Observation of high-energy neutrinos from the Galactic plane

The origin of high-energy cosmic rays, atomic nuclei that continuously impact Earth's atmosphere, is unknown. Because of deflection by interstellar magnetic fields, cosmic rays produced within the Milky Way arrive at Earth from random directions. However, cosmic rays interact with matter near their sources and during propagation, which produces high-energy neutrinos. We searched for neutrino emission using machine learning techniques applied to 10 years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By comparing diffuse emission models to a background-only hypothesis, we identified neutrino emission from the Galactic plane at the 4.5σ level of significance. The signal is consistent with diffuse emission of neutrinos from the Milky Way but could also arise from a population of unresolved point sources.

Born into an isolating world: family-centred care for babies born to mothers with COVID-19

BACKGROUND

The benefits of facilitating breastmilk feeding and close contact between mother and neonate (family-centred care; FCC) in the perinatal period are well-established. The aim of this study was to determine how the delivery of FCC practices were impacted for neonates born to mothers with perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

Neonates born to mothers with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy were identified from the 'EsPnIC Covid paEdiatric NeonaTal REgistry' (EPICENTRE) multinational cohort between 10 March 2020 and 20 October 2021. The EPICENTRE cohort collected prospective data on FCC practices. Rooming-in and breastmilk feeding practice were the main outcomes, and factors influencing each were determined. Other outcomes included mother-baby physical contact prior to separation and the pattern of FCC components relative to time and local site guidelines.

FINDINGS

692 mother-baby dyads (13 sites, 10 countries) were analysed. 27 (5%) neonates were positive for SARS-CoV-2 (14 (52%) asymptomatic). Most sites had policies that encouraged FCC during perinatal SARS-CoV-2 infection for most of the reporting period. 311 (46%) neonates roomed-in with their mother during the admission. Rooming-in increased over time from 23% in March-June 2020 to 74% in January-March 2021 (boreal season). 330 (93%) of the 369 separated neonates had no FCC physical contact with their mother prior, and 319 (86%) were asymptomatic. Maternal breastmilk was used for feeding in 354 (53%) neonates, increasing from 23% to 70% between March-June 2020 and January-March 2021. FCC was most impacted when mothers had symptomatic COVID-19 at birth.

INTERPRETATION

This is the largest report of global FCC practice during the COVID-19 pandemic to date. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted FCC despite low perinatal transmission rates. Fortunately, clinicians appear to have adapted to allow more FCC delivery as the COVID-19 pandemic progressed.

FUNDING

The National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia): Grant ID 2008212 (DGT), Royal Children's Hospital Foundation: Grant ID 2019-1155 (EJP), Victorian Government Operational Infrastructure Support Program.

Evidence for neutrino emission from the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068

A supermassive black hole, obscured by cosmic dust, powers the nearby active galaxy NGC 1068. Neutrinos, which rarely interact with matter, could provide information on the galaxy’s active core. We searched for neutrino emission from astrophysical objects using data recorded with the IceCube neutrino detector between 2011 and 2020. The positions of 110 known gamma-ray sources were individually searched for neutrino detections above atmospheric and cosmic backgrounds. We found that NGC 1068 has an excess of 79 − 20 + 22 neutrinos at tera–electron volt energies, with a global significance of 4.2σ, which we interpret as associated with the active galaxy. The flux of high-energy neutrinos that we measured from NGC 1068 is more than an order of magnitude higher than the upper limit on emissions of tera–electron volt gamma rays from this source.

Search for Unstable Sterile Neutrinos with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

We present a search for an unstable sterile neutrino by looking for a resonant signal in eight years of atmospheric ν_{μ} data collected from 2011 to 2019 at the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. Both the (stable) three-neutrino and the 3+1 sterile neutrino models are disfavored relative to the unstable sterile neutrino model, though with p values of 2.8% and 0.81%, respectively, we do not observe evidence for 3+1 neutrinos with neutrino decay. The best-fit parameters for the sterile neutrino with decay model from this study are Δm_{41}^{2}=6.7_{-2.5}^{+3.9}  eV^{2}, sin^{2}2θ_{24}=0.33_{-0.17}^{+0.20}, and g^{2}=2.5π±1.5π, where g is the decay-mediating coupling. The preferred regions of the 3+1+decay model from short-baseline oscillation searches are excluded at 90% C.L.

SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THYMIC PEPTIDES IN THE TREATMENT OF HOSPITALIZED COVID-19 PATIENTS IN HONDURAS

Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) active cases continue to demand the development of safe and effective treatments. This is the first clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of oral thymic peptides. ; We conducted a nonrandomized phase 2 trial with a historic control group to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a daily 250-mg oral dose of thymic peptides in the treatment of hospitalized Covid-19 patients. Comparisons based on standard care from registry data were performed after propensity score matching. The primary outcomes were survival, time to recovery, and number of participants with treatment-related adverse events or side effects by day 20. ; A total of 44 patients were analyzed in this study: 22 in the thymic peptide group and 22 in the standard care group. There were no deaths in the intervention group compared to 24% mortality in standard care by day 20 (log-rank P=0.02). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a significantly shorter time to recovery by day 20 in the thymic peptide group than in the standard care group (median, 6 days vs. 12 days; hazard ratio for recovery, 2.75 [95% confidence interval, 1.34 to 5.62]; log-rank P=0.002). No side effects or adverse events were reported. ; In patients hospitalized with Covid-19, the use of thymic peptides resulted in no side effects, adverse events, or deaths by day 20. Compared with the registry data, a significantly shorter time to recovery and mortality reduction were measured.

Strong Constraints on Neutrino Nonstandard Interactions from TeV-Scale ν_{μ} Disappearance at IceCube

We report a search for nonstandard neutrino interactions (NSI) using eight years of TeV-scale atmospheric muon neutrino data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory. By reconstructing incident energies and zenith angles for atmospheric neutrino events, this analysis presents unified confidence intervals for the NSI parameter ε_{μτ}. The best-fit value is consistent with no NSI at a p value of 25.2%. With a 90% confidence interval of -0.0041≤ε_{μτ}≤0.0031 along the real axis and similar strength in the complex plane, this result is the strongest constraint on any NSI parameter from any oscillation channel to date.

Search for Relativistic Magnetic Monopoles with Eight Years of IceCube Data

We present an all-sky 90% confidence level upper limit on the cosmic flux of relativistic magnetic monopoles using 2886 days of IceCube data. The analysis was optimized for monopole speeds between 0.750c and 0.995c, without any explicit restriction on the monopole mass. We constrain the flux of relativistic cosmic magnetic monopoles to a level below 2.0×10^{-19}  cm^{-2} s^{-1} sr^{-1} over the majority of the targeted speed range. This result constitutes the most strict upper limit to date for magnetic monopoles with β≳0.8 and up to β∼0.995 and fills the gap between existing limits on the cosmic flux of nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic magnetic monopoles.

Success versus failure: Efficient heat devices in thermodynamics

Classical equilibrium thermodynamics provides, in a general way, upper Carnot bounds for the performance of energy converters. Nevertheless, to suggest lower bounds is a much more subtle issue, especially when they are related to a definition of convenience. Here, this issue is investigated in a unified way for heat engines, refrigerators, and heat pumps. First, irreversibilities are weighted in the context of heat reservoir stability for irreversible engines by using the thermodynamic distance between minimum energy and maximum entropy steady states. Some stability coefficients can be related to a majorization process and the obtention of Pareto fronts, linking stability and optimization by means of efficiency and entropy due to correlations between system and reservoirs. Second, these findings are interpreted in a very simple context. A region where the heat device is efficient is defined in a general scheme and, below this zone, the heat device is inefficient in the sense that irreversibilities somehow dominate its behavior. These findings allow for a clearer understanding of the role played by some well-known figures of merit in the scope of finite-time and -size optimization. Comparison with experimental results is provided.

Abiotic factors affect growth and aflatoxin B1 production by Aspergillus flavus strains on chilli powder and red chillies

Chillies and chilli-based products are important spices on a global basis. The production, processing, transport and storage phases of chillies are prone to infection by Aspergillus Section Flavi and contamination with aflatoxins (AFs), especially aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) for which legislative limits exist in many countries. We have examined the effect of the interacting abiotic factors of water availability (water activity, aw; 0.995-0.850 aw) and temperature (15-37 °C) on (a) lag phases prior to growth, (b) growth, (c) AFB1 production and (d) contour maps of optimum and boundary conditions for colonisation and toxin production by three Aspergillus flavus strains on a 10% chilli-based medium. Additional studies with whole red chillies + A. flavus conidial inoculum on AFB1 contamination during storage for 10-20 days at 30 °C were also carried out. In vitro, the lag phases before growth were delayed by lower temperatures (15, 20 °C) and aw levels (0.928-0.901 aw). There was no statistical difference in growth between the three strains. Optimal growth was at 37 °C and 0.982 aw with no growth at 0.85 aw. Optimal temperature × aw conditions for AFB1 production were at 30 °C and 0.982 aw with no statistical difference in production between strains. No AFB1 was produced at 15-20 °C at 0.901 and 0.928 aw levels, respectively. In situ studies with A. flavus inoculated whole red chillies at 0.90 and 0.95 aw found that this species became the major component of the total fungal populations at 30 °C after 10-20 days storage. AFB1 contamination was above the European legislative limits (5 μg/kg) for spices at 0.90 aw after 20 days storage and at 0.95 aw after 10 and 20 days. This suggests that storage conditions of ≥0.90 aw, especially at ≥25-30 °C represents a significant risk of contamination with AFB1 at levels where rejection might occur, even after only 10-20 days storage.

P–039 Sperm chromatin integrity in relation to clinical pregnancy rate in an egg donation program

Study question

Is DNA Fragmentation Index (DFI) determinant in clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) after ICSI?

Summary answer

DFI is determinant in CPR after ICSI

What is known already

Male fertility evaluation often leaves the clinician in uncertainty. Semen analysis is a basic examination, but insufficient. Sperm DNA is in a compact state, and its integrity is observed to be related to reproductive capacity

Study design, size, duration

A retrospective, single center study, in 65 couples underwent egg donation, ICSI and blastocyst transfer, evaluating DFI and its effect on CPR. This study was carried out since September 2017 to March 2020

Participants/materials, setting, methods

DFI was evaluated using Sperm Chromatin Dispersion test (SCD) and considering 20% or below as normal. We performed ICSI in donated eggs, cultured until blastocyst stage and transferred 1 to 3 embryos. CPR was defined as the number of patient with fetal heart beats presents in relation with the number of patients with embryo transfer. We determined CPR in both groups with normal and abnormal DFI. Fisher exact test was used to analyze the differences.

Main results and the role of chance

From these 65 couples, in 29 male partners had normal DFI and 36 abnormal. CPR was 68.97% in the first group and 41.67% in the second (p = 0.0448)

Limitations, reasons for caution

The small number of patients is a limitation

Wider implications of the findings: The results permit us to know more male patients, to consider DFI as an important variable and to prepare better our patients for procedures.

Trial registration number

00012

Intra-species variability in Fusarium langsethiae strains in growth and T-2/HT-2 mycotoxin production in response to climate change abiotic factors

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential intra-species variability of 3 Fusarium langsethiae strains in response to extreme climate change (CC) conditions on an oat-based matrix. The impact of elevated temperature (25 vs 30-34 °C) coupled with increasing drought stress (0.98 vs 0.95 aw) and elevated CO2 (400 vs 1000 ppm) were examined on lag phases prior to growth, growth rate, and production of the mycotoxins T-2 and HT-2 and their ratio. In comparison to the control conditions (25 °C; 0.98; 400 ppm), exposure to increased temperature (30-34 °C), showed similar reductions in the lag phase and fungal growth rates of all 3 strains. However, with elevated CO2 a reduction in both lag phases prior to growth and growth rate occurred regardless of the aw examined. For T-2 and HT-2 mycotoxin production, T-2 showed the most intra-species variability in response to the interacting abiotic stress factors, with the 3 strains having different environmental conditions for triggering increases in T-2 production: Strain 1 produced higher T-2 toxin at 25 °C, while Strain 2 and the type strain (Fl201059) produced most at 0.98 aw/30 °C. Only Strain 2 showed a reduction in toxin production when exposed to elevated CO2. HT-2 production was higher at 25 °C for the type strain and higher at 30-34 °C for the other two strains, regardless of the aw or CO2 level examined. The HT-2/T-2 ratio showed no significant differences due to the imposed interacting CC abiotic conditions.

Computational evaluation of rebreathing and effective dead space on a helmet-like interface during the COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. The potential for transmission of this disease has led to an important scarcity of health-care resources. Consequently, alternative solutions have been explored by many physicians and researchers. Non-invasive Ventilation has been revealed as one alternative for patients with associated acute respiratory distress syndrome. This technique is being used in combination with helmet-like interfaces because of their versatility and affordability. However, these interfaces could experience important problems of CO2 rebreathing, especially under low flow rate conditions. This work proposes a Computational Fluid Dynamics method to accurately characterize the fluid flow in a pre-design environment of helmet-like interfaces. Parameters as effective dead space, rebreathing, pressure, or temperature field distribution are quantified and analysed in detail in order to study the performance and feasibility of such devices to relieve the effects of respiratory infections.

Strategies to Produce Grapefruit-Like Citrus Varieties With a Low Furanocoumarin Content and Distinctive Flavonoid Profiles

Pummelos and hybrids, such as grapefruits, have high furanocoumarin and low flavonoid contents. Furanocoumarins interact negatively with certain drugs, while flavonoids are antioxidant compounds with health benefits. To obtain new grapefruit-like varieties with low furanocoumarin and high flavonoid contents, diploid and triploid hybrid populations from crosses between diploid and tetraploid "Clemenules" clementine and diploid "Pink" pummelo were recovered and analyzed. With regard to furanocoumarins, triploids produce less bergapten, bergamottin and 6,7-DHB than diploids. Regarding flavonoids, triploids yielded more eriocitrin, narirutin, hesperidin and neohesperidin than diploids, whereas no differences were observed in neoeriocitrin and naringin. These results indicate that, the strategy to recover triploid hybrids by 4x × 2x crosses is more appropriate than the recovery of diploid hybrids by 2x × 2x crosses for obtaining grapefruit-like varieties of citrus with lower furanocoumarin and higher flavonoid contents.

Granular flow through vertical slots: analysis of a general formula

Currently, very little is known about reliable phenomelogical correlations to estimate the gravity-driven mass flow rate, of dry non-cohesive granular material, outflowing from thin thickness slots in vertical sidewalls of rectangular silos. Here, we validate a simple and general formula that fits pretty well data published elsewhere, including the cases of vertically and horizontally elongated slots.

Collapse of conical granular columns

This paper experimentally analyzes the collapse of conical granular columns made out of non-cohesive granular materials. Dimensionless run-out lengths were found, as a function of the aspect ratio a, similar to those occurring in the collapse of cylindrical columns, although in the case of conical columns of high aspect ration, at the end of the collapse, a layer of grains that rotates around the cone axis appears and it affects the final profiles of the mounds.

Acoustic radiation patterns of the silo music phenomenon

In this work, we apply the theory of radiation and reception of acoustic waves in the analysis of the acoustic contributions of the silo music phenomenon. The length portion of the silo where the silo music phenomenon occurs is considered a continuous line source. The continuous line source modeled as a simple acoustic source permits the analysis of the acoustic far field, interpreting the polar graphics of the beam patterns of the acoustic contributions. We propose to apply this technique in the silo design to diminish adverse acoustic effects during the discharge process of granular materials. Additionally, we present calculations of the sound pressure level of the silo music phenomenon.

Fungal diversity and metabolomic profiles in GM and isogenic non-GM maize cultivars from Brazil

There is little knowledge of the microbial diversity, mycotoxins and associated secondary metabolites in GM maize and isogenic non-GM cultivars (cvs). This study has quantified the microbial populations and dominant fungal genera in 6 cvs of each type representative of herbicide, pesticide or stacked resistance to both. The predominant mycotoxins and targeted metabolomics profiles were also compared between the two sets of cvs. This showed that the overall fungal populations were 8.8 CFUs g⁻¹ maize. The dominant genera, isolated from maize samples, whether surface-sterilised or not, in all maize cvs were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus and occasionally Cladosporium and Alternaria. The analysis of the targeted metabolomics showed that approx. 29 different metabolites were detected. These were dominated by fumonisins and minor Penicillium spp. metabolites (questiomycin A and rugulovasine A). Interestingly, the range and number of mycotoxins present in the GM cvs were significantly lower than in the non-GM maize samples. This suggests that while the fungal diversity of the two types of maize appeared to be very similar, the major contaminant mycotoxins and range of toxic secondary metabolites were much lower in the GM cvs.

eV-Scale Sterile Neutrino Search Using Eight Years of Atmospheric Muon Neutrino Data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory

The results of a 3+1 sterile neutrino search using eight years of data from the IceCube Neutrino Observatory are presented. A total of 305 735 muon neutrino events are analyzed in reconstructed energy-zenith space to test for signatures of a matter-enhanced oscillation that would occur given a sterile neutrino state with a mass-squared differences between 0.01 and 100  eV^{2}. The best-fit point is found to be at sin^{2}(2θ_{24})=0.10 and Δm_{41}^{2}=4.5  eV^{2}, which is consistent with the no sterile neutrino hypothesis with a p value of 8.0%.

Characteristics of the Diffuse Astrophysical Electron and Tau Neutrino Flux with Six Years of IceCube High Energy Cascade Data

We report on the first measurement of the astrophysical neutrino flux using particle showers (cascades) in IceCube data from 2010-2015. Assuming standard oscillations, the astrophysical neutrinos in this dedicated cascade sample are dominated (∼90%) by electron and tau flavors. The flux, observed in the sensitive energy range from 16 TeV to 2.6 PeV, is consistent with a single power-law model as expected from Fermi-type acceleration of high energy particles at astrophysical sources. We find the flux spectral index to be γ=2.53±0.07 and a flux normalization for each neutrino flavor of ϕ_{astro}=1.66_{-0.27}^{+0.25} at E_{0}=100  TeV, in agreement with IceCube's complementary muon neutrino results and with all-neutrino flavor fit results. In the measured energy range we reject spectral indices γ≤2.28 at ≥3σ significance level. Because of high neutrino energy resolution and low atmospheric neutrino backgrounds, this analysis provides the most detailed characterization of the neutrino flux at energies below ∼100  TeV compared to previous IceCube results. Results from fits assuming more complex neutrino flux models suggest a flux softening at high energies and a flux hardening at low energies (p value ≥0.06). The sizable and smooth flux measured below ∼100  TeV remains a puzzle. In order to not violate the isotropic diffuse gamma-ray background as measured by the Fermi Large Area Telescope, it suggests the existence of astrophysical neutrino sources characterized by dense environments which are opaque to gamma rays.

Thermodynamic optimization subsumed in stability phenomena

In the present paper the possibility of an energetic self-optimization as a consequence of thermodynamic stability is addressed. This feature is analyzed in a low dissipation refrigerator working in an optimized trade-off regime (the so-called Omega function). The relaxation after a perturbation around the stable point indicates that stability is linked to trajectories in which the thermodynamic performance is improved. Furthermore, a limited control over the system is analyzed through consecutive external random perturbations. The statistics over many cycles corroborates the preference for a better thermodynamic performance. Endoreversible and irreversible behaviors play a relevant role in the relaxation trajectories (as well as in the statistical performance of many cycles experiencing random perturbations). A multi-objective optimization reveals that the well-known endoreversible limit works as an attractor of the system evolution coinciding with the Pareto front, which represents the best energetic compromise among efficiency, entropy generation, cooling power, input power and the Omega function. Meanwhile, near the stable state, performance and stability are dominated by an irreversible behavior.

Evaluation of highly sensitive diagnostic tools for the detection of P. falciparum in pregnant women attending antenatal care visits in Colombia

Background

In low transmission settings early diagnosis is the main strategy to reduce adverse outcomes of malaria in pregnancy; however, microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are inadequate for detecting low-density infections. We studied the performance of the highly sensitive-RDT (hsRDT) and the loop mediated isothermal DNA amplification (LAMP) for the detection of P. falciparum in pregnant women.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in two malaria-endemic municipalities in Colombia. We screened pregnant women in the context of an antenatal care program in health facilities and evaluated five tests (microscopy, conventional RDT, hsRDT, LAMP and nested polymerase chain reaction-PCR) for the detection of P. falciparum in peripheral blood, using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) as the reference standard. Diagnostic performance of hsRDT and LAMP were compared with routine testing.

Results

The prevalence of P. falciparum was 4.5% by qRT-PCR, half of those infections were subpatent. The sensitivity of the hsRDT (64.1%) was slightly better compared to microscopy and cRDT (59 and 53.8% respectively). LAMP had the highest sensitivity (89.7%) for detecting P. falciparum and the ability to detect very low-density infections (minimum parasite density detected 0.08 p/μL).

Conclusions

There is an underestimation of Plasmodium spp. infections by tests routinely used in pregnant women attending antenatal care visits. LAMP methodology can be successfully implemented at local hospitals in malaria-endemic areas. The relevance of detecting and treating this sub-patent P. falciparum infections in pregnant women should be evaluated.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03172221, Date of registration: May 29, 2017.

Solute and matric potential stress on Penicillium verrucosum: impact on growth, gene expression and ochratoxin A production

Penicillium verrucosum survives in soil and on cereal debris. It colonises grain during harvesting, drying and storage. There is no information on the relative tolerance of P. verrucosum to solute and matric stress in terms of colonisation, or on the biosynthetic toxin gene clusters or ochratoxin A (OTA) production. The objectives were to examine the effect of ionic and non-ionic solute and matric potential stress on (a) growth, (b) expression of two toxin biosynthetic genes otapksPV and otanrpsPV, and (c) OTA production by a strain of P. verrucosum. Optimum growth and OTA production were at -7.0 MPa (= 0.95 water activity, aw) and -1.4 MPa (= 0.99 aw), respectively, regardless of whether solute (Ψs) or matric (Ψm) stress was imposed. P. verrucosum was more sensitive to ionic solute stress (NaCl) with no growth at -19.6 MPa (=0.86 aw) while growth still occurred in the non-ionic solute (glycerol) and matric stress treatments. Relative gene expression of the biosynthetic genes using PCR (RT-qPCR) showed that the otapksPV gene was expressed over a wide range of ionic/non-ionic solute stress conditions (-1.4 to -14.0 MPa; = 0.99-0.90 aw). The highest expression was in the non-ionic Ψs stress treatments at -7.0 MPa (= 0.95 aw). However, the otanrpsPV gene was significantly up regulated under Ψm stress, especially with freely available water (-1.4 MPa = 0.99 aw). OTA production was significantly decreased as Ψs or Ψm stress were imposed. Limited OTA production occurred in the driest treatments under Ψs and Ψm stress respectively. The impact of these two types of stresses on the growth of P. verrucosum was quite different from that for OTA production. The results are discussed in the context of the life cycle and ecological characteristics of this species in contaminating cereals with OTA in the post-harvest phase of the cereal chain.

Proof of concept: could snake venoms be a potential source of bioactive compounds for control of mould growth and mycotoxin production

The objective was to screen 10 snake venoms for their efficacy to control growth and mycotoxin production by important mycotoxigenic fungi including Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae, Penicillium verrucosum, Fusarium graminearum and F. langsethiae. The Bioscreen C rapid assay system was used. The venoms from the Viperidae snake family delayed growth of some of the test fungi, especially F. graminearum and F. langsethiae and sometimes A. flavus. Some were also able to reduce mycotoxin production. The two most potent crude snake venoms (Naja nigricollis and N. siamensis; 41 and 43 fractions, respectively) were further fractionated and 83/84 of these fractions were able to reduce mycotoxin production by >90% in two of the mycotoxigenic fungi examined. This study suggests that there may be significant potential for the identification of novel fungistatic/fungicidal bioactive compounds as preservatives of raw and processed food commodities post-harvest from such snake venoms.

AB0514 CALF PAIN, KEY POINT IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF POLYARTERITIS NODOSA

Background:

polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a primary systemic vasculitis that is becoming a rare disease in part by the decrease in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection due to widespread vaccination. It is characterized by a full vast constellation of nonspecific clinical manifestations, which sometimes delays and makes it difficult to diagnose. Still, muscle involvement is a feature that could guide the clinician.

Objectives:

to describe the main clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with PAN and to confirm the frequency of muscle involvement.

Methods:

retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study of 23 adult patients diagnosed with PAN between January 2011 and December 2018 in two high complexity hospitals in Medellin-Colombia.

Results:

twenty-three patients met ACR 1990 classification criteria for PAN, 52% were men with a median age of 51 (IR 36-60), 78.3% were newly diagnosed, and only two patients (8.7%) had HBV infection. General symptoms (found in 95% of the patients), cutaneous (82%), and articular (56%) were the most frequent manifestations. Among systemic symptoms, myalgia, especially calf pain, was the most common characteristic (78.3%), followed by weight loss (73.9%), fatigue (69.3%), and fever (59.3%). Laboratory findings and severity scores are shown in the table. Angiography was performed in 27.3% of patients, finding splanchnic (renal, hepatic and splenic) microaneurysms (17.4%), stenosis (13%), and renal infarction (4.3%). Fourteen patients (61%) had at least one positive biopsy documenting medium-sized artery vasculitis, mainly skin, muscle, nerve, or both; 9 (39%) had normal or inconclusive biopsy findings. All patients received high daily doses of prednisolone (50 ± 16 mg); 52.2% required cyclophosphamide, 30.4% azathioprine, 17.4% methotrexate, 8.7% rituximab, 4.3% dapsone and 4.3% plasmapheresis; acetylsalicylic acid was given to half of the patients and only one required antiviral therapy for HBV. With treatment, 87% improved; 22.7% had an infection, and 8.7% of patients died.

Conclusion:

myalgia was the main characteristics of our PAN patients, especially in calves, and its presence in patients with other general, skin or articular symptoms should raise the suspect of this vasculitis.

References:

[1]Karadag O, Jayne DJ. Polyarteritis nodosa revisited: a review of historical approaches, subphenotypes and a research agenda. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2018;36 Suppl 111(2):135–142.

[2]Pagnoux C, Seror R, Henegar C, et al. Clinical features and outcomes in 348 patients with polyarteritis nodosa: a systematic retrospective study of patients diagnosed between 1963 and 2005 and entered into the French Vasculitis Study Group Database. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):616–626.

TableCharacteristicPAN patients (n=23)CRP (mean and SD in mg/dl)6.3 ± 8.51ESR (mean and SD in mm/h)84 ± 38CPK (median and IR in U/L) normal value < 18076 (66)FFS (mean)1BVAS (median and IR)17 (7)

PAN: polyarteritis nodosa; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CPK: creatine phosphokinase; FFS: five factor score; BVAS: Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score; SD: standard desviation; IR (interquartile range)

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

FRI0468 SYSTEMIC AND CUTANEOUS POLYARTERITIS NODOSA IN COLOMBIAN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS: CUTANEOUS POLYARTERITIS IS NOT SO BENIGN

Background:

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is the third most frequent vasculitis in pediatrics, Cutaneous PAN (CPAN) being more common that Systemic PAN (SPAN). CPAN is frequently described as a benign disease. In children, PAN onset is frequent between 9 and 11 years of age, with no sex differences, and its clinical features may be nonspecific.

Objectives:

To characterize pediatric patients who were diagnosed with CPAN and SPAN and to compare their clinical features, treatments, and outcome.

Methods:

A descriptive study was conducted in two centers from Medellin- Colombia, using retrospective data from January 2010 to December 2019. Patients under 18 years of age classified as PAN according to EULAR/PRINTO/PRES(1) criteria were included. CPAN patients were defined according to EULAR/PRES definition (2). Data from medical records were registered, and were expressed in median and ranges and mean and standard deviation (SD) according to their distribution. A univariate analysis was carried out by comparing signs, symptoms, and treatment between CPAN and SPAN, and ap-value < 0,05was considered as significant.

Results:

Twenty patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was ten years. 60% were boys. The median follow-up period was 27 months. CPAN was diagnosed in 11 (55%) and SPAN in 9 patients (45%). The most frequent symptoms were cutaneous manifestations (95%), fever (60%) and Calf Pain (55%). Mucosal ulcers were described in four patients; 3 of them were defined as CPAN. Lingual necrosis was present in two CPAN, and peripheral nervous system involvement was found in one SPAN and two CPAN patients in skin affected with lesions; even though, no significant statistical differences between CPAN and SPAN were found in constitutional, cutaneous, muscle-skeletal symptoms, and acute phase reactants. Arteriographic anomalies as hepatic and renal microaneurysms, carotidal aneurysms without aortic involvement, and renal infarction were found in one patient each. Skin Biopsy was performed in 18 patients, being compatible with PAN in 16. All PAN patients (CPAN and SPAN) required treatment with glucocorticoids. None of the patients died during the follow-up period.

Conclusion:

In this Colombian pediatric cohort of PAN patients, the disease was more common in boys than girls, and CPAN was more frequent than SPAN, as already been described. As is evident in this cohort, although CPAN has been considered a benign disease, these patients may be severely ill, requiring glucocorticoid treatment. Pediatric CPAN patients should be strictly followed with particular attention to identify systemic involvement, considering that constitutional, cutaneous, and muscle-skeletal features may be very similar between CPAN and SPAN.

References:

[1]Ozen S, Pistorio A, Iusan S, et al. EULAR/PRINTO/PRES criteria for Henoch-Schönlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood Wegener granulomatosis and childhood Takayasu arteritis: Ankara 2008. Part II: Final classification criteria. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 May;69(5):798–806.

[2]Ozen S, Ruperto N, Dillon M, et al. EULAR/PReS endorsed consensus criteria for the classification of childhood vasculitides. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(7):936–41.

Disclosure of Interests:

None declared

Energetic Self-Optimization Induced by Stability in Low-Dissipation Heat Engines

The local stability of a weakly dissipative heat engine is analyzed and linked to an energetic multi-objective optimization perspective. This constitutes a novel issue in the unified study of cyclic energy converters, opening the perspective to the possibility that stability favors self-optimization of thermodynamic quantities including efficiency, power and entropy generation. To this end, a dynamics simulating the restitution forces, which mimics a harmonic potential, bringing the system back to the steady state is analyzed. It is shown that relaxation trajectories are not arbitrary but driven by the improvement of several energetic functions. Insights provided by the statistical behavior of consecutive random perturbations show that the irreversible behavior works as an attractor for the energetics of the system, while the endoreversible limit acts as an upper bound and the Pareto front as a global attractor. Fluctuations around the operation regime reveal a difference between the behavior coming from fast and slow relaxation trajectories: while the former are associated to an energetic self-optimization evolution, the latter are ascribed to better performances. The self-optimization induced by stability and the possible use of instabilities in the operation regime to improve the energetic performance might usher into new useful perspectives in the control of variables for real engines.