Barnes
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.,Currently at Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, 14225 Newbrook Dr., Chantilly, VA 20151
| | - Osama A Abulseoud
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, Atlanta, GA 30341
| | - Jennifer Schroeder
- Office of the Clinical Director, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Michael L Smith
- Huestis & Smith Toxicology, LLC, 683 Shore Road, Severna Park, MD 21146
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Xu H, Donegan S, Dreher JM, Stark AJ, Canović EP, Stamenović D, Smith ML. Focal adhesion displacement magnitude is a unifying feature of tensional homeostasis. Acta Biomater 2020; 113:372-379. [PMID: 32634483 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tensional homeostasis is widely recognized to exist at the length scales of organs and tissues, but the cellular length scale mechanism for tension regulation is not known. In this study, we explored whether tensional homeostasis emerges from the behavior of the individual focal adhesion (FA), which is the subcellular structure that transmits cell stress to the surrounding extracellular matrix. Past studies have suggested that cell contractility builds up until a certain displacement is achieved, and we thus hypothesized that tensional homeostasis may require a threshold level of substrate displacement. Micropattern traction microscopy was used to study a wide range of FA traction forces generated by bovine vascular smooth muscle cells and bovine aortic endothelial cells cultured on substrates of stiffness of 3.6, 6.7, 13.6, and 30 kPa. The most striking feature of FA dynamics observed here is that the substrate displacement resulting from FA traction forces is a unifying feature that determines FA tensional stability. Beyond approximately 1 μm of substrate displacement, FAs, regardless of cell type or substrate stiffness, exhibit a precipitous drop in temporal fluctuations of traction forces. These findings lead us to the conclusion that traction force dynamics collectively determine whether cells or cell ensembles develop tensional homeostasis, and this insight is necessary to fully understand how matrix stiffness impacts cellular behavior in healthy conditions and, more important, in pathological conditions such as cancer or vascular aging, where environmental stiffness is altered. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Tensional homeostasis is widely recognized to exist at the length scales of organs and tissues, but the cellular length scale mechanism for tension regulation is not known. In this study, we explored whether tensional homeostasis emerges from the behavior of the individual focal adhesion (FA), which is the subcellular structure that transmits cell stress to the extracellular matrix. We utilized micropattern traction microscopy to measure time-lapses of FA forces in vascular smooth muscle cells and in endothelial cells. We discovered that the magnitude of the substrate displacement determines whether the FA has low temporal variability of traction forces. This finding is significant since it is the first known feature of tensional homeostasis that is broadly unifying across a range of environmental conditions and cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Stephanie Donegan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, 110 Cummington Mall, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Jordan M Dreher
- Department of Chemistry, Norfolk State University, 700 Park Avenue, Norfolk, Virginia 23504, United States
| | - Alicia J Stark
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Canović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, 15St. Mary's St., Brookline, MA 02446, United States.
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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Abstract
Tensional homeostasis is a phenomenon of fundamental importance in mechanobiology. It refers to the ability of organs, tissues, and cells to respond to external disturbances by maintaining a homeostatic (set point) level of mechanical stress (tension). It is well documented that breakdown in tensional homeostasis is the hallmark of progression of diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis. In this review, we surveyed quantitative studies of tensional homeostasis with the goal of providing characterization of this phenomenon across a broad range of length scales, from the organ level to the subcellular level. We considered both static and dynamics approaches that have been used in studies of this phenomenon. Results that we found in the literature and that we obtained from our own investigations suggest that tensional homeostasis is an emergent phenomenon driven by collective rheostatic mechanisms associated with focal adhesions, and by a collective action of cells in multicellular forms, whose impact on tensional homeostasis is cell type-dependent and cell microenvironment-dependent. Additionally, the finding that cadherins, adhesion molecules that are important for formation of cell-cell junctions, promote tensional homeostasis even in single cells, demonstrates their relevance as a signaling moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, 44 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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D'Amico RS, Baum G, Serulle Y, Silva D, Smith ML, Wallack RA, Ellis JA, Levine M, Ortiz R, Boockvar JA, Langer DJ. A Roadmap to Reopening a Neurosurgical Practice in the Age of COVID-19. World Neurosurg 2020; 139:289-293. [PMID: 32437982 PMCID: PMC7211662 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has left a lasting mark on medicine globally. METHODS Here we outline the steps that the Lenox Hill Hospital/Northwell Health Neurosurgery Department-located within the epicenter of the pandemic in New York City-is currently taking to recover our neurosurgical efforts in the age of COVID-19. RESULTS We outline measurable milestones to identify the transition to the recovery period and hope these recommendations may serve as a framework for an effective path forward. CONCLUSIONS We believe that recovery following the COVID-19 pandemic offers unique opportunities to disrupt and rebuild the historical patient and office experience as we evolve with modern medicine in a post-COVID-19 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy S D'Amico
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Griffin Baum
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yafell Serulle
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Danilo Silva
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA; Rothman Orthopaedics Institute - Spine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wallack
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jason A Ellis
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mitchell Levine
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rafael Ortiz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - John A Boockvar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J Langer
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Lenox Hill Hospital/Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra, New York, New York, USA
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Wood S, Henning JA, Chen L, McKibben T, Smith ML, Weber M, Zemenick A, Ballen CJ. A scientist like me: demographic analysis of biology textbooks reveals both progress and long-term lags. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200877. [PMID: 32576104 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Textbooks shape teaching and learning in introductory biology and highlight scientists as potential role models who are responsible for significant discoveries. We explore a potential demographic mismatch between the scientists featured in textbooks and the students who use textbooks to learn core concepts in biology. We conducted a demographic analysis by extracting hundreds of human names from common biology textbooks and assessing the binary gender and race of featured scientists. We found that the most common scientists featured in textbooks are white men. However, women and scientists of colour are increasingly represented in contemporary scientific discoveries. In fact, the proportion of women highlighted in textbooks has increased in lockstep with the proportion of women in the field, indicating that textbooks are matching a changing demographic landscape. Despite these gains, the scientists portrayed in textbooks are not representative of their target audience-the student population. Overall, very few scientists of colour were highlighted, and projections suggest it could take multiple centuries at current rates before we reach inclusive representation. We call upon textbook publishers to expand upon the scientists they highlight to reflect the diverse population of learners in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Wood
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Henning
- Department of Biology, University of South Alabama, Life Sciences, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Luoying Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Taylor McKibben
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Collective Behavior, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marjorie Weber
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ash Zemenick
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Cissy J Ballen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
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Vishwanath N, Monis WJ, Hoffmann GA, Ramachandran B, DiGiacomo V, Wong JY, Smith ML, Layne MD. Mechanisms of aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein secretion and identification of an intracellularly retained variant associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9725-9735. [PMID: 32482891 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic carboxypeptidase-like protein (ACLP) is a collagen-binding extracellular matrix protein that has important roles in wound healing and fibrosis. ACLP contains thrombospondin repeats, a collagen-binding discoidin domain, and a catalytically inactive metallocarboxypeptidase domain. Recently, mutations in the ACLP-encoding gene, AE-binding protein 1 (AEBP1), have been discovered, leading to the identification of a new variant of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome causing connective tissue disruptions in multiple organs. Currently, little is known about the mechanisms of ACLP secretion or the role of post-translational modifications in these processes. We show here that the secreted form of ACLP contains N-linked glycosylation and that inhibition of glycosylation results in its intracellular retention. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we determined that glycosylation of Asn-471 and Asn-1030 is necessary for ACLP secretion and identified a specific N-terminal proteolytic ACLP fragment. To determine the contribution of secreted ACLP to extracellular matrix mechanical properties, we generated and mechanically tested wet-spun collagen ACLP composite fibers, finding that ACLP enhances the modulus (or stiffness), toughness, and tensile strength of the fibers. Some AEBP1 mutations were null alleles, whereas others resulted in expressed proteins. We tested the hypothesis that a recently discovered 40-amino acid mutation and insertion in the ACLP discoidin domain regulates collagen binding and assembly. Interestingly, we found that this protein variant is retained intracellularly and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress identified with an XBP1-based endoplasmic reticulum stress reporter. Our findings highlight the importance of N-linked glycosylation of ACLP for its secretion and contribute to our understanding of ACLP-dependent disease pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neya Vishwanath
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William J Monis
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gwendolyn A Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bhavana Ramachandran
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vincent DiGiacomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Layne
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Stamenović D, Krishnan R, Canović EP, Smith ML. As the endothelial cell reorients, its tensile forces stabilize. J Biomech 2020; 105:109770. [PMID: 32278526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
When adherent cells are subjected to uniaxial sinusoidal stretch at frequencies close to physiological, their body and their contractile stress fibers realign nearly perpendicularly to the stretch axis. A common explanation for this phenomenon is that stress fibers reorient along the direction where they are unaffected by the applied cyclic stretch and thus can maintain optimal (homeostatic) tensile force. The ability of cells to achieve tensional homeostasis in response to external disturbances is important for normal physiological functions of cells and tissues and it provides protection against diseases, including cancer and atherosclerosis. However, quantitative experimental data that support the idea that stretch-induced reorientation is associated with tensional homeostasis are lacking. We observed previously that in response to uniaxial cyclic stretch of 10% strain amplitudes, traction forces of single endothelial cells reorient in the direction perpendicular to the stretch axis. Here we carried out a secondary analysis of those data to investigate whether this reorientation of traction forces is associated with tensional homeostasis. Our analysis showed that stretch-induced reorientation of traction forces was accompanied by attenuation of temporal variability of the traction field to the level that was observed in the absence of stretch. These findings represent a quantitative experimental evidence that stretch-induced reorientation of cellular traction forces is associated with the cell's tendency to achieve tensional homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, MA 02446, United States.
| | - Ramaswamy Krishnan
- Center for Vascular Biology Research, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Elizabeth P Canović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
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Koenig PA, Smith ML, Horowitz LH, Palmer DM, Petersen KH. Artificial shaking signals in honey bee colonies elicit natural responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3746. [PMID: 32111924 PMCID: PMC7048926 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bee signals are primarily studied through natural observation combined with manipulations of the colony or environment, not direct manipulation of the signal stimulus or receivers. Consequently, we know little about which signal aspects are necessary to reproduce behavioral responses. Here, we focus on the shaking signal, wherein a worker grabs onto another bee and vibrates. All castes receive shaking signals, but individual responses depend on context, and the signal may be multi-modal (mechanical, odor, sound, etc.). We designed a tool to mimic the shaking signal. We tested whether a purely mechanical stimulus elicited the same behavioral response as a natural shaking signal, teasing apart the effects of signal and receiver characteristics. We found that both workers and drones increased their movement after being artificially shaken, and that shaken drones were more likely to engage in feeding and grooming than a sham control. These behavioral changes support the idea that the shaking signal serves to generally increase worker activity, but also serves to activate male reproductives (drones). With this tool, we show that vibration itself is responsible for eliciting much of the shaking signal’s behavioral response, in one of the few examples of direct playback in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe A Koenig
- Cornell University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, 14850, NY, United States.
| | - Michael L Smith
- Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Department of Collective Behavior, Konstanz, 78464, Germany.,University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, 78464, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Animal Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Logan H Horowitz
- Cornell University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, 14850, NY, United States
| | - Daniel M Palmer
- Cornell University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, 14850, NY, United States
| | - Kirstin H Petersen
- Cornell University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ithaca, 14850, NY, United States
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White JA, Gaver DP, Butera RJ, Choi B, Dunlop MJ, Grande-Allen KJ, Grosberg A, Hitchcock RW, Huang-Saad AY, Kotche M, Kyle AM, Lerner AL, Linehan JH, Linsenmeier RA, Miller MI, Papin JA, Setton L, Sgro A, Smith ML, Zaman M, Lee AP. Core Competencies for Undergraduates in Bioengineering and Biomedical Engineering: Findings, Consequences, and Recommendations. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:905-912. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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42
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van Wyngaardt WM, Tobin SM, Lee S, Smith ML, Jackson TW, Ilter J, Howe B, Sarbutt A. Primary standardisation of technetium-99m by liquid scintillation coincidence counting. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 156:108935. [PMID: 31675614 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.108935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Technetium-99m was standardised by the 4π(LS)ce-γ coincidence extrapolation method. Sensitivity of the 4π(LS) channel to two types of radiation, namely conversion electrons and γ-rays, resulted in incorrect activity values being obtained when this was not adequately accounted for. Measurements were more robust when the LS detection efficiency was optimised, and when a γ-window setting was used that monitored the combined LS efficiency for conversion electrons and γ-rays. The primary standard was internationally compared through participation in the BIPM.RI(II)-K4.Tc99m key comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M van Wyngaardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia.
| | - S M Tobin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - S Lee
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - M L Smith
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - T W Jackson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - J Ilter
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - B Howe
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
| | - A Sarbutt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Rd, Lucas Heights, 2234, NSW, Australia
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43
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Lotan I, Charlson RW, Fatterpekar GM, Shapiro M, Smith ML, William C, Kister I. Progressive myelopathy associated with spinal epidural lipomatosis in three non-obese patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. J Neurol Sci 2020; 411:116688. [PMID: 31972349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal epidural lipomatosis (SEL) is a rare condition defined as pathological overgrowth of the normally present epidural fat within the spinal canal. SEL is associated with Cushing disease, obesity and chronic corticosteroid therapy. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) has not known to be a risk factor for SEL. The neurological symptoms of SEL are attributed mainly to mechanical compression on the spinal cord and the cauda equina. METHODS A retrospective chart review of patients evaluated at NYU Multiple Sclerosis Care Center identified three diabetic patients with progressive myelopathy associated with SEL. We report the clinical course, diagnostic workup and outcomes in these three patients with SEL-associated myelopathy. RESULTS Three patients (2 females and 1 male) had long-standing DM1 and developed progressive myelopathy in their early 40's. All were found to have thoracic SEL (extensive extradural T1, T2 hyperintense signal; biopsy confirmed in one case) with associated extensive abnormal cord signal in lower cervical/upper thoracic spinal cord. A comprehensive evaluation for metabolic, infectious, autoimmune and vascular causes of myelopathy that included serologies, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and spinal angiography did not reveal an alternative cause for myelopathy. One of the patients underwent a surgical decompression of SEL with subsequent clinical and radiologic improvement. CONCLUSIONS Our case series suggest that patients with DM1 and myelopathy of unknown cause should be evaluated for SEL. Timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention may forestall progression of neurological disability and even result in neurologic improvement. SEL should be considered on the short list of diagnoses that cause potentially reversible progressive myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Lotan
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America; Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petach Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Robert W Charlson
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Girish M Fatterpekar
- Department of Radiology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maksim Shapiro
- Department of Radiology, Neurointerventional Radiology Section, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher William
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Ilya Kister
- Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Comprehensive Care Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
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44
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Li J, Barbone PE, Smith ML, Stamenović D. Effect of correlation between traction forces on tensional homeostasis in clusters of endothelial cells and fibroblasts. J Biomech 2019; 100:109588. [PMID: 31902611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to maintain a constant level of cytoskeletal tension in response to external and internal disturbances is referred to as tensional homeostasis. It is essential for the normal physiological function of cells and tissues, and for protection against disease progression, including atherosclerosis and cancer. In previous studies, we defined tensional homeostasis as the ability of cells to maintain a consistent level of cytoskeletal tension with low temporal fluctuations. In those studies, we measured temporal fluctuations of cell-substrate traction forces in clusters of endothelial cells and of fibroblasts. We observed those temporal fluctuations to decrease with increasing cluster size in endothelial cells, but not in fibroblasts. We quantified temporal fluctuation, and thus homeostasis, through the coefficient of variation (CV) of the traction field; the lower the value of CV, the closer the cell is to the state of tensional homeostasis. This metric depends on correlation between individual traction forces. In this study, we analyzed the contribution of correlation between traction forces on traction field CV in clusters of endothelial cells and fibroblasts using experimental data that we had obtained previously. Results of our analysis showed that positive correlation between traction forces was detrimental to homeostasis, and that it was cell type-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanyong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Paul E Barbone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Dimitrije Stamenović
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States; Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston University, Brookline, MA 02446, United States.
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45
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Dimitrijevic A, Smith ML, Kadis DS, Moore DR. Neural indices of listening effort in noisy environments. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11278. [PMID: 31375712 PMCID: PMC6677804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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46
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Hoffmann GA, Smith ML. New Insights into Collagen and Fibronectin Reciprocity during Extracellular Matrix Formation. Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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47
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Nawani H, Smith ML, Wheeler AL, Widjaja E. Functional Connectivity Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Children with Focal Epilepsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1213-1220. [PMID: 31221633 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although functional connectivity has been linked to cognitive function in epilepsy, its relationship with physical, psychological, or social dysfunction is unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationship between network architecture from resting-state fMRI and health-related quality of life in children with medically intractable focal epilepsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-seven children with nonlesional focal epilepsy were included; 22 had frontal lobe epilepsy and 15 had temporal lobe epilepsy. We computed graph metrics of functional connectivity, including network segregation (clustering coefficient and modularity) and integration (characteristic path length and participation coefficient). Health-related quality of life was measured using the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy questionnaire. We examined the associations between graph metrics and the Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy total and domains scores, with age, sex, age at seizure onset, fMRI motion, and network density as covariates. RESULTS There was a negative relationship between the clustering coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(40) = -2.0; P = .04] and social function [t(40) = -2.9; P = .005]. There was a positive association between the mean participation coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(40) = 2.2; P = .03] and cognition [t(40) = 3.8; P = .0004]. In temporal lobe epilepsy, there was a negative relationship between the clustering coefficient and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(8) = -2.8; P = .02] and social function [t(8) = -3.6; P = .0075] and between modularity and total Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy score [t(8) = -2.5; P = .04] and social function [t(8) = -4.4; P = .0021]. In frontal lobe epilepsy, there was no association between network segregation and integration and Quality of Life in Childhood Epilepsy total or domain scores. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that there are other higher order brain functions beyond cognition, which may be linked with functional connectivity of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nawani
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.)
| | - M L Smith
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.).,Departments of Psychology (M.L.S.)
| | - A L Wheeler
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.) .,Physiology (A.L.W.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - E Widjaja
- From Neurosciences and Mental Health (H.N., M.L.S., A.L.W., E.W.).,Diagnostic Imaging (E.W.).,Division of Neurology (E.W.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix is well-known for its structural role in supporting cells and tissues, and its important biochemical role in providing signals to cells has increasingly become apparent. These structural and biochemical roles are closely coupled through mechanical forces: the biochemistry of the extracellular matrix determines its mechanical properties, mechanical forces control release or display of biochemical signals from the extracellular matrix, and the mechanical properties of the matrix in turn influence the mechanical set point at which signals are sent. In this Perspective, we explain how the extracellular matrix is regulated by strain and mechanical forces. We show the impact of biochemistry and mechanical forces on in vivo assembly of extracellular matrix and illustrate how matrix can be generated in vitro using a variety of methods. We cover how the matrix can be characterized in terms of mechanics, composition, and conformation to determine its properties and to predict interactions. Finally, we explore how extracellular matrix remodeling, ligand binding, and hemostasis are regulated by mechanical forces. These recently discovered mechano-biochemical interactions have important functions in wound healing and disease progression. It is likely that mechanically altered extracellular matrix interactions are a commonly recurring theme, but due to limited tools to generate extracellular matrix fibers in vitro and lack of high-throughput methods to detect these interactions, it is hypothesized that many of these interactions have yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , 44 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , 44 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , 44 Cummington Mall , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
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49
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Bradshaw MJ, Hoffmann GA, Wong JY, Smith ML. Fibronectin fiber creep under constant force loading. Acta Biomater 2019; 88:78-85. [PMID: 30780000 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viscoelasticity is a fundamental property of virtually all biological materials, and proteinaceous, fibrous materials that constitute the extracellular matrix (ECM) are no exception. Viscoelasticity may be particularly important in the ECM since cells can apply mechanical stress resulting from cell contractility over very long periods of time. However, measurements of ECM fiber response to long-term constant force loading are scarce, despite the increasing recognition that mechanical strain regulates the biological function of some ECM fibers. We developed a dual micropipette system that applies constant force to single fibers for up to 8 h. We utilized this system to study the time dependent response of fibronectin (Fn) fibers to constant force, as Fn fibers exhibit tremendous extensibility before mechanical failure as well as strain dependent alterations in biological properties. These data demonstrate the Fn fibers continue to stretch under constant force loading for at least 8 h and that this long-term creep results in plastic deformation of Fn fibers, in contrast to elastic deformation of Fn fibers under short-term, but fast loading rate extension. These data demonstrate that physiologically-relevant loading may impart mechanical features to Fn fibers by switching them into an extended state that may have altered biological functions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Measurements of extracellular matrix (ECM) fiber response to constant force loading are scarce, so we developed a novel technique for applying constant force to single ECM fibers. We used this technique to measure constant force creep of fibronectin fibers since these fibers have been shown to be mechanotransducers whose functions can be altered by mechanical strain. We found that fibronectin fibers creep under constant force loading for the duration of the experiment and that this creep behavior resembles a power law. Furthermore, we found that constant force creep results in plastic deformation of the fibers, which suggests that the mechanobiological switching of fibronectin can only occur once after long-term loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bradshaw
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Gwendolyn A Hoffmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Joyce Y Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - Michael L Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
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50
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Huestis MA, Blount BC, Milan DF, Newmeyer MN, Schroeder J, Smith ML. Correlation of creatinine‐ and specific gravity‐normalized free and glucuronidated urine cannabinoid concentrations following smoked, vaporized, and oral cannabis in frequent and occasional cannabis users. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:968-975. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD 21124 USA
- Currently at The Lambert Center for the Study of Medicinal Cannabis and HempInstitute on Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA 19107 USA
| | - Benjamin C. Blount
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles BranchCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health Atlanta GA 30341 USA
| | - Daniel F. Milan
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Tobacco and Volatiles BranchCenters for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Environmental Health Atlanta GA 30341 USA
| | - Matthew N. Newmeyer
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD 21124 USA
- Currently at the Office of the Chief Medical ExaminerMaryland Department of Health Baltimore MD 21223 USA
| | - Jennifer Schroeder
- Office of the Clinical Director, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD 21124 USA
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