1
|
Pinto Marin A, Trilla L, Miranda J, Vasudev N, García E, López-Vacas R, Miranda N, Wilson M, López-Camacho E, Pertejo-Fernández A, Lumbreras Herrera M, Brown J, Zapater Moros A, De Velasco Oria G, Castellano Gauna D, González-Peramato M, Espinosa E, Banks R, Fresno-Vara J, Gámez A. 1473P A prognostic microRNA-based signature for relapse risk prediction and definition of therapeutic targets in patients with high-risk localized clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Ann Oncol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
2
|
Pérez D, Milian D, Hernández L, Gámez A, Lorenzo D, Brayner C. Neutronic Evaluation of Using a Thorium Sulfate Solution in an Aqueous Homogeneous Reactor. Atom Indo 2022. [DOI: 10.17146/aij.2022.1188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
3
|
Vilas A, Yuste-Checa P, Gallego D, Desviat LR, Ugarte M, Pérez-Cerda C, Gámez A, Pérez B. Proteostasis regulators as potential rescuers of PMM2 activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165777. [PMID: 32222543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphomannomutase 2 deficiency (PMM2-CDG) is the most common N-glycosylation disorder. To date there is no treatment. Following the identification of a number of destabilizing pathogenic variants, our group suggested PMM2-CDG to be a conformational disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible use of proteostasis network regulators to increase the stability, and subsequently the enzymatic activity, of misfolded PMM2 mutant proteins. Patient-derived fibroblasts transduced with their own PMM2 folding or oligomerization variants were treated with different concentrations of the proteostasis regulators celastrol or MG132. Celastrol treatment led to a significant increase in mutant PMM2 protein concentration and activity, while MG132 had a small effect on protein concentration only. The increase in enzymatic activity with celastrol correlated with an increase in the transcriptional and proteome levels of the heat shock proteins Hsp90 and Hsp70. The use of specific Hsp70 or Hsp90 inhibitors showed the positive effect of celastrol on PMM2 stability and activity to occur through Hsp90-driven modulation of the proteostasis network. The synergistic effect of celastrol and a previously described pharmacological chaperone was also examined, and a mutation-dependent synergistic effect on PMM2 activity was noted. These results provide proof-of-concept regarding the potential treatment of PMM2-CDG by proteostasis regulators, either alone or in combination with pharmacological chaperones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Vilas
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - P Yuste-Checa
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - D Gallego
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - L R Desviat
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - M Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - C Pérez-Cerda
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - A Gámez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain
| | - B Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CIBERER, IdiPAZ, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ghanem I, Trilla L, Gámez A, Mendiola M, Maurel J, Campos-Barros À, Peña C, Cuatrecasas M, G-Pastrián L, García Alfonso P, Feliu J, Fresno J. Whole-exome sequencing of non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma: a prognostic genetic variants analysis. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz155.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
5
|
Trilla L, Ghanem I, Gámez A, Maurel J, Campos-Barros À, G-Pastrián L, Mendiola M, Peña C, Cuatrecasas M, García Alfonso P, Fresno J, Feliu J. Mutational profile of non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinoma: a restrictive high impact genetic variants analysis. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz156.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
6
|
Brasil S, Briso-Montiano A, Gámez A, Underhaug J, Flydal M, Desviat L, Merinero B, Ugarte M, Martinez A, Pérez B. New perspectives for pharmacological chaperoning treatment in methylmalonic aciduria cblB type. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:640-648. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
7
|
Gámez A, Yuste-Checa P, Brasil S, Briso-Montiano Á, Desviat L, Ugarte M, Pérez-Cerdá C, Pérez B. Protein misfolding diseases: Prospects of pharmacological treatment. Clin Genet 2017; 93:450-458. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gámez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - P. Yuste-Checa
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Brasil
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - Á. Briso-Montiano
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - L.R. Desviat
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - M. Ugarte
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - C. Pérez-Cerdá
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| | - B. Pérez
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid/Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER); Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria IdiPAZ; Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuste-Checa P, Medrano C, Gámez A, Desviat LR, Matthijs G, Ugarte M, Pérez-Cerdá C, Pérez B. Antisense-mediated therapeutic pseudoexon skipping in TMEM165-CDG. Clin Genet 2014; 87:42-8. [PMID: 24720419 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Deficiencies in glycosyltransferases, glycosidases or nucleotide-sugar transporters involved in protein glycosylation lead to congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG), a group of genetic diseases mostly showing multisystem phenotype. Despite recent advances in the biochemical and molecular knowledge of these diseases, no effective therapy exists for most. Efforts are now being directed toward therapies based on identifying new targets, which would allow to treat specific patients in a personalized way. This work presents proof-of concept for the antisense RNA rescue of the Golgi-resident protein TMEM165, a gene involved in a new type of CDG with a characteristic skeletal phenotype. Using a functional in vitro splicing assay based on minigenes, it was found that the deep intronic change c.792+182G>A is responsible for the insertion of an aberrant exon, corresponding to an intronic sequence. Antisense morpholino oligonucleotide therapy targeted toward TMEM165 mRNA recovered normal protein levels in the Golgi apparatus of patient-derived fibroblasts. This work expands the application of antisense oligonucleotide-mediated pseudoexon skipping to the treatment of a Golgi-resident protein, and opens up a promising treatment option for this specific TMEM165-CDG.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Yuste-Checa
- Centro de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Moleculares, Centro de Biología Molecular-SO UAM-CSIC, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), IDIPaz, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biomedica, IDIPaz, Madrid
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sarkissian CN, Gámez A, Scriver CR. What we know that could influence future treatment of phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 2009; 32:3-9. [PMID: 18668342 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-008-0917-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU), a Mendelian autosomal recessive phenotype (OMIM 261600), is an inborn error of metabolism that can result in impaired postnatal cognitive development. The phenotypic outcome is multifactorial in origin, based both in nature, the mutations in the gene encoding the L-phenylalanine hydroxylase enzyme, and nurture, the nutritional experience introducing L-phenylalanine into the diet. The PKU story contains many messages including a framework to appreciate the complexity of this disease where phenotype reflects both locus-specific and genomic components. This knowledge is now being applied in the development of patient-specific therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Sarkissian
- Department of Biology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gámez A, Alva N, Roig T, Bermúdez J, Carbonell T. Beneficial effects of fructose 1,6-biphosphate on hypothermia-induced reactive oxygen species injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 590:115-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
11
|
Gutiérrez A, García R, Gámez A, Whittembury G. Fluid secretion in Rhodnius Malpighian tubules: Possible role of the second Na pump. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.04.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Rello S, Stockert JC, Moreno V, Gámez A, Pacheco M, Juarranz A, Cañete M, Villanueva A. Morphological criteria to distinguish cell death induced by apoptotic and necrotic treatments. Apoptosis 2005; 10:201-8. [PMID: 15711936 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-6075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We present a comparative study of apoptotic and necrotic morphology (light and scanning electron microscopy), induced by well known experimental conditions (photodynamic treatments, etoposide, hydrogen peroxide, freezing-thawing and serum deprivation) on cell cultures. Our results indicate that morphological criteria (apoptotic cell rounding and shrinkage, and appearance of membrane bubbles in early necrosis) allow to distinguish these cell death mechanisms, and also show that, independently of the damaging agents, the necrotic process occurs in a characteristic sequence (coalescence of membrane bubbles in a single big one that detaches from cells remaining on the substrate).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rello
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data suggest that iron has a key role in cerebral ischaemia. We measure infarct volume and analyse the nitric oxide responses to brain injury in rat stroke model after increased oral iron intake. Permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed in a group of 20 male Wistar rats, 10 of which were fed with a control diet and 10 of which were fed with iron-enriched diet containing 2.5% carbonyl iron for 9 weeks. L-arginine and nitric oxide metabolites were determined in blood samples before and at 2, 6, 8 and 48 h after MCAO. Infarct volume, thiobarbituric acid reaction substances (TBARS) and tissue iron were measured at 48 h. Infarct volume was 66% greater in the iron-fed rats than in the control group. Iron-fed animals showed significantly higher levels of TBARS. Liver iron stores (3500 +/- 199 vs 352 +/- 28 microg Fe/g, p<0.0001) but not brain iron stores (131 +/- 11 vs 139 +/- 8 microg Fe/g, p=0.617), were significantly higher in the iron-fed group. L-arginine levels were slightly lower in iron-fed rats and decreased significantly in both groups at 6 and 8 hours after MCAO. The levels of the stable end products of NOS (NOx = nitrite + nitrate) were significantly higher in iron-fed rats before MCAO (16.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 9.6 +/- 0.8 micromol x L(-1), p<0.05), with a further increase during the six first hours after MCAO in both groups. These results suggest that the iron overload that increases both superoxide and nitric oxide production leads to peroxynitrite formation, thus enhancing brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gámez
- Departamento de Fisiología, División III, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boada J, Cuesta E, Roig T, Gámez A, Carbonell T, Ventura F, Bermúdez J. Enhanced antioxidant defenses and resistance to TNF-alpha in a glycolysis-depleted lung epithelial cell line. Free Radic Biol Med 2002; 33:1409-18. [PMID: 12419473 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(02)01085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycolysis-depleted cells, obtained by stable transfection of fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase in mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu), were less sensitive to serum withdrawal- and TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis than cells transfected with the empty vector pcDNA3 (control cells). We compared the differences in the redox status of the two transfectants and the changes produced by TNF-alpha treatment. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase, as well as the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of the nuclear transcription factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), were higher in pFBPase-2 clones than in control cells in all the conditions tested. TNF-alpha challenge sharpened the differences in glutathione peroxidase activity, GSH/GSSG ratios, and NF-kappa B activation between transfectants. These data indicate that glycolysis restriction at the PFK step protects cells against apoptotic stimuli by increasing the GSH content and NF-kappa B activity. This acquired feature may compromise antineoplastic treatments based on glycolytic depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Boada
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Divisió de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gámez A, Pérez B, Ugarte M, Desviat LR. Expression analysis of phenylketonuria mutations. Effect on folding and stability of the phenylalanine hydroxylase protein. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29737-42. [PMID: 10875932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003231200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive human genetic disease caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene. In the present work we have used different expression systems to reveal folding defects of the PAH protein caused by phenylketonuria mutations L348V, S349L, and V388M. The amount of mutant proteins and/or the residual activity can be rescued by chaperonin co-overexpression in Escherichia coli or growth at low temperature in COS cells. Thermal stability profiles and degradation time courses of PAH expressed in E. coli show that the mutant proteins are less stable than the wild-type enzyme, also confirmed by pulse-chase experiments using a coupled in vitro transcription-translation system. Size exclusion chromatography shows altered oligomerization, partially corrected with chaperonins coexpression, except for the S349L mutant protein, which is recovered as inactive aggregates. PAH subunit interaction is affected in the S349L protein, as demonstrated in a mammalian two-hybrid assay. In conclusion, serine 349, located in the three-dimensional structure lining the active site and involved in the structural maintenance of the iron binding site, is essential for the structural stability and assembly and also for the catalytic properties of the PAH enzyme, whereas the L348V and V388M mutations affect the folding properties and stability of the protein. The experimental modulation of mutant residual activity provides a potential explanation for the existing inconsistencies in the genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gámez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Desviat LR, Pérez B, Gámez A, Sánchez A, García MJ, Martínez-Pardo M, Marchante C, Bóveda D, Baldellou A, Arena J, Sanjurjo P, Fernández A, Cabello ML, Ugarte M. Genetic and phenotypic aspects of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in Spain: molecular survey by regions. Eur J Hum Genet 1999; 7:386-92. [PMID: 10234516 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an extensive study of the genetic diversity of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency in the Spanish phenylketonuria population. We have analysed 195 PKU patients by DGGE analysis identifying 67 different mutations which represent 89% of the total mutant chromosomes. Seventeen mutations first described in Spain have not yet been detected elsewhere; ten of these are reported here for the first time. The clinical significance of this high genetic heterogeneity was examined by analysing the genotype-phenotype correlations, mainly focusing on the mild hyperphenylalaninaemia (MHP) phenotype. The genotypes found in a group of 93 MHP patients, the largest analysed so far, are described in detail, as well as the relative frequencies of the MHP mutations identified. From the total pool of mutations, 27 can be considered severe, 18 can be defined as mild and 13 as associated with MHP. The prevalent mutations correspond to one severe mutation (IVS10nt-11), one MHP mutation (A403V) and two mild mutations (165T and V388M). The high frequency of mutations with a low degree of severity can explain the relatively higher prevalence of MHP and mild PKU phenotypes in Spain compared with NOrthern European populations. We have looked at the geographical distribution in Spain of the more common mutations, finding evidence of local mutation clustering, which could be the result of differences in the ethnic background and/or of genetic drift within each region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Desviat
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC-UAM, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Affiliation(s)
- R Mateo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A technique for chronic cannulation of the muscular branch of the femoral vein in the rat is described. The method was validated by the application of vascular corrosion casts and comparative analysis of lactate concentration with mixed venous blood and arterial samples taken through the cannulas during lower hindlimb muscle contraction in anaesthetized rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Pagés
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|