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Boknäs N, Laine C, Hillarp A, Macwan AS, Gustafsson KM, Lindahl TL, Holmström M. Associations between hemostatic markers and mortality in COVID-19 – Compounding effects of D-dimer, antithrombin and PAP complex. Thromb Res 2022; 213:97-104. [PMID: 35316719 PMCID: PMC8930184 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this single-center cohort study, we applied a panel of laboratory markers to characterize hemostatic function in 217 consecutive patients that underwent testing for COVID-19 as they were admitted to Linköping University Hospital between April and June 2020. In the 96 patients that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19+), the cumulative incidences of death and venous thromboembolism were 24.0% and 19.8% as compared to 12.4% (p = 0.031) and 11.6% (p = 0.13) in the 121 patients that tested negative (COVID-19−). In COVID-19+ patients, we found pronounced increases in plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and fibrinogen. Excess mortality was observed in COVID-19+ patients with the following aberrations in hemostatic markers: high D-dimer, low antithrombin or low plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP) formation, with Odds Ratios (OR) for death of 4.7 (95% confidence interval (CI95) 1.7–12.9; p = 0.003) for D-dimer >0.5 mg/L, 5.9 (CI95 1.8–19.7; p = 0.004) for antithrombin (AT) ˂0.85 kIU/l and 4.9 (CI95 1.3–18.3; p = 0.019) for PAP < 1000 μg/L. Compounding increases in mortality was observed in COVID-19+ patients with combined defects in markers of fibrinolysis and coagulation, with ORs for death of 15.7 (CI95 4.3–57; p < 0.001) for patients with PAP <1000 μg/L and D-dimer >0.5 mg/L and 15.5 (CI95 2.8–87, p = 0.002) for patients with PAP <1000 μg/L and AT ˂0.85 kIU/L. We observed an elevated fraction of incompletely degraded D-dimer fragments in COVID-19+ patients with low PAP, indicating impaired fibrinolytic breakdown of cross-linked fibrin.
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Lund M, Macwan AS, Tunströmer K, Lindahl TL, Boknäs N. Effects of Heparin and Bivalirudin on Thrombin-Induced Platelet Activation: Differential Modulation of PAR Signaling Drives Divergent Prothrombotic Responses. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:717835. [PMID: 34660719 PMCID: PMC8511449 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.717835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin and bivalirudin are widely used as anticoagulants in the setting of acute thrombosis. In this study, we investigated how these drugs affect the ability of thrombin to generate a prothrombotic platelet response via activation of the protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 4. We examined the effects of heparin/antithrombin and bivalirudin on PAR1- and PAR4-mediated intracellular calcium mobilization, aggregation, α-granule release, and procoagulant membrane exposure in platelets exposed to thrombin concentrations likely to be encountered in the thrombus microenvironment during thrombosis. At physiological antithrombin levels, heparin treatment resulted in complete and sustained inhibition of thrombin-induced PAR4-mediated platelet activation, but transient PAR1 signaling was sufficient to elicit significant α-granule release and platelet aggregation. In contrast, bivalirudin treatment resulted in rapid and profound inhibition of signaling from both PAR receptors, followed by a delayed phase of PAR4-mediated platelet activation, resulting in a robust prothrombotic response. Combination treatment with bivalirudin and subtherapeutic concentrations of heparin completely inhibited the residual platelet activation observed with single drug treatment at all time-points. Our results show that heparin and bivalirudin have different and complementary inhibitory effects on the activation of PAR1 and PAR4 by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Lund
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ankit S Macwan
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kjersti Tunströmer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niklas Boknäs
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Hematology and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Boknäs N, Macwan AS, Södergren AL, Ramström S. Platelet function testing at low platelet counts: When can you trust your analysis? Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:285-290. [PMID: 31011713 PMCID: PMC6462761 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although flow cytometry is often brought forward as a preferable method in the setting of thrombocytopenia, the relative effects of low sample counts on results from flow cytometry-based platelet function testing (FC-PFT) in comparison with light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and multiple electrode aggregometry (MEA) has not been reported. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of different sample platelet counts (10, 50, 100, and 200 × 109 L-1) on platelet activation measured with FC-PFT, LTA, and MEA using the same anticoagulant and agonist concentrations as for the commercial MEA test. METHODS Platelets were stimulated with two commonly used platelet agonists (ADP [6.5 μmol L-1] and PAR1-AP [TRAP, 32 μmol L-1]). The specified sample platelet counts were obtained by combining platelet-rich and platelet poor hirudinized plasma in different proportions with or without red blood cells. RESULTS For FC, P-selectin exposure and PAC-1 binding was reduced at 10 × 109 L-1 after stimulation with PAR1-AP (by approximately 20% and 50%, respectively), but remained relatively unchanged when ADP was used as agonist (n = 9). The platelet count-dependent effects observed with PAR1-AP were eliminated when samples were pre-incubated with apyrase, implying that reduced purinergic signaling was the main underlying factor (n = 5). Both aggregometry-based PFTs showed a 50% reduction at 50 × 109 L-1 and more than 80% reduction at 10 × 109 L-1, irrespective of agonist used (n = 7). CONCLUSIONS Although FC-PFT is generally preferable to aggregometry-based PFTs in situations with low sample platelet counts, a careful optimization of experimental parameters is still required in order to eliminate platelet count-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Boknäs
- Department of Haematology and Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Australian Centre for Blood DiseasesMonash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Ankit S. Macwan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Anna L. Södergren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Sofia Ramström
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineLinköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Cardiovascular Research CentreÖrebro UniversitySchool of Medical SciencesÖrebroSweden
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Macwan AS, Boknäs N, Ntzouni MP, Ramström S, Gibbins JM, Faxälv L, Lindahl TL. Gradient-dependent inhibition of stimulatory signaling from platelet G protein-coupled receptors. Haematologica 2019; 104:1482-1492. [PMID: 30630981 PMCID: PMC6601095 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As platelet activation is an irreversible and potentially harmful event, platelet stimulatory signaling must be tightly regulated to ensure the filtering-out of inconsequential fluctuations of agonist concentrations in the vascular milieu. Herein, we show that platelet activation via G protein-coupled receptors is gradient-dependent, i.e., determined not only by agonist concentrations per se but also by how rapidly concentrations change over time. We demonstrate that gradient-dependent inhibition is a common feature of all major platelet stimulatory G protein-coupled receptors, while platelet activation via the non-G protein-coupled receptor glycoprotein VI is strictly concentration-dependent. By systematically characterizing the effects of variations in temporal agonist concentration gradients on different aspects of platelet activation, we demonstrate that gradient-dependent inhibition of protease-activated receptors exhibits different kinetics, with platelet activation occurring at lower agonist gradients for protease-activated receptor 4 than for protease-activated receptor 1, but shares a characteristic bimodal effect distribution, as gradient-dependent inhibition increases over a narrow range of gradients, below which aggregation and granule secretion is effectively shut off. In contrast, the effects of gradient-dependent inhibition on platelet activation via adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane receptors increase incrementally over a large range of gradients. Furthermore, depending on the affected activation pathway, gradient-dependent inhibition results in different degrees of refractoriness to subsequent autologous agonist stimulation. Mechanistically, our study identifies an important role for the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent pathway in gradient-dependent inhibition. Together, our findings suggest that gradient-dependent inhibition may represent a new general mechanism for hemostatic regulation in platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit S Macwan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Niklas Boknäs
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria P Ntzouni
- Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofia Ramström
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Lars Faxälv
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tomas L Lindahl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Shrivastava N, Macwan AS, Kohler HPE, Kumar A. Important amino acid residues of hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinases (LinA) for enantioselective transformation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Biodegradation 2017; 28:171-180. [PMID: 28251436 PMCID: PMC5422493 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-017-9786-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
LinA-type1 and LinA-type2 are two well-characterized variants of the enzyme ‘hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)-dehydrochlorinase’. They differ from each other at ten amino acid positions and exhibit differing enantioselectivity for the transformation of the (–) and (+) enantiomers of α-HCH. Amino acids responsible for this enantioselectivity, however, are not known. An in silico docking analysis identified four amino acids (K20, L96, A131, and T133) in LinA-type1 that could be involved in selective binding of the substrates. Experimental studies with constructed mutant enzymes revealed that a combined presence of three amino acid changes in LinA-type1, i.e. K20Q, L96C, and A131G, caused a reversal in its preference from the (–) to the (+) enantiomer of α-HCH. This preference was enhanced by the additional amino acid change T133 M. Presence of these four changes also caused the reversal of enantioselectivity of LinA-type1 for δ-HCH, and β-, γ-, and δ-pentachlorocyclohexens. Thus, the residues K20, L96, A131, and T133 in LinA-type1 and the residues Q20, C96, G131, and M133 in LinA-type 2 appear to be important determinants for the enantioselectivity of LinA enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Shrivastava
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Environmental Biotechnology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Ankit S Macwan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hans-Peter E Kohler
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
- Environmental Biotechnology Section, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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Lindahl TL, Macwan AS, Ramström S. Protease-activated receptor 4 is more important than protease-activated receptor 1 for the thrombin-induced procoagulant effect on platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1639-41. [PMID: 27213295 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Lindahl
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A S Macwan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - S Ramström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Macwan AS, Srivastava N, Javed S, Kumar A. Role of a repeated hexapeptide motif GIHFAP near C-terminus in assembly, stability, and activity of "HCH dehydrochlorinase LinA". Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 169:1397-404. [PMID: 23315208 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme "hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) dehydrochlorinase LinA" mediates first step of aerobic microbial degradation of a chlorinated insecticide γ-HCH. The archetypal LinA-type1 consists of 156 amino acids that include a directly repeated hexapeptide motif GIHFAP at positions 141-146 and 148-153. Analysis of a series of LinA mutants, containing none, one, two, or three units of this repeated motif revealed that two units, as present in wild-type LinA, are required for its optimal activity and stability. Moreover, the presence of a bend in its secondary structure due to a proline residue that precedes the distal repeated unit contributes to enhanced LinA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit S Macwan
- Environmental Biotechnology Section, Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Macwan AS, Kukshal V, Srivastava N, Javed S, Kumar A, Ramachandran R. Crystal structure of the hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA-type2): mutational analysis, thermostability and enantioselectivity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50373. [PMID: 23209726 PMCID: PMC3507683 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA) mediates dehydrochlorination of γ-HCH to 1, 3, 4, 6-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene that constitutes first step of the aerobic degradation pathway. We report the 3.5 Å crystal structure of a thermostable LinA-type2 protein, obtained from a soil metagenome, in the hexagonal space group P6(3)22 with unit cell parameters a = b = 162.5, c = 186.3 Å, respectively. The structure was solved by molecular replacement using the co-ordinates of LinA-type1 that exhibits mesophile-like properties. Structural comparison of LinA-type2 and -type1 proteins suggests that thermostability of LinA-type2 might partly arise due to presence of higher number of ionic interactions, along with 4% increase in the intersubunit buried surface area. Mutational analysis involving the differing residues between the -type1 and -type2 proteins, circular dichroism experiments and functional assays suggest that Q20 and G23 are determinants of stability for LinA-type2. It was earlier reported that LinA-type1 exhibits enantioselectivity for the (-) enantiomer of α-HCH. Contrastingly, we identified that -type2 protein prefers the (+) enantiomer of α-HCH. Structural analysis and molecular docking experiments suggest that changed residues K20Q, L96C and A131G, vicinal to the active site are probably responsible for the altered enantioselectivity of LinA-type2. Overall the study has identified features responsible for the thermostability and enantioselectivity of LinA-type2 that can be exploited for the design of variants for specific biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit S. Macwan
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Vandna Kukshal
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Nidhi Srivastava
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Environmental Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Ravishankar Ramachandran
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
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Singh AK, Chaudhary P, Macwan AS, Diwedi UN, Kumar A. Selective loss of lin genes from hexachlorocyclohexane-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa ITRC-5 under different growth conditions. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 76:895-901. [PMID: 17602219 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The chlorinated insecticide gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (gamma-HCH) is sequentially metabolized by the products of linA, linB, linC, linD, linE, and linF genes to beta-ketoadipate, which is subsequently mineralized. Two or more copies of these genes are present in the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa ITRC-5 that was isolated earlier by selective enrichment on technical-HCH. At least one copy of linA, linB, linC, linD, and possibly linE is lost from ITRC-5 upon its growth on gamma-HCH. All the lin genes, however, are lost when the bacterium was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium. The loss of lin genes is accompanied with the loss/rearrangement of insertion sequence IS6100 genes. Concomitant to the loss of lin genes, the degradation of HCH-isomers by "gamma-HCH grown cells" is slower, when compared with "technical-HCH grown cells", and is completely lost by "LB-grown cells". The selective loss of lin genes during different growth conditions has not been reported before and is expected to help in understanding the dynamism of degradative genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul K Singh
- Environmental Biotechnology Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, India
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