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Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Chiarella P, Buresti G, Del Frate V, Di Basilio M, Iavicoli S, Ursini CL. Evaluation of Systemic Genotoxic/Oxidative and Proinflammatory Effects in Workers of a Titanium Dioxide Production Plant. Biomed Res Int 2023; 2023:7066090. [PMID: 37521120 PMCID: PMC10386898 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7066090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at evaluating whether the occupational exposure to TiO2 during the industrial production process is able to induce genotoxic, oxidative, and inflammatory effects on blood, biomonitoring the same workers that showed micronucleus induction in the exfoliated buccal cells, as previous published. The final aim was to find sensitive and suitable biomarkers to evaluate potential early toxicity of occupational exposure to TiO2. On the same 40 workers involved in the manufacture of TiO2 pigment, 5 office workers, and 18 controls previously studied, we used formamidopyrimidine glycosylase- (Fpg-) comet assay on lymphocytes to evaluate genotoxic/oxidative effects and detected cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα) release by ELISA to evaluate proinflammation. Moreover, we studied the possible influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms of XRCC1 and hOGG1 DNA repair genes and of GST metabolism-related genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) on the evaluated effects. We did not find statistically significant differences in the mean values of the analysed Fpg-comet assay parameters; only the percentage of DNA damaged cells appearing in the test as comets (% comets) resulted higher in the exposed workers compared to controls. Also, the data analysed taking into account the specific task (bagging, industrial cleaning, mobile operations, maintaining, and production) showed differences only for % comets which resulted higher in industrial cleaners compared to controls. We found variations of IL-6 and IL-8 levels in the exposed workers with concentrations that were lower for IL-6 and higher for IL-8 compared to the control group. XRCC1, hOGG1, and GSTT1 polymorphisms did not influence neither comet parameters nor cytokine release. These findings demonstrate that TiO2 production process is able to induce slight proinflammatory effects in terms of IL-8 increased release but not significant genotoxic/oxidative effects on lymphocytes, which do not seem to be a target of TiO2, prevalently inhalable particles, generated in the studied production site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Basilio
- Department of Technological Innovation and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Ciervo A, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Campopiano A, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Toxicological evaluation of polycrystalline wools in human lung cells. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:48-58. [PMID: 36648028 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2167023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Polycrystalline wools (PCW) are included with Refractory ceramic fibers (RCF) in the alumino-silicates family of High Temperature Insulation Wools (HTIW). IARC includes PCW in the ceramic fibers group and considers them as possible human carcinogens (GROUP 2B). Since PCW toxicity is not yet clear, our aim was to evaluate their toxic and inflammatory effects and to compare them with the known RCF effects.Method: We exposed human bronchial (BEAS-2B) and alveolar (A549) cells to 2-100 µg/mL (2.4 × 103-1.2 × 105 fibers/mL; 2.51 × 103-1.26 × 105 fibers/cm2 of PCW and 7.4 × 103-3.7 × 105 fibers/mL; 7.75 × 103-3.87 × 105 fibers/cm2 of RCF) of the tested fibers to evaluate potential viability reduction, apoptosis, membrane damage, direct/oxidative DNA-damage, cytokine release.Results: In A549, PCW did not induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis but they induced significant dose-dependent DNA-damage, although lower than RCF; only RCF induced oxidative effects. PCW also induced an increase in IL-6 release at 100 µg/mL (1.2 × 105 fibers/mL; 1.26 × 105 fibers/cm2). In BEAS-2B, PCW did not induce cell-viability reduction RCF induced a dose-dependent cell-viability decrease. Both fibers show a dose-dependent increase of apoptosis. In BEAS-2B, PCW also induced dose-dependent DNA-damage, although lower than RCF, and slight oxidative effects similar to RCF. PCW also induced an increase of IL-6 release; RCF induced a decrease of IL-8. Summarizing, PCW induce direct-oxidative DNA-damage although to a lower extent than RCF observed by both mass-based and fiber number-based analysis.Conclusion: For the first time, the study shows the potential toxicity of PCW, usually considered safe, and suggests to perform further in vitro studies, also on other cell types, to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Campopiano
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Boccuni F, Ferrante R, Tombolini F, Maiello R, Chiarella P, Buresti G, Del Frate V, Poli D, Andreoli R, Di Cristo L, Sabella S, Iavicoli S. A follow-up study on workers involved in the graphene production process after the introduction of exposure mitigation measures: evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:776-790. [PMID: 36427224 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2149359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During nanomaterial (NM) production, workers could be exposed, particularly by inhalation, to NMs and other chemicals used in the synthesis process, so it is important to have suitable biomarkers to monitor potential toxic effects. Aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the introduction of exposure mitigation measures on workers unintentionally exposed to graphene co-pollutants during production process monitoring the presumable reduction of workplace NM contamination and of early genotoxic and oxidative effects previously found on these workers. We used Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay and Fpg-comet test, resulted the most sensitive biomarkers on our first biomonitoring work, to measure the genotoxic effects. We also detected urinary oxidized nucleic acid bases 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo to evaluate oxidative damage. The genotoxic and oxidative effects were assessed on the same graphene workers (N = 6) previously studied, comparing the results with those found in the first biomonitoring and with the control group (N = 11). This was achieved 6 months after the installation of a special filter hood (where to perform the phases at higher risk of NM emission) and the improvement of environmental and personal protective equipment. Particle number concentration decreased after the mitigation measures. We observed reduction of Micronucleus (MN) frequency and oxidative DNA damage and increase of 8-oxodGuo excretion compared to the first biomonitoring. These results, although limited by the small subject number, showed the efficacy of adopted exposure mitigation measures and the suitability of used sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers to bio-monitor over time workers involved in graphene production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Boccuni
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Tombolini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Poli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Andreoli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Laboratory of Industrial Toxicology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Goldoni M, Poli D, Corradi M, Iavicoli S, Ursini CL. Biomonitoring of chrome-plating workers: exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and Buccal cells as non-invasive biological matrices to evaluate Cr exposure and early genotoxic-oxidative effects. Saf Health Work 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Buresti G, Di Basilio M, Del Frate V, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Occupational exposure to TiO2 particles: biomonitoring study of workers employed in the production process to evaluate the potential genotoxic effects. Saf Health Work 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.12.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Ursini CL, Maiello R, Del Frate V, Ferrante R, Mabilia R, Pizzo B, Grossi B, Ciccioli P, Ciccioli P, Iavicoli S. New formaldehyde-free adhesives for wood manufacturing: In vitro evaluation of potential toxicity of fine dust collected during wood sawing using a new experimental model to simulate occupational inhalation exposure. Toxicology 2021; 466:153085. [PMID: 34968639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Formaldehyde mainly emitted from wood adhesives, finishing materials, paint for furniture represents, together with wood dust, a potential carcinogenic risk for wood workers. Aims of this multidisciplinary study are to investigate the possibility of replacing urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives in the wood industry with organic and/or inorganic-based glues to obtain a final less toxic product and to evaluate the potential toxicity of wood glued with such new adhesives. For this purpose we selected poplar wood to test an organic new adhesive HBP (Hemp Based Protein), a mixture of hemp flour and cross-linker PAE (polyaminoamide epichlorohydrin), and spruce wood to test an inorganic adhesive geopolymer K-PSS (potassium-polysiloxosialate) plus polyvinyl acetate. For the poplar wood, we also used a commercial panel glued with UF for comparison. We reproduced occupational inhalation exposure during sawing activities of mentioned woods, collected and characterized the wood dusts emitted during sawing and evaluated in vitro their potential cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects. We used human lung cells (A549) exposed for 24 h to 20 and 100 µg/mL of collected PM2.5 wood dust. We found that both the new adhesives wood dusts induced a slightly higher apoptotic effect than untreated natural wood dusts particularly in spruce wood. Only geopolymer K-PSS wood dust induced membrane damage at the highest concentration and direct and oxidative DNA damage that could be explained by the different chemical composition and the lower particle sizes in respect to organic HBP adhesive wood dust. We found slight induction of IL6 release, not influenced by K-PSS treatment, at the highest concentration in spruce wood. For poplar wood, IL-6 and IL-8 induction was found particularly for untreated and UF-treated wood at the highest concentration, where hemp adhesive treatment induced lower inflammation while at lower concentration similar slight cytokine induction was found for all tested wood dusts. This preliminary study shows that natural adhesives used to replace UF adhesives represent an interesting alternative, particularly the organic hemp-based adhesive showing very low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ferrante
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Scienze Bio Agroalimentari (CNR-DISBA), Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetto Pizzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Bernardo Grossi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Bioeconomia (CNR-IBE), Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Paolo Ciccioli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (CNR-ISB), Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Ciccioli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per i Sistemi Biologici (CNR-ISB), Montelibretti, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Ursini CL, Di Basilio M, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Buresti G, Campopiano A, Angelosanto F, Papacchini M, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Biomonitoring of workers employed in a titanium dioxide production plant: Use of buccal micronucleus cytome assay as noninvasive biomarker to evaluate genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:242-251. [PMID: 33720463 DOI: 10.1002/em.22431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate whether TiO2 production process induces genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on the first target organ of inhalable particles by a sensitive and noninvasive biomarker of effect. Final aim was to find a useful and suitable tool to assess and manage the risk of TiO2 occupational exposure. We enrolled 40 workers employed in TiO2 production, 5 office workers, and 18 external controls. Buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt assay) was applied because it allows to evaluate micronucleus (MN), nuclear buds (NB), and broken eggs (BE) indicating the presence of chromosomal instability and gene amplification and binucleated cells (BIN), karyolytic cells (KL), and condensed chromatin (CC) indicating cytokinesis defect or arrest, cell death and apoptosis respectively. We characterized the exposure measuring inhalable and respirable particles by personal monitoring. BMCyt-assay showed in exposed workers compared with external controls a higher value of MN frequency (2.57 vs. 0.05‰, p < .001) and MN positivity, evaluated as percentage of subjects with MN frequency higher than a 1.5‰ cut-off value (52.5 vs. 0%). We also found in exposed workers higher frequency of BE + NB (2.41 vs. 0.22‰, p = .002), BIN (9.45 vs. 8.44‰, p = .047) and CC (1.80 vs. 0.21, p = .001) than in controls. Moreover, we found a relationship between personal monitoring results and presence of MN and other cellular anomalies. This study demonstrates induction of genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on buccal cells of workers involved in TiO2 production, suggesting the suitability of BMCyt assay as tool for risk assessment and management of TiO2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Di Basilio
- Department of Technological Innovation and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Campopiano
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Angelosanto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Maddalena Papacchini
- Department of Technological Innovation and Safety of Plants, Products and Anthropic Settlements, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - INAIL, Rome, Italy
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Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Del Frate V, Folesani G, Galetti M, Poli D, Buresti G, Di Cristo L, Sabella S, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Occupational exposure to graphene and silica nanoparticles. Part II: pilot study to identify a panel of sensitive biomarkers of genotoxic, oxidative and inflammatory effects on suitable biological matrices. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:223-237. [PMID: 33373530 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1850903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The available biomonitoring studies on workers producing/handling nanomaterials (NMs) focused on potential effects on respiratory, immune and cardio-vascular system. Aim of this study was to identify a panel of sensitive biomarkers and suitable biological matrices to evaluate particularly genotoxic and oxidative effects induced on workers unintentionally exposed to graphene or silica nanoparticles during the production process. These nanomaterials have been chosen for 'NanoKey' project, integrating the workplace exposure assessment (reported in part I) with the biomonitoring of exposed workers reported in the present work. Simultaneously to workplace exposure characterization, we monitored the workers using: Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay, fpg-comet test (lymphocytes), oxidized DNA bases 8-oxoGua, 8-oxoGuo and 8-oxodGuo measurements (urine), analysis of oxidative stress biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), FENO measurement and cytokines release detection (serum). Since buccal cells are among the main targets of NM occupational exposure, particular attention was posed to the BMCyt assay that represents a noninvasive assay. This pilot study, performed on 12 workers vs.11 controls, demonstrates that BMCyt and fpg-comet assays are the most sensitive biomarkers of early, still reparable, genotoxic and oxidative effects. The findings suggest that these biomarkers could represent useful tools for the biomonitoring of workers exposed to nanoparticles, but they need to be confirmed on a high number of subjects. However, such biomarkers don't discriminate the effects of NM from those due to other chemicals used in the NM production process. Therefore, they could be suitable for the biomonitoring of workers exposed to complex scenario, including nanoparticles exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Folesani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Maricla Galetti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Poli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology -IIT, Genova, Italy
| | - Stefania Sabella
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology -IIT, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority-INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone-Rome, Italy
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9
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Sisto R, Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gordiani A, L'Episcopo N, Tranfo G, Capone P, Carbonari D, Balzani B, Chiarella P. Direct and Oxidative DNA Damage in a Group of Painters Exposed to VOCs: Dose - Response Relationship. Front Public Health 2020; 8:445. [PMID: 32974263 PMCID: PMC7469480 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in several working activities. This work is aimed at comparing oxidative stress and DNA damage biomarkers to specific VOCs in the occupational exposure of painters. Dose-response relationships between biomarkers of oxidative stress and of dose were studied. Unmetabolized VOCs and their urinary metabolites were analyzed. Urinary Methylhyppuric acids (MHIPPs, xylenes metabolite), Phenylglyoxylic and Mandelic acid (PGA, MA ethylbenzene metabolites), S-Benzylmercapturic acid (SBMA, toluene metabolite), and S-Phenylmercapturic acid (SPMA, benzene metabolite) were quantified at the end of work-shift. Oxidative stress was determined by: urinary excretion of 8-oxodGuo, 8-oxoGua and 8-oxoGuo and direct/oxidative DNA damage in blood by Fpg-Comet assay. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess statistical significance of the association between dose and effect biomarkers. The regressions were studied with and without the effect of hOGG1 and XRCC1 gene polymorphisms. Statistically significant associations were found between MHIPPs and both 8-oxoGuo and oxidative DNA damage effect biomarkers measured with the Comet assay. Oxidative DNA damage results significantly associated with airborne xylenes and toluene, whilst 8-oxodGuo was significantly related to urinary xylenes and toluene. Direct DNA damage was significantly associated to SBMA. XRCC1 wild-type gene polymorphism was significantly associated with lower oxidative and total DNA damage with respect to heterozygous and mutant genotypes. The interpretation of the results requires some caution, as the different VOCs are all simultaneously present in the mixture and correlated among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Sisto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Capone
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Damiano Carbonari
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Balzani
- Department of Prevention, Prevention and Safety at Workplace, ASUR Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Pieranna Chiarella
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Del Frate V, Iavicoli S. Cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects of commercial Linde Type A (LTA) nanozeolites on human alveolar epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:592-599. [PMID: 31944349 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanozeolites (NZs) are increasingly used in several sectors, including catalysts, ion exchange materials or thermal isolators, taking advantage of the major property of NZs to absorb residual water and moisture to preserve the insulation of devices and products, but very few data are available on their toxicity. We investigated the potential cyto-genotoxicity and pro-inflammatory effects of manufactured Linde Type A (LTA)-NZs on human alveolar cells (A549) exposed to 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. LTA NZs were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cell viability, mortality and apoptosis were evaluated by cytofluorimetric assay after 24h exposure. Membrane damage was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase release and direct and oxidative DNA damage induction by formamide-pyrimidine glycosylase-Comet assay after 4 and 24 h. The induction of pro-inflammatory effects was evaluated in terms of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and IL-8 cytokine release after 24 h by ELISA. We found a slight increase in apoptotic cell percentage at 50 and 100 μg/mL and dead cell percentage at 100 μg/mL after 24 h; slight, but statistically significant, direct DNA damage starting from 25 μg/mL and slight oxidative DNA damage both at 4 and at 24 h; increased release of IL-6 only at the lowest concentration after 24 h. The results show lack of cytotoxicity, early moderate genotoxicity and slight inflammatory effects at the lowest used concentration. These findings represent the first data on potential genotoxic, oxidative and inflammatory effects of LTA NZs and highlight the need to perform further studies to confirm such results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Del Frate
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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11
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Cavallo D, Tranfo G, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Paci E, Pigini D, Gherardi M, Gatto MP, Buresti G, Iavicoli S. Biomarkers of early genotoxicity and oxidative stress for occupational risk assessment of exposure to styrene in the fibreglass reinforced plastic industry. Toxicol Lett 2018; 298:53-59. [PMID: 29898417 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify sensitive and not-invasive biomarkers of early genotoxic/oxidative effect for exposure to styrene in the fibreglass reinforced plastic manufacture. We studied 11 workers of a plastic manufacture using open molding process (A), 16 workers of a manufacture using closed process (B) and 12 controls. We evaluated geno/cytotoxic effects on buccal cells by Buccal Micronucleus Cytome (BMCyt) assay and genotoxic/oxidative effects on lymphocytes by Fpg-comet test. On A workers we also evaluated urinary 8oxoGua, 8oxodGuo and 8oxoGuo to investigate oxidative stress. Personal inhalation exposure to styrene was monitored by passive air sampling and GC/MS. Biological monitoring included urinary metabolites mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA). The findings show higher styrene exposure, urinary MA + PGA levels and micronucleus frequency in manufacture A. Higher buccal karyolytic cell frequency vs controls were found in both exposed populations. We found in exposed workers, no induction of direct DNA damage but oxidative DNA damage. Fpg-comet assay and urinary oxidized guanine seem to be sensitive biomarkers of oxidative stress and BMCyt assay a good-not invasive biomarker of cyto-genotoxicity at target organ. The study, although limited by the small number of studied subjects, shows the usefulness of used biomarkers in risk assessment of styrene-exposed workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Tranfo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Paci
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pigini
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gatto
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00078, Monte Porzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Ursini CL, Maiello R, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Buresti G, Superti F, Marchetti M, Iavicoli S, Cavallo D. Evaluation of uptake, cytotoxicity and inflammatory effects in respiratory cells exposed to pristine and -OH and -COOH functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:394-403. [PMID: 26370214 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects were reported for pristine-multi-wall carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs) while the role of the functionalization on MWCNT-induced toxicity is not yet well defined. We evaluated on human alveolar (A549) epithelial cells and normal bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to p-MWCNTs, MWCNTs-OH and MWCNTs-COOH: uptake by TEM, cell viability by different assays, membrane damage by the LDH assay and cytokine release by ELISA. The aims of the present study were to: (i) confirm MWCNT cytotoxicity mechanisms hypothesized in our previous studies; (ii) identify the most reliable viability assay to screen MWCNT toxicity; and (iii) to test our model to clarify the role of functionalization on MWCNT-induced toxicity. In A549 cells, p-MWCNTs and MWCNTs-OH were localized free in the cytoplasm and inside vacuoles whereas MWCNTs-COOH were confined inside filled cytoplasmic vesicles. WST-1 and Trypan blue assays showed in A549 cells a similar slight viability reduction for all MWCNTs whereas in BEAS-2B cells WST1 showed a high viability reduction at the highest concentrations, particularly for MWCNTs-COOH. The MTT assay showed a false cytotoxicity as a result of MWCNTs-interference. Pristine and MWCNTs-COOH induced membrane damage, particularly in BEAS-2B cells. MWCNTs-COOH induced interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 release in A549 cells whereas p-MWCNTs induced IL-8 release in BEAS-2B cells. MWCNTs intracellular localization in A549 cells confirms the toxicity mechanisms previously hypothesized, with p-MWCNTs disrupting the membrane and vesicle-confined MWCNTs-COOH inducing inflammation. WST-1 was more reliable than MTT to test MWCNT-toxicity. BEAS-2B cells were more susceptible then A549 cells, particularly to MWCNT-COOH cytotoxicity. Our results confirm the toxicity of p-MWCNTs and demonstrate, also for the two kinds of tested functionalized MWCNTs toxic effects with a different mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiana Superti
- ISS- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Technology and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Magda Marchetti
- ISS- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Technology and Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Delia Cavallo
- INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Tassone P, Buresti G, Casciardi S, Iavicoli S, Ursini CL. Investigation on cobalt-oxide nanoparticles cyto-genotoxicity and inflammatory response in two types of respiratory cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1102-13. [PMID: 25772588 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of cobalt oxide (Co3 O4 ) nanoparticles (NPs) in several applications and the suggested genotoxic potential of Co-oxide highlight the importance of evaluating Co3 O4 NPs toxicity. Cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects induced by Co3 O4 NPs were investigated in human alveolar (A549), and bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to 1-40 µg ml(-1) . The physicochemical properties of tested NPs were analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Cytotoxicity was studied to analyze cell viability (WST1 test) and membrane damage (LDH assay), direct/oxidative DNA damage was assessed by the Formamido-pyrimidine glycosylase (Fpg)-modified comet assay and inflammation by interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) release (ELISA). In A549 cells, no cytotoxicity was found, whereas BEAS-2B cells showed a viability reduction at 40 µg ml(-1) and early membrane damage at 1, 5 and 40 µg ml-1. In A549 cells, direct and oxidative DNA damage at 20 and 40 µg ml(-1) were detected without any effects on cytokine release. In BEAS-2B cells, significant direct DNA damage at 40 µg ml(-1) and significant oxidative DNA damage with a peak at 5 µg ml(-1) , that was associated with increased TNF-α release at 1 µg ml(-1) after 2 h and increased IL-8 release at 20 µg ml(-1) after 24 h, were detected. The findings show in the transformed alveolar cells no cytotoxicity and genotoxic/oxidative effects at 20 and 40 µg ml(-1) . In normal bronchial cells, moderate cytotoxicity, direct DNA damage only at the highest concentration and significant oxidative-inflammatory effects at lower concentrations were detected. The findings confirm the genotoxic-oxidative potential of Co3 O4 NPs and show greater sensitivity of BEAS-2B cells to cytotoxic and oxidative-inflammatory effects suggesting the use of different cell lines and multiple end-points to elucidate Co3 O4 NPs toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Tassone
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Casciardi
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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14
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Ursini CL, Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Tassone P, Buresti G, Casciardi S, Iavicoli S. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and inflammatory response in human alveolar and bronchial epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:1209-19. [PMID: 25224607 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 -NPs), used in several applications, seems to be influenced by their specific physicochemical characteristics. Cyto-genotoxic and inflammatory effects induced by a mixture of 79% anatase/21% rutile TiO2 -NPs were investigated in human alveolar (A549) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to 1-40 µg ml(-1) 30 min, 2 and 24 h to assess potential pulmonary toxicity. The specific physicochemical properties such as crystallinity, NP size and shape, agglomerate size, surface charge and specific surface area (SSA) were analysed. Cytotoxic effects were studied by evaluating cell viability using the WST1 assay and membrane damage using LDH analysis. Direct/oxidative DNA damage was assessed by the Fpg-comet assay and the inflammatory potential was evaluated as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α release by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). In A549 cells no significant viability reduction and moderate membrane damage, only at the highest concentration, were detected, whereas BEAS-2B cells showed a significant viability reduction and early membrane damage starting from 10 µg ml(-1) . Direct/oxidative DNA damage at 40 µg ml(-1) and increased IL-6 release at 5 µg ml(-1) were found only in A549 cells after 2 h. The secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6, involved in the early acute inflammatory response, and oxidative DNA damage indicate the promotion of early and transient oxidative-inflammatory effects of tested TiO2 -NPs on human alveolar cells. The findings show a higher susceptibility of normal bronchial cells to cytotoxic effects and higher responsiveness of transformed alveolar cells to genotoxic, oxidative and early inflammatory effects induced by tested TiO2 -NPs. This different cell behaviour after TiO2 -NPs exposure suggests the use of both cell lines and multiple end-points to elucidate NP toxicity on the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Lucia Ursini
- INAIL - Italian Workers' Compensation Authority - Research Area, Department of Occupational Medicine, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Casadio V, Bravaccini S, Iavicoli S, Pira E, Romano C, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Ciervo A, Buresti G, Zoli W, Calistri D. Assessment of DNA damage and telomerase activity in exfoliated urinary cells as sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of bladder cancer in ex-workers of a rubber tyres industry. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:370907. [PMID: 24877087 PMCID: PMC4022006 DOI: 10.1155/2014/370907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers of early carcinogenic effect at target organ to use in biomonitoring studies of workers at risk for previous occupational exposure to potential carcinogens. Standard urine cytology (Papanicolaou staining test), comet assay, and quantitative telomerase repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay were performed in 159 ex-rubber workers employed in tyres production and 97 unexposed subjects. In TRAP positive cases, a second level analysis using FISH (Urovysion) was done. Cystoscopy results were available for 11 individuals whose 6 FISH/TRAP/comet positive showed in 3 cases a dysplastic condition confirmed by biopsy, 1 comet positive resulted in infiltrating UBC to the biopsy and with hyperplasia and slight dysplasia to the urinary cytology, 1 comet positive resulted in papillary superficial UBC to the biopsy, 1 FISH/TRAP positive showed a normal condition, and 2 TRAP positive showed in one case a phlogosis condition. The results evidenced good concordance of TRAP, comet, and FISH assays as early biomarkers of procarcinogenic effect confirmed by the dysplastic condition and UBC found by cystoscopy-biopsy analysis. The analysis of these markers in urine cells could be potentially more accurate than conventional cytology in monitoring workers exposed to mixture of bladder potential carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Casadio
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Pira
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Occupational Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Canzio Romano
- Department of Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Occupational Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaele Maiello
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Aureliano Ciervo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Buresti
- Department of Occupational Medicine, INAIL-Italian Workers' Compensation Authority, Research Area, Monteporzio Catone, 00040 Rome, Italy
| | - Wainer Zoli
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
| | - Daniele Calistri
- Bioscience Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola, 47014 Forlì-Cesena, Italy
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Villani P, Fresegna AM, Ranaldi R, Eleuteri P, Paris L, Pacchierotti F, Cordelli E. X-ray induced DNA damage and repair in germ cells of PARP1(-/-) male mice. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:18078-92. [PMID: 24009020 PMCID: PMC3794770 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140918078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a nuclear protein implicated in DNA repair, recombination, replication, and chromatin remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible differences between PARP1−/− and wild-type mice regarding induction and repair of DNA lesions in irradiated male germ cells. Comet assay was applied to detect DNA damage in testicular cells immediately, and two hours after 4 Gy X-ray irradiation. A similar level of spontaneous and radiation-induced DNA damage was observed in PARP1−/− and wild-type mice. Conversely, two hours after irradiation, a significant level of residual damage was observed in PARP1−/− cells only. This finding was particularly evident in round spermatids. To evaluate if PARP1 had also a role in the dynamics of H2AX phosphorylation in round spermatids, in which γ-H2AX foci had been shown to persist after completion of DNA repair, we carried out a parallel analysis of γ-H2AX foci at 0.5, 2, and 48 h after irradiation in wild-type and PARP1−/− mice. No evidence was obtained of an effect of PARP1 depletion on H2AX phosphorylation induction and removal. Our results suggest that, in round spermatids, under the tested experimental conditions, PARP1 has a role in radiation-induced DNA damage repair rather than in long-term chromatin modifications signaled by phosphorylated H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Villani
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-06-3048-4316; Fax: +39-06-3048-6559
| | - Anna Maria Fresegna
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Roberto Ranaldi
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Patrizia Eleuteri
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Lorena Paris
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
- Department of Ecology and Biology, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
| | - Francesca Pacchierotti
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
| | - Eugenia Cordelli
- Unit of Radiation Biology and Human Health, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, Roma 00123, Italy; E-Mails: (A.M.F.); (R.R.); (P.E.); (L.P.); (F.P.); (E.C.)
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Tassone P, Iavicoli S. Study of cyto-genotoxic effects and inflammatory response induced by nano-sized titanium dioxide particles on human bronchial cells. Toxicol Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.05.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ursini CL, Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Buresti G, Casciardi S, Tombolini F, Bellucci S, Iavicoli S. Comparative cyto-genotoxicity assessment of functionalized and pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes on human lung epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:831-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Cavallo D, Fanizza C, Ursini CL, Casciardi S, Paba E, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Marcelloni AM, Buresti G, Tombolini F, Bellucci S, Iavicoli S. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes induce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human lung epithelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 32:454-64. [PMID: 22271384 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of nanomaterials in consumer products highlights the importance of understanding their potential toxic effects. We evaluated cytotoxic and genotoxic/oxidative effects induced by commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on human lung epithelial (A549) cells treated with 5, 10, 40 and 100 µg ml⁻¹ for different exposure times. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were performed to evaluate cytotoxicity. Fpg-modified comet assay was used to evaluate direct-oxidative DNA damage. LDH leakage was detected after 2, 4 and 24 h of exposure and viability reduction was revealed after 24 h. SEM analysis, performed after 4 and 24 h exposure, showed cell surface changes such as lower microvilli density, microvilli structure modifications and the presence of holes in plasma membrane. We found an induction of direct DNA damage after each exposure time and at all concentrations, statistically significant at 10 and 40 µg ml⁻¹ after 2 h, at 5, 10, 100 µg ml⁻¹ after 4 h and at 10 µg ml⁻¹ after 24 h exposure. However, oxidative DNA damage was not found. The results showed an induction of early cytotoxic effects such as loss of membrane integrity, surface morphological changes and MWCNT agglomerate entrance at all concentrations. We also demonstrated the ability of MWCNTs to induce early genotoxicity. This study emphasizes the suitability of our approach to evaluating simultaneously the early response of the cell membrane and DNA to different MWCNT concentrations and exposure times in cells of target organ. The findings contribute to elucidation of the mechanism by which MWCNTs cause toxic effects in an in vitro experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- INAIL, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, Department of Occupational Medicine, Via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Rondinone B, D'Agata V, Iavicoli S. Direct-oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis induction in different human respiratory cells exposed to low concentrations of sodium chromate. J Appl Toxicol 2010; 30:218-25. [PMID: 19839025 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of Cr(VI) genotoxicity has still not been elucidated. We used Fpg-modified comet assay to assess direct-oxidative DNA damage on human lung (A549) and bronchial (BEAS-2B) cells exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 10 microm sodium chromate for 0.5, 1 and 4 h. Moreover we evaluated apoptosis by morphological analysis and caspase-3 activity, also after 24 h. On A549 cells a time-dependent DNA damage, expressed as tail DNA%, beginning from 0.5 microm was found. For oxidative DNA damage an induction after 30 min to 0.5 microm decreasing with time, and a time-dependent increase at 10 microm was found, indicating for low Cr(VI) concentration the oxidative stress as the first event followed by direct DNA damage and for the highest concentration a time-dependent increase in oxidative DNA damage. On BEAS-2B cells DNA damage was induced within 1 h at 0.5-10 microm, without changes with time, showing that BEAS-2B cells are able to resist to Cr(VI) genotoxicity. Early oxidative DNA damage at 0.1 microm decreasing with time was also found. Significant apoptosis was observed by morphological analysis in A549 cells and to a lower extent in BEAS-2B at 10 microm. The exposure to 10 microm induced caspase-3 activity after 4 h in BEAS-2B and after 24 h in A549 cells. The findings show a higher responsiveness of A549 cells to genotoxic effect of Cr(VI) and early transient oxidative DNA damage in BEAS-2B. The results emphasize the suitability of this experimental model to evaluate the early genotoxic response of different cells to non-cytotoxic concentrations of Cr(VI) on target organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Cavallo
- Department of Occupational Medicine, ISPESL - National Institute for Occupational Safety and Prevention, via Fontana Candida 1, 00040 Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy.
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Cavallo D, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Buresti G, Iavicoli S. Genotoxic effects in Hospital Laboratory workers exposed to complex chemical mixtures. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fanizza C, Fresegna AM, Maiello R, Paba E, Cavallo D. Evaluation of cytotoxic concentration-time response in A549 cells exposed to respirableα-quartz. J Appl Toxicol 2009; 29:537-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Stronati L, Testa A, Moquet J, Edwards A, Cordelli E, Villani P, Marino C, Fresegna AM, Appolloni M, Lloyd D. 935 MHz cellular phone radiation. Anin vitrostudy of genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:339-46. [PMID: 16782651 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600739173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The possibility of genotoxicity of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) applied alone or in combination with x-rays was investigated in vitro using several assays on human lymphocytes. The chosen specific absorption rate (SAR) values are near the upper limit of actual energy absorption in localized tissue when persons use some cellular telephones. The purpose of the combined exposures was to examine whether RFR might act epigenetically by reducing the fidelity of repair of DNA damage caused by a well-characterized and established mutagen. METHODS Blood specimens from 14 donors were exposed continuously for 24 h to a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) basic 935 MHz signal. The signal was applied at two SAR; 1 and 2 W/Kg, alone or combined with a 1-min exposure to 1.0 Gy of 250 kVp x-rays given immediately before or after the RFR. The assays employed were the alkaline comet technique to detect DNA strand breakage, metaphase analyses to detect unstable chromosomal aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges, micronuclei in cytokinesis-blocked binucleate lymphocytes and the nuclear division index to detect alterations in the speed of in vitro cell cycling. RESULTS By comparison with appropriate sham-exposed and control samples, no effect of RFR alone could be found for any of the assay endpoints. In addition RFR did not modify any measured effects of the x-radiation. CONCLUSIONS This study has used several standard in vitro tests for chromosomal and DNA damage in Go human lymphocytes exposed in vitro to a combination of x-rays and RFR. It has comprehensively examined whether a 24-h continuous exposure to a 935 MHz GSM basic signal delivering SAR of 1 or 2 W/Kg is genotoxic per se or whether, it can influence the genotoxicity of the well-established clastogenic agent; x-radiation. Within the experimental parameters of the study in all instances no effect from the RFR signal was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stronati
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Science, CR, ENEA Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Cavallo D, Maiello R, Ursini CL, Fresegna AM, Ciervo A, Iavicoli S. Evaluation of genotoxic and oxidative effects on human bronchial cells exposed to low doses of hexavalent chromium. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ursini CL, Cavallo D, Maiello R, De Sbrocchi C, Ciervo A, Fresegna AM, Iavicoli S. Genotoxic and oxidative effects induced on human bronchial cells by smoke extract of commercial filter and non-filter cigarettes. Toxicol Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cordelli E, Fresegna AM, D'Alessio A, Eleuteri P, Spanò M, Pacchierotti F, Villani P. ReProComet: a new in vitro method to assess DNA damage in mammalian sperm. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:545-52. [PMID: 17675332 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing request of chemical safety assessment demands for the validation of alternative methods to reduce the resort to animal experimentation. Methods that evaluate reproductive toxicity are among those requiring the largest use of animals. Presently, no validated in vitro alternative exists for the assessment of reproductive toxicity. Mammalian sperm are sensitive targets of DNA-reactive chemicals, which form premutagenic adducts. Here, we propose a new method based on comet assay to detect DNA damage induced by potential germ cell mutagens in bull sperm available from assisted reproduction practices. In somatic cells, chemical-induced adducts can be revealed by comet assay that detects DNA breaks produced during adduct repair. Mature sperm, however, are devoid of repair enzymes, and adducts are processed only after fertilization. For this reason, comet assay is not sensitive to detect DNA lesions induced in sperm by most chemicals. To overcome such limitation, we developed a modified comet assay based on the addition of a protein extract from HeLa cells to agarose-embedded sperm on microscopic slides. To test the method, sperm were treated in vitro with methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or melphalan (MLP) and comet assay was conducted both with and without protein supplementation. No effect of MMS or MLP was detected without protein supplementation; on the contrary, a clear-cut dose-dependent effect was measured after addition of the cell extract. These results represent a proof of concept of a novel in vitro mutagenicity test on sperm that could offer a promising approach to complement previously validated in vivo germ cell genotoxicity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Cordelli
- BAS-Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA CR Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301-00123, Rome, Italy.
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Villani P, Cordelli E, Leopardi P, Siniscalchi E, Veschetti E, Fresegna AM, Crebelli R. Evaluation of genotoxicity of oral exposure to tetravalent vanadium in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2007; 170:11-8. [PMID: 17374461 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.07.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 07/10/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The trace element vanadium interacts with living cells, in which it exerts a variety of biological effects depending on its chemical form and oxidation state. Tetravalent vanadium was shown to affect several genotoxicity end-points in vitro, but its genotoxic potential in vivo is not elucidated. In this study, the genotoxic effects induced in vivo by subacute oral exposure to vanadyl sulphate (VOSO4), a tetravalent vanadium salt, were investigated. To this aim male CD1 mice were administered with VOSO4 in drinking water over the dose range 2-1000 mg/l for 5 weeks. The incidence of micronucleated blood reticulocytes was measured along treatment period. At the end of treatment, micronuclei in both blood reticulocytes and bone marrow polychromatic erythrocytes were determined; in addition, DNA lesions detectable by comet assay were assessed in marrow and testicular cells. Tissue distribution of vanadium at sacrifice was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Comet assays and the analysis of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes did not reveal treatment related effects. A slight increase in micronucleated reticulocytes, with no relationship with the administered dose, was observed in some treated groups. The determination of vanadium content in kidney, liver, spleen, bone, stomach, small intestine and testis highlighted low internal exposure, especially in soft tissues. Overall, data indicate scarce bioavailability for orally administered tetravalent vanadium, and lack of significant genotoxic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Villani
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA-CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Scarfì MR, Fresegna AM, Villani P, Pinto R, Marino C, Sarti M, Altavista P, Sannino A, Lovisolo GA. Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not Affect Micronucleus Frequency and Cell Proliferation in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: An Interlaboratory Study. Radiat Res 2006; 165:655-63. [PMID: 16802865 DOI: 10.1667/rr3570.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether 24 h exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields similar to those emitted by mobile phones induces genotoxic effects and/or effects on cell cycle kinetics in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The effect of 900 MHz exposure (GSM signal) was evaluated at four specific absorption rates (SARs, 0, 1, 5 and 10 W/kg peak values). The exposures were carried out in wire patch cells under strictly controlled conditions of both temperature and dosimetry, and the induction of genotoxic effects was evaluated in lymphocyte cultures from 10 healthy donors by applying the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Positive controls were provided by using mitomycin C. Two research groups were involved in the study, one at ENEA, Rome, and the other at CNR-IREA, Naples. Each laboratory tested five donors, and the resulting slides were scored by both laboratories. Following this experimental scheme, it was also possible to compare the results obtained by cross-scoring of slides. The results obtained provided no evidence for the existence of genotoxic or cytotoxic effects in the range of SARs investigated. These findings were confirmed in the two groups of five donors examined in the two laboratories and when the same slides were scored by two operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Scarfì
- Interuniversity Center for Interaction between Electromagnetic Fields and Biosystems (ICEmB) at CNR-Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of Environment (IREA), 80124 Naples, Italy.
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Testa A, Cordelli E, Stronati L, Marino C, Lovisolo GA, Fresegna AM, Conti D, Villani P. Evaluation of genotoxic effect of low level 50 Hz magnetic fields on human blood cells using different cytogenetic assays. Bioelectromagnetics 2004; 25:613-9. [PMID: 15515032 DOI: 10.1002/bem.20048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The question whether extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMFs) may contribute to mutagenesis or carcinogenesis is of current interest. In order to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of ELFMFs, human blood cells from four donors were exposed in vitro for 48 h to 50 Hz, 1 mT uniform magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil system. Comet assay (SCGE), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CAs), and micronucleus (MN) test were used to assess the DNA damage. ELF pretreated cells were also irradiated with 1 Gy of X-ray to investigate the possible combined effect of ELFMFs and ionizing radiation. Furthermore, nuclear division index (NDI) and proliferation index (PRI) were evaluated. Results do not evidence any DNA damage induced by ELFMF exposure or any effect on cell proliferation. Data obtained from the combined exposure to ELFMFs and ionizing radiation do not suggest any synergistic or antagonistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Testa
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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Cordelli E, Fresegna AM, Leter G, Eleuteri P, Spanò M, Villani P. Evaluation of DNA damage in different stages of mouse spermatogenesis after testicular X irradiation. Radiat Res 2003; 160:443-51. [PMID: 12968930 DOI: 10.1667/rr3053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate whether DNA alterations in mature spermatozoa could stem from DNA damage induced in immature germ cells, testis cells and spermatozoa were analyzed by the comet assay and by the sperm chromatin structure assay 14, 45 and 100 days after in vivo X irradiation of the testes. These times were selected, according to the mouse seminiferous epithelium cycle, to follow the DNA damage induced in different germ cell compartments. The cytotoxic action was assessed by DNA flow cytometric analysis of testicular cells. A dose-dependent increase of DNA damage in testis cells was observed 14 days after irradiation, whereas mature sperm cells were not affected. On the other hand, an increase in DNA strand breaks was seen in spermatozoa 45 days after treatment. DNA damage returned to the control levels 100 days after irradiation. The methods used to evaluate DNA damage gave comparable results, emphasizing the correlation between DNA fragmentation and susceptibility of sperm chromatin to denaturation. Both techniques showed the high radiosensitivity of differentiating spermatogonia. The overall results showed that DNA damage induced in pre-meiotic germ cells is detectable in primary spermatocytes and is still present in mature spermatozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cordelli
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences-ENEA CR Casaccia, Rome, Italy.
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Stronati L, Testa A, Villani P, Marino C, Lovisolo GA, Conti D, Russo F, Fresegna AM, Cordelli E. Absence of genotoxicity in human blood cells exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields as assessed by comet assay, chromosome aberration, micronucleus, and sister chromatid exchange analyses. Bioelectromagnetics 2003; 25:41-8. [PMID: 14696052 DOI: 10.1002/bem.10141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the past, epidemiological studies indicated a possible correlation between the exposure to ELF fields and cancer. Public concern over possible hazards associated with exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMFs) stimulated an increased scientific research effort. More recent research and laboratory studies, however, have not been able to definitively confirm the correlation suggested by epidemiological studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 50 Hz magnetic fields in human blood cells exposed in vitro, using several methodological approaches for the detection of genotoxicity. Whole blood samples obtained from five donors were exposed for 2 h to 50 Hz, 1 mT uniform magnetic field generated by a Helmholtz coil system. Comet assay, sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), chromosome aberrations (CA), and micronucleus (MN) tests were used to assess DNA damage, one hallmark of malignant cell transformation. The effects of a combined exposure with X-rays were also evaluated. Results obtained do not show any significant difference between ELFMFs exposed and unexposed samples. Moreover, no synergistic effect with ionizing radiation has been observed. A slight but significant decrease of cell proliferation was evident in ELFMFs treated samples and samples subjected to the combined exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Stronati
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA CR, Casaccia, Rome, Italy
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