1
|
Henjum S, Aakre I, Lilleengen AM, Garnweidner-Holme L, Borthne S, Pajalic Z, Blix E, Gjengedal ELF, Brantsæter AL. Suboptimal Iodine Status among Pregnant Women in the Oslo Area, Norway. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10030280. [PMID: 29495606 PMCID: PMC5872698 DOI: 10.3390/nu10030280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Norway has been considered iodine replete for decades; however, recent studies indicate reemergence of inadequate iodine status in different population groups. We assessed iodine status in pregnant women based on urinary iodine concentration (UIC), urinary iodine excretion (UIE), and iodine intake from food and supplements. In 804 pregnant women, 24-h iodine intakes from iodine-rich foods and iodine-containing supplements were calculated. In 777 women, iodine concentration was measured in spot urine samples by inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In addition, 49 of the women collected a 24-h urine sample for assessment of UIE and iodine intake from food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Median UIC was 92 µg/L. Fifty-five percent had a calculated iodine intake below estimated average requirement (EAR) (160 µg/day). Iodine intake from food alone did not provide the amount of iodine required to meet maternal and fetal needs during pregnancy. In multiple regression models, hypothyroidism, supplemental iodine and maternal age were positively associated with UIC, while gestational age and smoking were negatively associated, explaining 11% of the variance. This study clearly shows that pregnant women in the Oslo area are mild to moderate iodine deficient and public health strategies are needed to improve and secure adequate iodine status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Lisa Garnweidner-Holme
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Sandra Borthne
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Zada Pajalic
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Ellen Blix
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Henjum S, Lilleengen AM, Aakre I, Dudareva A, Gjengedal ELF, Meltzer HM, Brantsæter AL. Suboptimal Iodine Concentration in Breastmilk and Inadequate Iodine Intake among Lactating Women in Norway. Nutrients 2017. [PMID: 28640217 PMCID: PMC5537763 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfed infants depend on sufficient maternal iodine intake for optimal growth and neurological development. Despite this, few studies have assessed iodine concentrations in human milk and there is currently no published data on iodine status among lactating women in Norway. The aim of this study was to assess iodine concentrations in breast milk (BMIC) in lactating women and estimate iodine intake. Five Mother and Child Health Centres in Oslo were randomly selected during 2016, and 175 lactating women between 2nd and 28th weeks postpartum participated. Each of the women provided four breastmilk samples which were pooled and analysed for iodine concentrations. Participants also provided information on iodine intake from food and supplements covering the last 24 h and the habitual iodine intake (food frequency questionnaire). The median (p25, p75 percentiles) BMIC was 68 (45, 98) µg/L and 76% had BMIC <100 µg/L. Only 19% had taken an iodine-containing supplement during the last 24 h. The median 24 h iodine intake from food (p25, p75) was 121 (82, 162) µg/day and the total intake (food and supplements) was 134 (95, 222) µg/day. The majority of lactating women had suboptimal BMIC and inadequate intake of iodine from food and supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Anna Dudareva
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo 0310, Norway.
| | - Elin Lovise Folven Gjengedal
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas 1433, Norway.
| | - Helle Margrete Meltzer
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
| | - Anne Lise Brantsæter
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo 0403, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lukasse M, Lilleengen AM, Fylkesnes AM, Henriksen L. Norwegian midwives' opinion of their midwifery education - a mixed methods study. BMC Med Educ 2017; 17:80. [PMID: 28468617 PMCID: PMC5415717 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Midwifery education in Norway has undergone radical reforms in the past few decades. In 2004, the compulsory year of paid internship was removed from the requirement to become an authorised midwife. Since then, authorisation as a midwife depends on the successful completion of a two-year full-time academic course, consisting of 50% clinical practice and 50% theoretical education. Our objective was to examine midwives' opinion of their Norwegian midwifery education in relation to their midwifery practice, comparing those educated with internship to those without. METHODS We performed a mixed-methods study based on data from a nationwide cross-sectional survey. A sample of 547 midwives completed a postal questionnaire, autumn 2014. Midwives were asked how they were educated, how their education prepared them for practice (multiple choice) and to freely comment on their midwifery education. Thematic analysis and descriptive and comparative analysis was used. Data sets were analysed independently and jointly interpreted. RESULTS Of our sample, 154 (28.2%) were educated through a two-year midwifery education without internship, while 393 (71.8%) had a one-year midwifery education with internship. Compared to midwives who had internship, midwives without were four times more likely to report that their education did not, or only partially prepare them for their work as a midwife. The association lost its significance when adjusted for experience as a midwife. According to the qualitative data, the primary reason for the association was insufficient clinical practice during education. Relevant clinical placement, ample practice time with good preceptorship and internship were proposed as methods to prepare for practice as a midwife. The theory-practice gap was highlighted as another hindrance to being prepared for practice. CONCLUSIONS Academisation of the midwifery education has resulted in newly qualified midwives feeling less prepared for practice. Midwives would have liked more time for clinical practice and simulation training of core midwifery clinical skills included in the education. Midwifery educations need to explore ways to achieve a good balance between practice and theory. Workplaces need to explore alternative ways to internship to assist new graduates to become confident midwives with a strong midwifery identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Lukasse
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Science, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
- Division of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Science, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
- Division of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Margrethe Fylkesnes
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Science, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
- Division of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lena Henriksen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Science, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
- Division of General Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Oslo University Hospital, Postboks 4950, Nydalen, 4 St. Olavs plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Borgen I, Garnweidner-Holme LM, Jacobsen AF, Bjerkan K, Fayyad S, Joranger P, Lilleengen AM, Mosdøl A, Noll J, Småstuen MC, Terragni L, Torheim LE, Lukasse M. Smartphone application for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013117. [PMID: 28348183 PMCID: PMC5372027 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The promotion of a healthy diet, physical activity and measurement of blood glucose levels are essential components in the care for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Smartphones offer a new way to promote health behaviour. The main aim is to investigate if the use of the Pregnant+ app, in addition to standard care, results in better blood glucose levels compared with current standard care only, for women with GDM. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This randomised controlled trial will include 230 pregnant women with GDM followed up at 5 outpatient departments (OPD) in the greater Oslo Region. Women with a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥9 mmol/L, who own a smartphone, understand Norwegian, Urdu or Somali and are <33 weeks pregnant, are invited. The intervention group receives the Pregnant+ app and standard care. The control group receives standard care only. Block randomisation is performed electronically. Data are collected using self-reported questionnaires and hospital records. Data will be analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Groups will be compared using linear regression for the main outcome and χ2 test for categorical data and Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test for skewed distribution. The main outcome is the glucose level measured at the 2-hour OGTT 3 months postpartum. Secondary outcomes are a change in health behaviour and knowledge about GDM, quality of life, birth weight, mode of delivery and complications for mother and child. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The study is exempt from regional ethics review due to its nature of quality improvement in patient care. Our study has been approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services and the patient privacy protections boards governing over the recruitment sites. Findings will be presented in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02588729, Post-results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iren Borgen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Kirsti Bjerkan
- Division of Medicine, Section of Dietetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Pål Joranger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Annhild Mosdøl
- The Norwegian Knowledge Centre for the Health Services, Oslo, Norway
| | - Josef Noll
- University Graduate Centre, Kjeller, Norway
| | | | - Laura Terragni
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liv Elin Torheim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mirjam Lukasse
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aakre I, Lilleengen AM, Lerseth Aarsand M, Strand TA, Barikmo I, Henjum S. Infant feeding practices in the Saharawi refugee camps Algeria, a cross-sectional study among children from birth to six months of age. Int Breastfeed J 2017; 12:8. [PMID: 28149322 PMCID: PMC5273854 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-016-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate breastfeeding and infant feeding practices are crucial to a child's growth and development. The objective of this paper is to describe breastfeeding and general feeding practices and the nutrition status among children from birth to 6 months of age, in the Saharawi refugee camps located in Algeria. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 111 lactating mothers with infants from birth to 6 months of age. Data regarding breastfeeding practices and a 24 h dietary recall for the infants were collected to assess the World Health Organization's (WHO) indicators for infant and young child feeding. For exclusive and predominant breastfeeding, age disaggregation for each month was applied to the data. Background characteristics from the mothers and infants were collected, together with anthropometrical measures. We explored predictors for breastfeeding and nutrition status in multiple regression models. RESULTS In total 13.8%, 8.2% and 16.5% of the infants were stunted, wasted and underweight, respectively. Approximately 65% initiated breastfeeding within 1 h after birth and 11.7 and 21.6% were exclusively or predominantly breastfed less than 6 months. The most commonly given solid foods were dates (27.0%) and bread (10.8%). In multiple regression models, initiation of breastfeeding within 1 h after birth gave increased probability of exclusive or predominant breastfeeding. Giving birth at home as opposed to in a hospital and increasing number of children gave increased probability of initiating breastfeeding early. Exclusive or predominant breastfeeding seemed to protect against underweight and wasting. CONCLUSIONS Exclusively or predominant breastfeeding was low among Saharawi refugee infants. Wasting and underweight was common and more likely to occur if the infants were not exclusively or predominantly breastfed. These findings support the current international breastfeeding recommendations, and suggest that there is an urgent need for promoting infant feeding practices in the Sahara refugee camps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inger Aakre
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, PB 7804, N-5018 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Marie Lilleengen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marie Lerseth Aarsand
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor A. Strand
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, PB 7804, N-5018 Bergen, Norway
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Services Division, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Anders Sandvigs gate 17, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Ingrid Barikmo
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Henjum
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College, PB 4 St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|