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Rahman SM, Malin Igra A, Essig JY, Ekström EC, Dreij K, Trask M, Lindh C, Arifeen SE, Rahman A, Krais AM, Kippler M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure during pregnancy and child anthropometry from birth to 10 years of age: Sex-specific evidence from a cohort study in rural Bangladesh. Environ Res 2023; 227:115787. [PMID: 36997043 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have endocrine disrupting properties and they cross the placental barrier, but studies on gestational exposure and child anthropometry are inconclusive. We aimed to elucidate the impact of early gestational PAH exposure on anthropometry from birth to 10 years of age in 1295 mother-child pairs from a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat trial in Bangladesh. Several PAH metabolites [1-hydroxyphenanthrene (1-OH-Phe), Σ2-,3-hydroxyphenanthrene (Σ2-,3-OH-Phe), 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-Phe), 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-Pyr), Σ2-,3-hydroxyfluorene (Σ2-,3-OH-Flu)] were quantified in spot urine collected around gestational week 8 using LC-MS/MS. Child weight and height were measured at 19 occasions from birth to 10 years. Multivariable-adjusted regression models were used to assess associations of maternal PAH metabolites (log2-transformed) with child anthropometry. The median concentration of 1-OH-Phe, Σ2-,3-OH-Phe, 4-OH-Phe, 1-OH-Pyr and Σ2-,3-OH-Flu was 1.5, 1.9, 0.14, 2.5, and 2.0 ng/mL, respectively. All maternal urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with newborn weight and length and all associations were more pronounced in boys than in girls (p interaction for all <0.14). In boys, the strongest associations were observed with Σ2-,3-OH-Phe and Σ2-,3-OH-Flu for which each doubling increased mean birth weight by 41 g (95% CI: 13; 69 and 12; 70) and length by 0.23 cm (0.075; 0.39) and 0.21 cm (0.045; 0.37), respectively. Maternal urinary PAH metabolites were not associated with child anthropometry at 10 years. In longitudinal analysis, however, maternal urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with boys' weight-for-age (WAZ) and height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) from birth to 10 years, but only the association of 4-OH-Phe with HAZ was significant (B: 0.080 Z-scores; 95% CI 0.013, 0.15). No associations were observed with girls' WAZ or HAZ. In conclusion, gestational PAH exposure was positively associated with fetal and early childhood growth, especially in boys. Further studies are needed to confirm causality and to explore long-term health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Julie Y Essig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mercedes Trask
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Lindh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Annette M Krais
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malin Igra A, Rahman A, Johansson AL, Pervin J, Svefors P, Arifeen SE, Vahter M, Persson LÅ, Kippler M. Early Life Environmental Exposure to Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic and Age at Menarche: A Longitudinal Mother-Child Cohort Study in Bangladesh. Environ Health Perspect 2023; 131:27003. [PMID: 36729392 PMCID: PMC9894154 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several metals act as endocrine disruptors, but there are few large longitudinal studies about associations with puberty onset. OBJECTIVES We evaluated whether early life cadmium, lead, and arsenic exposure was associated with timing of menarche. METHODS In a mother-child cohort in rural Bangladesh (n=935), the exposure was assessed by concentrations in maternal erythrocytes in early pregnancy and in girls' urine at 5 and 10 years of age using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The girls were interviewed twice, at average ages 13.3 [standard deviation (SD)=0.43] and 13.8 (SD=0.43) y, and the date of menarche, if present, was recorded. Associations were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis and multivariable-adjusted Cox regression. RESULTS In total, 77% of the girls (n=717) had reached menarche by the second follow-up. The median age of menarche among all girls was 13.0 y (25th-75th percentiles: 12.4-13.7 y). At 10 years of age, median urinary cadmium was 0.25μg/L (5th-95th percentiles: 0.087-0.72μg/L), lead 1.6μg/L (0.70-4.2μg/L), and arsenic 54μg/L (19-395μg/L). Given the same age, girls in the highest quartile of urinary cadmium at 5 and 10 years of age had a lower rate of menarche than girls in the lowest quartile, with an adjusted hazard ratio of (HR) 0.80 (95% CI: 0.62, 1.01) at 5 years of age, and 0.77 (95% CI: 0.60, 0.98) at 10 years of age. This implies that girls in the highest cadmium exposure quartile during childhood had a higher age at menarche. Comparing girls in the highest to the lowest quartile of urinary lead at 10 years of age, the former had a higher rate of menarche [adjusted HR = 1.23 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.56)], implying lower age at menarche, whereas there was no association with urinary lead at 5 years of age. Girls born to mothers in the highest quartile of erythrocyte arsenic during pregnancy were less likely to have attained menarche than girls born to mothers in the lowest quartile [adjusted HR= 0.79 (95% CI: 0.62, 0.99)]. No association was found with girls' urinary arsenic exposure. DISCUSSION Long-term childhood cadmium exposure was associated with later menarche, whereas the associations with child lead exposure were inconclusive. Maternal exposure to arsenic, but not cadmium or lead, was associated with later menarche. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11121.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anna L.V. Johansson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesmin Pervin
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pernilla Svefors
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Shams El Arifeen
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars-Åke Persson
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Gliga AR, Malin Igra A, Hellberg A, Engström K, Raqib R, Rahman A, Vahter M, Kippler M, Broberg K. Maternal exposure to cadmium during pregnancy is associated with changes in DNA methylation that are persistent at 9 years of age. Environ Int 2022; 163:107188. [PMID: 35334376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium (Cd) exposure during gestation has been associated with altered DNA methylation at birth, but it is not known if the changes in methylation persist into childhood. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether gestational Cd-related changes of DNA methylation persist from birth to 9 years of age. METHODS We studied mother-child dyads in a longitudinal cohort in rural Bangladesh. Cadmium concentrations in maternal blood (erythrocyte fraction; Ery-Cd) at gestational week 14 and in child urine (U-Cd, long-term exposure marker) at 9 years were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The epigenome-wide DNA methylation was measured in mononuclear cells (PBMCs) prepared from cord blood and peripheral blood at 9 years in 71 children (hereafter referred to as the explorative group) by Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip. Replication of one differentially methylated region (DMR; 9 CpG sites) was performed in PBMCs of 160 9-year-old children (validation group) by EpiTyper MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. RESULTS The median maternal Ery-Cd concentration was 1.24 µg/kg (range 0.35, 4.55) in the explorative group and 0.83 µg/kg (0.08, 2.97) in the validation group. The median U-Cd concentration in the 9-year-old children was 0.26 µg/L (0.09, 1.06) in the explorative group and 0.32 µg/L (0.07, 1.33) in the validation group. In the explorative group, we identified ten DMRs, both in cord blood and in PBMCs at 9 years, that were associated with maternal Ery-Cd. Eight out of the ten DMRs were hypomethylated and three of the hypomethylated DMRs were located in the HLA region on chromosome 6. One of the DMRs (hypomethylated) in the HLA region (upstream of the zinc finger protein 57 homolog, ZFP57 gene) was replicated in the validation group, and we found that it was hypomethylated in relation to maternal Ery-Cd, but not child U-Cd. CONCLUSION Gestational exposure to Cd appears to be associated with regional changes, especially hypomethylated, in DNA methylation that linger from birth up to prepubertal age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Annachiara Malin Igra
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Hellberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Engström
- EPI@LUND, Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Malin Igra A, Warnqvist A, Rahman SM, Ekström EC, Rahman A, Vahter M, Kippler M. Environmental metal exposure and growth to 10 years of age in a longitudinal mother-child cohort in rural Bangladesh. Environ Int 2021; 156:106738. [PMID: 34246127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) has been linked to smaller birth and early childhood anthropometry, but little is known beyond the first years in life. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of gestational and childhood exposures to As, Cd, and Pb on growth up to 10 years of age. METHODS We studied 1530 mother-child dyads from a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat trial in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Metal concentrations in maternal erythrocytes during pregnancy and in children's urine at 10y were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Child height and weight were measured at 19 occasions from birth until 10y and converted to height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ). Associations between log2-transformed metal concentrations and growth parameters were assessed with multivariable-adjusted regression models. RESULTS Children's concurrent urinary Cd (median 0.24 µg/L), reflecting long-term exposure, was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.072; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.12, -0.020; p = 0.007), and possibly HAZ (B: -0.046; 95% CI: -0.096, 0.0014; p = 0.057), at 10y. The association with WAZ was stronger in boys than in girls. Maternal erythrocyte Cd (median 0.90 µg/kg) during pregnancy was inversely associated with WAZ during childhood only in boys (B: -0.071, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.0047, p = 0.036). Concurrent urinary Pb (median 1.6 µg/L) was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.084; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.0085; p = 0.029) and HAZ (B: -0.087; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.021; p = 0.010) in boys, but not in girls. Neither gestational nor childhood As exposure (median maternal erythrocyte As 4.3 µg/kg and children's urinary As 57 µg/L) was associated with growth up to 10y. CONCLUSIONS While all effect estimates were small, environmental exposure to Cd and Pb is common and impaired growth is of public health concern, especially for children already at risk of reduced growth due to malnutrition. Gender differences in susceptibility need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Malin Igra
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva-Charlotte Ekström
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Malin Igra A, Vahter M, Raqib R, Kippler M. Early-Life Cadmium Exposure and Bone-Related Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study in Children. Environ Health Perspect 2019; 127:37003. [PMID: 30848671 PMCID: PMC6768315 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cadmium exposure has been associated with osteotoxicity in adults, but little is known concerning its effects on early growth, which has been shown to be impaired by cadmium. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the impact of early-life cadmium exposure on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometry at 9 y of age. METHODS For 504 children in a mother-child cohort in Bangladesh, cadmium exposure was assessed by concentrations in urine (U-Cd, long-term exposure) and erythrocytes (Ery-Cd, ongoing exposure) at 9 and 4.5 y of age, and in their mothers during pregnancy. Biomarkers of bone remodeling [urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), urinary calcium, plasma parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, vitamin D3, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF binding protein 3, thyroid stimulating hormone] were measured at 9 y of age. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted linear models, a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean increase in osteocalcin of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 0.042, 5.9) and in urinary DPD of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 12, 32). In a combined exposure model, a doubling of maternal Ery-Cd was associated with a mean increase in urinary DPD of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: [Formula: see text], 30). Stratifying the osteocalcin model by gender ([Formula: see text] 0.001), a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean decrease in osteocalcin of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in boys and a mean increase of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 5.4, 13) in girls. The same pattern was seen with U-Cd at 4.5 y of age ([Formula: see text] 0.016). Children's U-Cd and Ery-Cd, concurrent and at 4.5 y of age, were inversely associated with vitamin D3. CONCLUSIONS Childhood cadmium exposure was associated with several bone-related biomarkers and some of the associations differed by gender. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3655.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladeshs
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Glynn A, Igra AM, Sand S, Ilbäck NG, Hellenäs KE, Rosén J, Aspenström-Fagerlund B. Are additive effects of dietary surfactants on intestinal tight junction integrity an overlooked human health risk? - A mixture study on Caco-2 monolayers. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 106:314-323. [PMID: 28576466 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactants may cause dysfunction of intestinal tight junctions (TJs), which is a common feature of intestinal autoimmune diseases. Effects of dietary surfactants on TJ integrity, measured as trans-epithelial resistance (TEER), were studied in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Cytotoxicity was assessed as apical LDH leakage. Monolayers were apically exposed for 60 min to the dietary surfactants solanine and chaconine (SC, potato glycoalkaloids, 0-0.25 mM), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS, industrial contaminant, 0-0.8 mM), and sucrose monolaurate (SML, food emulsifier E 473, 0-2.0 mM) separately and as a mixture. Dose-response modelling of TEER EC50 showed that SC were 2.7- and 12-fold more potent than PFOS and SML, respectively. The mixture was composed of 1 molar unit SC, 2.7 units PFOS and 12 units SML ("SC TEER equivalent" proportions 1:1:1). Mixture exposure (0-0.05 mM SC equivalents) dose-response modelling suggested additive action on TJ integrity. Increasing SC and SML concentrations caused increased LDH leakage, but PFOS decreased LDH leakage at intermediate exposure concentrations. In the mixture PFOS appeared to protect from extensive SC- and SML-induced LDH leakage. Complex mixtures of surfactants in food may act additively on intestinal TJ integrity, which should be considered in risk assessment of emulsifier authorisation for use in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Glynn
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Salomon Sand
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Johan Rosén
- Swedish National Food Agency, PO Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden
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Igra AM, Harari F, Lu Y, Casimiro E, Vahter M. Boron exposure through drinking water during pregnancy and birth size. Environ Int 2016; 95:54-60. [PMID: 27502898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boron is a metalloid found at highly varying concentrations in soil and water. Experimental data indicate that boron is a developmental toxicant, but the few human toxicity data available concern mostly male reproduction. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential effects of boron exposure through drinking water on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS In a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina (n=194), 1-3 samples of serum, whole blood and urine were collected per woman during pregnancy and analyzed for boron and other elements to which exposure occurred, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Infant weight, length and head circumference were measured at birth. RESULTS Drinking water boron ranged 377-10,929μg/L. The serum boron concentrations during pregnancy ranged 0.73-605μg/L (median 133μg/L) and correlated strongly with whole-blood and urinary boron, and, to a lesser extent, with water boron. In multivariable-adjusted linear spline regression analysis (non-linear association), we found that serum boron concentrations above 80μg/L were inversely associated with birth length (B-0.69cm, 95% CI -1.4; -0.024, p=0.043, per 100μg/L increase in serum boron). The impact of boron appeared stronger when we restricted the exposure to the third trimester, when the serum boron concentrations were the highest (0.73-447μg/L). An increase in serum boron of 100μg/L in the third trimester corresponded to 0.9cm shorter and 120g lighter newborns (p=0.001 and 0.021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Considering that elevated boron concentrations in drinking water are common in many areas of the world, although more screening is warranted, our novel findings warrant additional research on early-life exposure in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Malin Igra
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ying Lu
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esperanza Casimiro
- Atención Primaria de la Salud, Área Operativa XXIX, Hospital Dr. Nicolás Cayetano Pagano, San Antonio de los Cobres, 4411, Salta, Argentina
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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