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Benjaminsen SC, Dehnhard N, Herzke D, Johnsen A, Anker-Nilssen T, Bourgeon S, Collard F, Langset M, Christensen-Dalsgaard S, Gabrielsen GW. The challenges of opportunistic sampling when comparing prevalence of plastics in diving seabirds: A multi-species example from Norway. Mar Pollut Bull 2024; 199:116037. [PMID: 38242067 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
There is a need for baseline information about how much plastics are ingested by wildlife and potential negative consequences thereof. We analysed the frequency of occurrence (FO) of plastics >1 mm in the stomachs of five pursuit-diving seabird species collected opportunistically. Atlantic puffins (Fratercula arctica) found emaciated on beaches in SW Norway had the highest FO of plastics (58.8 %), followed by emaciated common guillemots (Uria aalge; 9.1 %) also found beached in either SW or SE Norway. No plastics were detected in razorbills (Alca torda), great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), and European shags (Gulosus aristotelis) taken as bycatch in northern Norway. This is the first study to report on plastic ingestion of these five species in northern Europe, and it highlights both the usefulness and limitations of opportunistic sampling. Small sample sizes, as well as an unbalanced sample design, complicated the interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Dehnhard
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Dorte Herzke
- The Climate and Environmental Research Institute NILU, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Public Health, Lovisenberggt. 8, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tycho Anker-Nilssen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sophie Bourgeon
- UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Hansine Hansens veg 18, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - France Collard
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Magdalene Langset
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Høgskoleringen 9, 7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Geir Wing Gabrielsen
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens Gate 14, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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Rekdal SL, Anmarkrud JA, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Do female bluethroats without extra-pair offspring have more MHC-compatible social mates? Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-023-03311-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are crucial for adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates, and theory predicts that there should be mate choice for optimizing MHC constitution in the offspring. In a previous study, we demonstrated a non-random female choice of extra-pair males in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica), yielding offspring that was closer to an intermediate MHC class II (MHCII) allele count than their within-pair halfsiblings. The present study tests whether social pairs with only within-pair young (WPY) in their brood, in the same study population, had a combined MHC-constitution closer to a presumed intermediate optimum, than social pairs with extra-pair young (EPY), with a corresponding pattern in their offspring. As expected, we found that WPY from pure WPY-broods were more MHC-optimal than WPY from mixed broods, but only in broods of young (second year) males. Correspondingly, there was a tendency for social pairs with only WPY in their brood to be more MHC-compatible than social pairs with EPY in their brood, when the male was young. Older bluethroat males have considerably larger testes than young males, and their higher sperm competitiveness could help them secure paternity in their own brood, also when they are not MHC-compatible. In other words, in the sexual conflict over paternity, females may be more likely to realise their preference for a MHC-compatible mate when paired to a young male. As a possible fitness indicator, immune responsiveness to an injected antigen (PHA) was elevated for offspring closer to “the golden mean” in MHCII allele count.
Significance statement
This study contributes to our understanding of MHC-based mate choice in extra-pair mating systems, by showing that female bluethroats (Luscinia svecica) with an MHCII-compatible social mate tend to have no extra-pair young in their brood, but only when the social male is young. This elucidates a possible sexual conflict, in which older social males are able to override female preferences and prevent other males from gaining paternity in their brood through higher sperm production. Studying systems in which extra-pair paternity occurs offers an insight into the genetic benefits of mate choice, as extra-pair males, in contrast to social males, generally contribute only sperm. Further, the strict and thorough genotyping scheme applied in this study enabled us to demonstrate a preference for “the golden mean” in MHC-diversity in a species with one of the highest MHC class II-diversity known to date.
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Cramer ERA, Garcia-del-Rey E, Johannessen LE, Laskemoen T, Marthinsen G, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT. Longer Sperm Swim More Slowly in the Canary Islands Chiffchaff. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061358. [PMID: 34073133 PMCID: PMC8228216 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sperm swimming performance affects male fertilization success, particularly in species with high sperm competition. Understanding how sperm morphology impacts swimming performance is therefore important. Sperm swimming speed is hypothesized to increase with total sperm length, relative flagellum length (with the flagellum generating forward thrust), and relative midpiece length (as the midpiece contains the mitochondria). We tested these hypotheses and tested for divergence in sperm traits in five island populations of Canary Islands chiffchaff (Phylloscopus canariensis). We confirmed incipient mitochondrial DNA differentiation between Gran Canaria and the other islands. Sperm swimming speed correlated negatively with total sperm length, did not correlate with relative flagellum length, and correlated negatively with relative midpiece length (for Gran Canaria only). The proportion of motile cells increased with relative flagellum length on Gran Canaria only. Sperm morphology was similar across islands. We thus add to a growing number of studies on passerine birds that do not support sperm morphology-swimming speed hypotheses. We suggest that the swimming mechanics of passerine sperm are sufficiently different from mammalian sperm that predictions from mammalian hydrodynamic models should no longer be applied for this taxon. While both sperm morphology and sperm swimming speed are likely under selection in passerines, the relationship between them requires further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. A. Cramer
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Eduardo Garcia-del-Rey
- Macaronesian Institute of Field Ornithology, 38001 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain;
| | - Lars Erik Johannessen
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
| | - Terje Laskemoen
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
| | - Gunnhild Marthinsen
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
| | - Jan T. Lifjeld
- Sex and Evolution Research Group, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; (L.E.J.); (T.L.); (G.M.); (A.J.); (J.T.L.)
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Deane K, Firestein G, Boyle D, Buckner J, James EA, Posso S, Robinson W, Moss LK, Seifert J, Gilmore R, Barzideh S, Rao N, Baribaud F, Nagpal S, Johnsen A, Holers VM. SAT0003 ELEVATED BASELINE AND INCREASING AUTOANTIBODY LEVELS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED RISK FOR IMMINENT ONSET OF INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS IN A PROSPECTIVELY STUDIED ANTI-CITRULLINATED PROTEIN ANTIBODY POSITIVE COHORT: THE TIP-RA COLLECTIVE. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:The Targeting Immune Responses for Prevention of RA (TIP-RA) Collaborative prospectively studies individuals at high risk for developing RA because of serum ACPA positivity in absence of baseline inflammatory arthritis (IA).Objectives:The objective of the analyses presented herein is to evaluate the role of baseline and changing levels of ACPA and rheumatoid factor (RF) in relationship to incident IA/RA.Methods:ACPA+ subjects and ACPA- controls were identified who did not have baseline historical or examination evidence of IA. ACPA+ was defined by serum elevation of anti-CCP3 ≥20 units (Inova). Subjects were evaluated annually or sooner if they had changes in joint symptoms. Factors including RFIgM and RFIgA (Inova) were also assessed, and relationships between autoantibody levels at baseline and over time and incident IA/RA were evaluated using t-tests, with paired testing where applicable.Results:Baseline characteristics of ACPA+ and ACPA- subjects are in Table 1. Sixteen of the 94 (17%) ACPA+ subjects developed IA/RA a mean of 518 days from the baseline visit; 14 of these met 2010 ACR/EULAR criteria for RA at the time of detection of IA. There was a trend for ACPA+ subjects who later developed IA/RA to have higher baseline levels of anti-CCP3 compared to those who did not develop IA/RA (Table 2). In addition, those who developed IA/RA had significantly higher mean levels of RFIgM and RFIgA compared to those who did not. While not statistically significant, in longitudinal analyses in the ACPA+ subjects with incident IA/RA, anti-CCP3 levels increased from baseline to identification of IA (mean [SD] of 119 [102] to 126 [100], p=0.42). Furthermore, RFIgM levels increased from 36 [49] at baseline to 43 [51] at the time of IA (p=0.31), and RFIgA levels increased from 16 [29] to 21 [31] (p=0.10). In contrast, in ACPA+ subjects who did not develop IA/RA, anti-CCP3 levels increased only slightly over follow-up of a mean of 712 days: 75 [75] to 80 [76], p=0.70 while the levels of RFIgM and RFIgA decreased slightly during the same follow-up: for RFIgM mean [SD] levels went from 9 [22] to 8 [19], p=0.74; for RFIgA, 5 [16] to 3 [12], p=0.67.Table 1.Baseline characteristics of ACPA+/- subjectsACPA-(n=162)ACPA+(n=94)p-valueAge, mean58580.90% Female69680.67% Ever smoker33340.87RF-IgM, mean (SD)3.2 (10.0)13.5 (30.2)<0.01RF-IgA, mean (SD)0.3 (0.6)6.5 (19.1)<0.01Table 2.Baseline characteristics of 16 ACPA+ subjects who developed incident IA/RA vs. 78 ACPA+ who did notDid not develop IA/RA (n=78)Developed IA/RA (n=16)p-valueDays from baseline to IA/RA or follow-up, mean (SD)712 (124)518 (295)–% Meeting 2010 criteria at time of IA-88–CCP3, mean (SD)74.5 (75.3)119.1 (102.1)0.05RFIgM, mean (SD)9 (22)36 (49)<0.01RFIgA, mean (SD)4 (16)16 (29)0.03Conclusion:In this prospectively followed cohort of ACPA+ subjects, higher levels of RFIgM and RFIgA at baseline were significantly associated with development of IA/RA within the follow-up period. Furthermore, there was a trend for rising levels of anti-CCP3 and RFIgM and A to be associated with development of IA/RA. These finding support the use of higher and/or rising levels of autoantibodies as additional features to predict imminent onset of IA/RA in ACPA+ individuals as well as potentially to use as outcomes of success of preventive interventions. Furthermore, the trend of increasing levels of RFIgM and RFIgA over time in individuals who developed IA/RA suggests that targeting pathways of RF development may lead to preventive interventions in a subset of RA.References:NoneDisclosure of Interests:Kevin Deane Grant/research support from: Janssen, Consultant of: Inova, ThermoFisher, Janseen, BMS and Microdrop, Gary Firestein Grant/research support from: Lilly, Janssen, Abbvie, David Boyle: None declared, Jane Buckner Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Eddie A. James Grant/research support from: Janssen, Pfizer, Sanofi, Novartis, Sylvia Posso Grant/research support from: Janssen, William Robinson Grant/research support from: Janssen, Laurie K. Moss Grant/research support from: Janssen, Jennifer Seifert Grant/research support from: Janssen, Roger Gilmore Grant/research support from: Janssen, Saman Barzideh Grant/research support from: Janssen, Navin Rao Shareholder of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Frederic Baribaud Shareholder of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Sunil Nagpal Shareholder of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Alyssa Johnsen Employee of: Janssen, V. Michael Holers Grant/research support from: Janssen, Celgene, and BMS
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Omotoriogun TC, Albrecht T, Gohli J, Hořák D, Johannessen LE, Johnsen A, Kreisinger J, Marki PZ, Ottosson U, Rowe M, Sedláček O, Lifjeld JT. Sperm length variation among Afrotropical songbirds reflects phylogeny rather than adaptations to the tropical environment. ZOOLOGY 2020; 140:125770. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ai R, Boyle D, Hammaker D, Deane K, Holers VM, Matti A, Robinson W, Buckner J, Rao N, Baribaud F, Johnsen A, Nagpal S, Wang W, Firestein G. OP0337 DIFFERENTIAL METHYLATION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD ADAPTIVE IMMUNE CELLS IN INDIVIDUALS AT HIGH RISK FOR RA AND WITH EARLY RA COMPARED WITH CONTROLS IDENTIFIES PATHWAYS IMPORTANT IN TRANSITION TO ARTHRITIS. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:The “Targeting Immune Responses for Prevention of RA” (TIP-RA) collaboration studies individuals at high risk for developing RA because of serum anti-citrullinated protein antibody positivity in absence of arthritis, and is focused on defining how they transition from at-risk to classifiable disease. One potential mechanism is through alterations in epigenetics patterns in adaptive immune cells.Objectives:Previous studies showed that DNA methylation patterns of early RA (ERA) synoviocytes differ from long-standing RA, suggesting that abnormal methylation occurs early in synovium and evolves over time. To extend these observations, we performed a cross-sectional analysis in TIP-RA of DNA methylation signatures in peripheral blood cells in ERA, at-risk anti-CCP3+ individuals and demographically matched CCP- controls.Methods:Genomic DNA was isolated from two independent cohorts of CCP- (cohorts 1 and 2, respectively: B cell: n = 17/34; memory T cell: n = 21/34; and naïve T cell: n = 21/33), CCP3+ (B cell: n = 18/37; memory T cell: n = 20/36; and naïve T cell: n = 20/35), and CCP3+ ERA (B cell: n = 4/18; memory T cell: n = 5/18; and naïve T cell: n = 5/18) after separating PBMCs using antibodies and magnetic beads. Methylation was measured by Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC chip. Differentially methylated loci (DMLs) were identified using Welch’s t-test and mapped to gene promoter regions to define DM genes (DMGs). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to represent relationship among groups. Pathway analysis was applied by Reactome.Results:For the initial cohort, 1494, 1097 and 1330 DMLs were identified among CCP+, CCP- and ERA in B cells, memory T cells and naïve T cells, respectively. For the confirmatory cohort, 523, 793 and 548 DMLs were found in corresponding cell populations. The DML overlap between the 2 cohorts was highly significant (p= 2.48E-77). The DMLs were combined for both groups and corresponded to 411, 412, and 351 DMGs in B cells, memory T cells and naïve T cells. Of these, we found 246, 198 and 195 DMGs between CCP3+ and ERA in each peripheral blood cell population, respectively. PCA showed separation of CCP+, CCP- and ERA in each of the three blood cell types by DMLs (Fig. 1). DMGs were mapped to biological pathways to identify DM pathways. Although most were not significant, there were several highly significant differences comparing CCP+, ERA and CCP- in memory T cells involving pathways, including “Interferon gamma signaling” (FDR 7.48E-14), “PD-1 signaling” (FDR 8.71E-10), “Translocation of ZAP-70 to Immunological synapse” (FDR 4.75E-10), and “Phosphorylation of CD3 and TCR zeta chains” (FDR 8.71E-10).Figure 1.PCA shows the separation of CCP+, CCP- and ERA patients in memory T cells in confirmatory cohort.Conclusion:We identified reproducible methylation signatures of CCP-, CCP+, and ERA in peripheral blood B cells, memory T cells and naïve T cells in initial and confirmatory cohorts. The methylome of ERA also demonstrated a distinctive pattern from CCP+, indicating that progression to RA is accompanied by epigenetic remodeling, especially in T cell signaling and interferon responses. These signatures identify critical pathways in CCP positivity and classifiable RA and could provide the basis of novel interventions to prevent disease.Disclosure of Interests:Rizi Ai: None declared, David Boyle: None declared, Deepa Hammaker: None declared, Kevin Deane Grant/research support from: Janssen, Consultant of: Inova, ThermoFisher, Janseen, BMS and Microdrop, V. Michael Holers Grant/research support from: Janssen, Celgene, and BMS, Andre Matti: None declared, William Robinson: None declared, Jane Buckner Grant/research support from: Bristol-Myers Squibb, Janssen, Navin Rao Shareholder of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Frederic Baribaud Shareholder of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Employee of: Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Alyssa Johnsen Employee of: Janssen, Sunil Nagpal Shareholder of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Employee of: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Wei Wang: None declared, Gary Firestein Grant/research support from: Lilly, Janssen, Abbvie
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Rekdal SL, Anmarkrud JA, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Extra‐pair mating in a passerine bird with highly duplicated major histocompatibility complex class II: Preference for the golden mean. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5133-5144. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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Lindsay WR, Andersson S, Bererhi B, Höglund J, Johnsen A, Kvarnemo C, Leder EH, Lifjeld JT, Ninnes CE, Olsson M, Parker GA, Pizzari T, Qvarnström A, Safran RJ, Svensson O, Edwards SV. Endless forms of sexual selection. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7988. [PMID: 31720113 PMCID: PMC6839514 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the field of sexual selection has exploded, with advances in theoretical and empirical research complementing each other in exciting ways. This perspective piece is the product of a “stock-taking” workshop on sexual selection and sexual conflict. Our aim is to identify and deliberate on outstanding questions and to stimulate discussion rather than provide a comprehensive overview of the entire field. These questions are organized into four thematic sections we deem essential to the field. First we focus on the evolution of mate choice and mating systems. Variation in mate quality can generate both competition and choice in the opposite sex, with implications for the evolution of mating systems. Limitations on mate choice may dictate the importance of direct vs. indirect benefits in mating decisions and consequently, mating systems, especially with regard to polyandry. Second, we focus on how sender and receiver mechanisms shape signal design. Mediation of honest signal content likely depends on integration of temporally variable social and physiological costs that are challenging to measure. We view the neuroethology of sensory and cognitive receiver biases as the main key to signal form and the ‘aesthetic sense’ proposed by Darwin. Since a receiver bias is sufficient to both initiate and drive ornament or armament exaggeration, without a genetically correlated or even coevolving receiver, this may be the appropriate ‘null model’ of sexual selection. Thirdly, we focus on the genetic architecture of sexually selected traits. Despite advances in modern molecular techniques, the number and identity of genes underlying performance, display and secondary sexual traits remains largely unknown. In-depth investigations into the genetic basis of sexual dimorphism in the context of long-term field studies will reveal constraints and trajectories of sexually selected trait evolution. Finally, we focus on sexual selection and conflict as drivers of speciation. Population divergence and speciation are often influenced by an interplay between sexual and natural selection. The extent to which sexual selection promotes or counteracts population divergence may vary depending on the genetic architecture of traits as well as the covariance between mating competition and local adaptation. Additionally, post-copulatory processes, such as selection against heterospecific sperm, may influence the importance of sexual selection in speciation. We propose that efforts to resolve these four themes can catalyze conceptual progress in the field of sexual selection, and we offer potential avenues of research to advance this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willow R Lindsay
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Staffan Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Badreddine Bererhi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jacob Höglund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlotta Kvarnemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erica H Leder
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Calum E Ninnes
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Mats Olsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Geoff A Parker
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tommaso Pizzari
- Department of Zoology, Edward Grey Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Rebecca J Safran
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
| | - Ola Svensson
- School of Natural Sciences, Technology and Environmental Studies, Södertörn University, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Scott V Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America.,Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
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Lifjeld JT, Gohli J, Albrecht T, Garcia-Del-Rey E, Johannessen LE, Kleven O, Marki PZ, Omotoriogun TC, Rowe M, Johnsen A. Evolution of female promiscuity in Passerides songbirds. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:169. [PMID: 31412767 PMCID: PMC6694576 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Female promiscuity is highly variable among birds, and particularly among songbirds. Comparative work has identified several patterns of covariation with social, sexual, ecological and life history traits. However, it is unclear whether these patterns reflect causes or consequences of female promiscuity, or if they are byproducts of some unknown evolutionary drivers. Moreover, factors that explain promiscuity at the deep nodes in the phylogenetic tree may be different from those important at the tips, i.e. among closely related species. Here we examine the relationships between female promiscuity and a broad set of predictor variables in a comprehensive data set (N = 202 species) of Passerides songbirds, which is a highly diversified infraorder of the Passeriformes exhibiting significant variation in female promiscuity. Results Female promiscuity was highly variable in all major clades of the Passerides phylogeny and also among closely related species. We found several significant associations with female promiscuity, albeit with fairly small effect sizes (all R2 ≤ 0.08). More promiscuous species had: 1) less male parental care, particularly during the early stages of the nesting cycle (nest building and incubation), 2) more short-term pair bonds, 3) greater degree of sexual dichromatism, primarily because females were drabber, 4) more migratory behaviour, and 5) stronger pre-mating sexual selection. In a multivariate model, however, the effect of sexual selection disappeared, while the other four variables showed additive effects and together explained about 16% of the total variance in female promiscuity. Female promiscuity showed no relationship with body size, life history variation, latitude or cooperative breeding. Conclusions We found that multiple traits were associated with female promiscuity, but these associations were generally weak. Some traits, such as reduced parental care in males and more cryptic plumage in females, might even be responses to, rather than causes of, variation in female promiscuity. Hence, the high variation in female promiscuity among Passerides species remains enigmatic. Female promiscuity seems to be a rapidly evolving trait that often diverges between species with similar ecologies and breeding systems. A future challenge is therefore to understand what drives within-lineage variation in female promiscuity over microevolutionary time scales. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1493-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jostein Gohli
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Květná 8, CZ-67502, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, CZ-12844, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Garcia-Del-Rey
- Macaronesian Institute of Field Ornithology, C/ Elias Ramos Gonzalez 5, 3-H, 38001, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Lars Erik Johannessen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Kleven
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Torgarden, NO-7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Petter Z Marki
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Taiwo C Omotoriogun
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,A.P. Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria.,Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, P.M.B. 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway.,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Støstad HN, Rowe M, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT. Sperm head abnormalities are more frequent in songbirds with more helical sperm: A possible trade-off in sperm evolution. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:666-674. [PMID: 30945783 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sperm morphology varies enormously across the animal kingdom. Whilst knowledge of the factors that drive the evolution of interspecific variation in sperm morphology is accumulating, we currently have little understanding of factors that may constrain evolutionary change in sperm traits. We investigated whether susceptibility to sperm abnormalities could represent such a constraint in songbirds, a group characterized by a distinctive helical sperm head shape. Specifically, using 36 songbird species and data from light and scanning electron microscopy, we examined among-species correlations between the occurrence of sperm head abnormalities and sperm morphology, as well as the correlation between sperm head abnormalities and two indicators of sperm competition. We found that species with more helically shaped sperm heads (i.e., a wider helical membrane and more pronounced cell waveform) had a higher percentage of abnormal sperm heads than species with less helical sperm (i.e., relatively straight sperm) and that sperm head traits were better predictors of head abnormalities than total sperm length. In contrast, there was no correlation between sperm abnormalities and the level of sperm competition. Given that songbird species with more pronounced helical sperm have higher average sperm swimming speed, our results suggest an evolutionary trade-off between sperm performance and the structural integrity of the sperm head. As such, susceptibility to morphological abnormalities may constrain the evolution of helical sperm morphology in songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Albrecht T, Opletalová K, Reif J, Janoušek V, Piálek L, Cramer ERA, Johnsen A, Reifová R. Sperm divergence in a passerine contact zone: Indication of reinforcement at the gametic level. Evolution 2019; 73:202-213. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Albrecht
- Faculty of Science, Department of ZoologyCharles University in Prague Praha 2 , CZ‐12844 Czech Republic
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, v.v.i.The Czech Academy of Sciences Brno CZ‐60365 Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Opletalová
- Faculty of Science, Department of ZoologyCharles University in Prague Praha 2 , CZ‐12844 Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Reif
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental StudiesCharles University in Prague Praha 2 CZ‐12100 Czech Republic
| | - Václav Janoušek
- Faculty of Science, Department of ZoologyCharles University in Prague Praha 2 , CZ‐12844 Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Piálek
- Faculty of Science, Department of ZoologyUniversity of South Bohemia České Budějovice CZ‐370 05 Czech Republic
| | | | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History MuseumUniversity of Oslo 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Radka Reifová
- Faculty of Science, Department of ZoologyCharles University in Prague Praha 2 , CZ‐12844 Czech Republic
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12
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Støstad HN, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT, Rowe M. Sperm head morphology is associated with sperm swimming speed: A comparative study of songbirds using electron microscopy. Evolution 2018; 72:1918-1932. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo 0318 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo 0318 Oslo Norway
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences University of Oslo 0316 Oslo Norway
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13
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Králová T, Albrecht T, Bryja J, Hořák D, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT, Novotný M, Sedláček O, Velová H, Vinkler M. Signatures of diversifying selection and convergence acting on passerine Toll-like receptor 4 in an evolutionary context. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2871-2883. [PMID: 29772096 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Positive selection acting on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) has been recently investigated to reveal evolutionary mechanisms of host-pathogen molecular co-adaptation. Much of this research, however, has focused mainly on the identification of sites predicted to be under positive selection, bringing little insight into the functional differences and similarities among species and a limited understanding of convergent evolution in the innate immune molecules. In this study, we provide evidence of phenotypic variability in the avian TLR4 ligand-binding region (LBR), the direct interface between host and pathogen molecular structures. We show that 55 passerine species vary substantially in the distribution of electrostatic potential on the surface of the receptor, and based on these distinct patterns, we identified four species clusters. Seven of the 34 evolutionarily nonconservative and positively selected residues correspond topologically to sites previously identified as being important for lipopolysaccharide, lipid IVa or MD-2 binding. Five of these positions codetermine the identity of the charge clusters. Groups of species that host-related communities of pathogens were predicted to cluster based on their TLR4 LBR charge. Despite some evidence for convergence among taxa, there were no clear associations between the TLR4 LBR charge distribution and any of the general ecological characteristics compared (migration, latitudinal distribution and diet). Closely related species, however, mostly belonged to the same surface charge cluster indicating that phylogenetic constraints are key determinants shaping TLR4 adaptive evolution. Our results suggest that host innate immune evolution is consistent with Fahrenholz's rule on the cospeciation of hosts and their parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Králová
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Bryja
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hořák
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marian Novotný
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sedláček
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Velová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Vinkler
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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14
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Sætre CLC, Johnsen A, Stensrud E, Cramer ERA. Sperm morphology, sperm motility and paternity success in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192644. [PMID: 29509773 PMCID: PMC5839561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postcopulatory sexual selection may select for male primary sexual characteristics like sperm morphology and sperm motility, through sperm competition or cryptic female choice. However, how such characteristics influence male fertilization success remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate possible correlations between sperm characteristics and paternity success in the socially monogamous bluethroat (Luscinia svecica svecica), predicting that sperm length and sperm swimming speed is positively correlated with paternity success. In total, 25% (15/61) of broods contained extra-pair offspring and 10% (33/315) of the offspring were sired by extra-pair males. Paternity success did not correlate significantly with sperm morphology or any aspects of sperm motility. Furthermore, sperm morphology and sperm motility did not correlate significantly with male morphological characters that previously have been shown to be associated with paternity success. Thus, the sperm characteristics investigated here do not appear to be strong predictors of paternity success in bluethroats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Stensrud
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Kearns AM, Restani M, Szabo I, Schrøder-Nielsen A, Kim JA, Richardson HM, Marzluff JM, Fleischer RC, Johnsen A, Omland KE. Genomic evidence of speciation reversal in ravens. Nat Commun 2018; 9:906. [PMID: 29500409 PMCID: PMC5834606 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species, including humans, have emerged via complex reticulate processes involving hybridisation. Under certain circumstances, hybridisation can cause distinct lineages to collapse into a single lineage with an admixed mosaic genome. Most known cases of such 'speciation reversal' or 'lineage fusion' involve recently diverged lineages and anthropogenic perturbation. Here, we show that in western North America, Common Ravens (Corvus corax) have admixed mosaic genomes formed by the fusion of non-sister lineages ('California' and 'Holarctic') that diverged ~1.5 million years ago. Phylogenomic analyses and concordant patterns of geographic structuring in mtDNA, genome-wide SNPs and nuclear introns demonstrate long-term admixture and random interbreeding between the non-sister lineages. In contrast, our genomic data support reproductive isolation between Common Ravens and Chihuahuan Ravens (C. cryptoleucus) despite extensive geographic overlap and a sister relationship between Chihuahuan Ravens and the California lineage. These data suggest that the Common Raven genome was formed by secondary lineage fusion and most likely represents a case of ancient speciation reversal that occurred without anthropogenic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kearns
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, 20013-7012, DC, USA.
| | - Marco Restani
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Cloud State University, 720 Fourth Avenue, St. Cloud, MN, 56301-4498, USA
| | - Ildiko Szabo
- Cowan Tetrapod Collection, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 2212 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | - Jin Ah Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Hayley M Richardson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - John M Marzluff
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Robert C Fleischer
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, 20013-7012, DC, USA
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin E Omland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
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16
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Rekdal SL, Anmarkrud JA, Johnsen A, Lifjeld JT. Genotyping strategy matters when analyzing hypervariable major histocompatibility complex-Experience from a passerine bird. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:1680-1692. [PMID: 29435243 PMCID: PMC5792522 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping of classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes is challenging when they are hypervariable and occur in multiple copies. In this study, we used several different approaches to genotype the moderately variable MHC class I exon 3 (MHCIe3) and the highly polymorphic MHC class II exon 2 (MHCIIβe2) in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica). Two family groups (eight individuals) were sequenced in replicates at both markers using Ion Torrent technology with both a single- and a dual-indexed primer structure. Additionally, MHCIIβe2 was sequenced on Illumina MiSeq. Allele calling was conducted by modifications of the pipeline developed by Sommer et al. (BMC Genomics, 14, 2013, 542) and the software AmpliSAS. While the different genotyping strategies gave largely consistent results for MHCIe3, with a maximum of eight alleles per individual, MHCIIβe2 was remarkably complex with a maximum of 56 MHCIIβe2 alleles called for one individual. Each genotyping strategy detected on average 50%-82% of all MHCIIβe2 alleles per individual, but dropouts were largely allele-specific and consistent within families for each strategy. The discrepancies among approaches indicate PCR biases caused by the platform-specific primer tails. Further, AmpliSAS called fewer alleles than the modified Sommer pipeline. Our results demonstrate that allelic dropout is a significant problem when genotyping the hypervariable MHCIIβe2. As these genotyping errors are largely nonrandom and method-specific, we caution against comparing genotypes across different genotyping strategies. Nevertheless, we conclude that high-throughput approaches provide a major advance in the challenging task of genotyping hypervariable MHC loci, even though they may not reveal the complete allelic repertoire.
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17
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Johnsen A, Kearns AM, Omland KE, Anmarkrud JA. Sequencing of the complete mitochondrial genome of the common raven Corvus corax (Aves: Corvidae) confirms mitogenome-wide deep lineages and a paraphyletic relationship with the Chihuahuan raven C. cryptoleucus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187316. [PMID: 29084259 PMCID: PMC5662180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies based on single mitochondrial markers have shown that the common raven (Corvus corax) consists of two highly diverged lineages that are hypothesised to have undergone speciation reversal upon secondary contact. Furthermore, common ravens are paraphyletic with respect to the Chihuahuan raven (C. cryptoleucus) based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Here we explore the causes of mtDNA paraphyly by sequencing whole mitochondrial genomes of 12 common ravens from across the Northern Hemisphere, in addition to three Chihuahuan ravens and one closely related brown-necked raven (C. ruficollis) using a long-range PCR protocol. Our raven mitogenomes ranged between 16925–16928 bp in length. GC content varied from 43.3% to 43.8% and the 13 protein coding genes, two rRNAs and 22 tRNAs followed a standard avian mitochondrial arrangement. The overall divergence between the two common raven clades was 3% (range 0.3–5.8% in 16 regions including the protein coding genes, rRNAs and the control region). Phylogenies constructed from whole mitogenomes recovered the previously found mitochondrial sister relationship between the common raven California clade and the Chihuahuan raven (overall divergence 1.1%), which strengthens the hypothesis that mtDNA paraphyly in the common raven results from speciation reversal of previously distinct Holarctic and California lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna M. Kearns
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kevin E. Omland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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18
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Boumans L, Hogner S, Brittain J, Johnsen A. Ecological speciation by temporal isolation in a population of the stonefly Leuctra hippopus (Plecoptera, Leuctridae). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1635-1649. [PMID: 28261472 PMCID: PMC5330929 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Stream dwelling invertebrates are ideal candidates for the study of ecological speciation as they are often adapted to particular environmental conditions within a stream and inhabit only certain reaches of a drainage basin, separated by unsuitable habitat. We studied an atypical population of the stonefly Leuctra hippopus at a site in central Norway, the Isterfoss rapids, in relation to three nearby and two remote conspecific populations. Adults of this population emerge about a month earlier than those of nearby populations, live on large boulders emerging from the rapids, and are short-lived. This population also has distinct morphological features and was studied earlier during the period 1975-1990. We reassessed morphological distinctness with new measurements and added several analyses of genetic distinctness based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence markers, as well as AFLP fingerprinting and SNPs mined from RAD sequences. The Isterfoss population is shown to be most closely related to its geographical neighbors, yet clearly morphologically and genetically distinct and homogeneous. We conclude that this population is in the process of sympatric speciation, with temporal isolation being the most important direct barrier to gene flow. The shift in reproductive season results from the particular temperature and water level regime in the Isterfoss rapids. The distinct adult body shape and loss of flight are hypothesized to be an adaptation to the unusual habitat. Ecological diversification on small spatial and temporal scales is one of the likely causes of the high diversity of aquatic insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boumans
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Silje Hogner
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - John Brittain
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo Oslo Norway
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19
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Boesen J, Johnsen A, Helweg-Larsen S, Sørensen PS. Diagnostic Value of Spinal Computer Tomography in Patients with Intraspinal Metastases Causing Complete Block on Myelography. Acta Radiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/028418519103200101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The value of post-myelographic spinal computer tomography (CT) was evaluated in cancer patients with spinal metastases causing complete myelographic block. In 22 out of 25 lumbar myelographies (88%) showing complete blockade, sufficient contrast medium had leaked proximally to allow determination of the cranial limit of the metastasis on the CT-scan. It is concluded that the post-myelographic spinal CT can replace a supplementary cervical myelography in the majority of patients with epidural metastasis, causing a complete myelographic block.
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20
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Lifjeld JT, Anmarkrud JA, Calabuig P, Cooper JEJ, Johannessen LE, Johnsen A, Kearns AM, Lachlan RF, Laskemoen T, Marthinsen G, Stensrud E, Garcia-del-Rey E. Species-level divergences in multiple functional traits between the two endemic subspecies of Blue Chaffinches Fringilla teydea in Canary Islands. BMC ZOOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-016-0008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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21
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Cramer ERA, Ålund M, McFarlane SE, Johnsen A, Qvarnström A. Females discriminate against heterospecific sperm in a natural hybrid zone. Evolution 2016; 70:1844-55. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. A. Cramer
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; 0318 Oslo Norway
- Current Address: Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center; PO Box 37012 MRC5503, Washington, District of Columbia 20008, and Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York 14850
| | - Murielle Ålund
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Animal Ecology, Uppsala University; Uppsala 75236 Sweden
| | - S. Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Animal Ecology, Uppsala University; Uppsala 75236 Sweden
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Anna Qvarnström
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Animal Ecology, Uppsala University; Uppsala 75236 Sweden
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22
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Mutanen M, Kivelä SM, Vos RA, Doorenweerd C, Ratnasingham S, Hausmann A, Huemer P, Dincă V, van Nieukerken EJ, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Vila R, Aarvik L, Decaëns T, Efetov KA, Hebert PDN, Johnsen A, Karsholt O, Pentinsaari M, Rougerie R, Segerer A, Tarmann G, Zahiri R, Godfray HCJ. Species-Level Para- and Polyphyly in DNA Barcode Gene Trees: Strong Operational Bias in European Lepidoptera. Syst Biol 2016; 65:1024-1040. [PMID: 27288478 PMCID: PMC5066064 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syw044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of DNA data is revolutionizing all fields of systematic research. DNA barcode sequences, now available for millions of specimens and several hundred thousand species, are increasingly used in algorithmic species delimitations. This is complicated by occasional incongruences between species and gene genealogies, as indicated by situations where conspecific individuals do not form a monophyletic cluster in a gene tree. In two previous reviews, non-monophyly has been reported as being common in mitochondrial DNA gene trees. We developed a novel web service “Monophylizer” to detect non-monophyly in phylogenetic trees and used it to ascertain the incidence of species non-monophyly in COI (a.k.a. cox1) barcode sequence data from 4977 species and 41,583 specimens of European Lepidoptera, the largest data set of DNA barcodes analyzed from this regard. Particular attention was paid to accurate species identification to ensure data integrity. We investigated the effects of tree-building method, sampling effort, and other methodological issues, all of which can influence estimates of non-monophyly. We found a 12% incidence of non-monophyly, a value significantly lower than that observed in previous studies. Neighbor joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods yielded almost equal numbers of non-monophyletic species, but 24.1% of these cases of non-monophyly were only found by one of these methods. Non-monophyletic species tend to show either low genetic distances to their nearest neighbors or exceptionally high levels of intraspecific variability. Cases of polyphyly in COI trees arising as a result of deep intraspecific divergence are negligible, as the detected cases reflected misidentifications or methodological errors. Taking into consideration variation in sampling effort, we estimate that the true incidence of non-monophyly is ∼23%, but with operational factors still being included. Within the operational factors, we separately assessed the frequency of taxonomic limitations (presence of overlooked cryptic and oversplit species) and identification uncertainties. We observed that operational factors are potentially present in more than half (58.6%) of the detected cases of non-monophyly. Furthermore, we observed that in about 20% of non-monophyletic species and entangled species, the lineages involved are either allopatric or parapatric—conditions where species delimitation is inherently subjective and particularly dependent on the species concept that has been adopted. These observations suggest that species-level non-monophyly in COI gene trees is less common than previously supposed, with many cases reflecting misidentifications, the subjectivity of species delimitation or other operational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Mutanen
- Department of Genetics and Physiology, University of Oulu, Finland;
| | | | - Rutger A Vos
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sujeevan Ratnasingham
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada
| | - Axel Hausmann
- SNSB - Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Huemer
- Tiroler Landesmuseen-Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada.,Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- INRA, UR633 Zoologie Forestière, 45075 Orléans, France.,Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, CNRS UMR 7261, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leif Aarvik
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Thibaud Decaëns
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175 CNRS / University of Montpellier / University of Montpellier 3 / EPHE / SupAgro Montpellier / INRA / IRD, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Paul D N Hebert
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada
| | | | - Ole Karsholt
- Zoologisk Museum, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | | | - Rodolphe Rougerie
- Département Systématique et Evolution, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB-UMR 7205 MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, EPHE, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Segerer
- SNSB - Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Tarmann
- Tiroler Landesmuseen-Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Reza Zahiri
- Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Canada.,Ottawa Plant Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada
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Lemoine M, Lucek K, Perrier C, Saladin V, Adriaensen F, Barba E, Belda EJ, Charmantier A, Cichoń M, Eeva T, Grégoire A, Hinde CA, Johnsen A, Komdeur J, Mänd R, Matthysen E, Norte AC, Pitala N, Sheldon BC, Slagsvold T, Tinbergen JM, Török J, Ubels R, van Oers K, Visser ME, Doligez B, Richner H. Low but contrasting neutral genetic differentiation shaped by winter temperature in European great tits. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Lemoine
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH-8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Kay Lucek
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
| | - Charles Perrier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175; 1919 Route de Mende FR-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Verena Saladin
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Frank Adriaensen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Emilio Barba
- Cavanilles’ Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology; University of Valencia; C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Eduardo J. Belda
- Instituto de Investigación para la Gestión Integrada de Zonas Costeras-IGIC; U.P.V.; C/Paranínfo n° 1 ES-46730 Gandia Valencia Spain
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175; 1919 Route de Mende FR-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Mariusz Cichoń
- Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Tapio Eeva
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; FI-20014 Turku Finland
| | - Arnaud Grégoire
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive; Unité Mixte de Recherche 5175; 1919 Route de Mende FR-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Camilla A. Hinde
- Behavioural Ecology Group; Department of Animal Sciences; Wageningen University; 6700 AH Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; PO Box 1172 Blindern NO-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Behavioural Ecology and Self-organization; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary studies; University of Groningen; PO Box 11103 NL-9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Raivo Mänd
- Department of Zoology; Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Vanemuise 46 Tartu EE-51014 Estonia
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group; Department of Biology; University of Antwerp; BE-2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Ana Cláudia Norte
- Department of Life Sciences; Largo Marquês de Pombal; Faculty of Sciences and Technology; Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre (MARE); University of Coimbra; 3004-517 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Natalia Pitala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science; University of Jyväskylä; PO Box 35 FI-40014 Finland
| | - Ben C. Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology; Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3PS England
| | - Tore Slagsvold
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES); Department of Biosciences; University of Oslo; PO Box 1066 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Joost M. Tinbergen
- Animal Ecology Group; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; PO Box 11103 NL-9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - János Török
- Behavioural Ecology Group; Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology; Eötvös Loránd University; Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Richard Ubels
- Animal Ecology Group; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies; University of Groningen; PO Box 11103 NL-9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Kees van Oers
- Department of Animal Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); PO Box 50; 6700 AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); PO Box 50; 6700 AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Blandine Doligez
- Department of Biometry and Evolutionary Biology; CNRS, University of Lyon, UMR 5558; F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex France
- Animal Ecology/Department of Ecology and Genetics; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18d SE-752 36 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Heinz Richner
- Division of Evolutionary Ecology; Institute of Ecology and Evolution; University of Bern; Baltzerstrasse 6 CH-3012 Bern Switzerland
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Cramer ERA, Stensrud E, Marthinsen G, Hogner S, Johannessen LE, Laskemoen T, Eybert MC, Slagsvold T, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Sperm performance in conspecific and heterospecific female fluid. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:1363-77. [PMID: 26855769 PMCID: PMC4733106 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Divergent sexual selection within allopatric populations may result in divergent sexual phenotypes, which can act as reproductive barriers between populations upon secondary contact. This hypothesis has been most tested on traits involved in precopulatory sexual selection, with less work focusing on traits that act after copulation and before fertilization (i.e., postcopulatory prezygotic traits), particularly in internally fertilizing vertebrates. However, postcopulatory sexual selection within species can also drive trait divergence, resulting in reduced performance of heterospecific sperm within the female reproductive tract. Such incompatibilities, arising as a by‐product of divergent postcopulatory sexual selection in allopatry, can represent reproductive barriers, analogous to species‐assortative mating preferences. Here, we tested for postcopulatory prezygotic reproductive barriers between three pairs of taxa with diverged sperm phenotypes and moderate‐to‐high opportunity for postcopulatory sexual selection (barn swallows Hirundo rustica versus sand martins Riparia riparia, two subspecies of bluethroats, Luscinia svecica svecica versus L. s. namnetum, and great tits Parus major versus blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus). We tested sperm swimming performance in fluid from the outer reproductive tract of females, because the greatest reduction in sperm number in birds occurs as sperm swim across the vagina. Contrary to our expectations, sperm swam equally well in fluid from conspecific and heterospecific females, suggesting that postcopulatory prezygotic barriers do not act between these taxon pairs, at this stage between copulation and fertilization. We therefore suggest that divergence in sperm phenotypes in allopatry is insufficient to cause widespread postcopulatory prezygotic barriers in the form of impaired sperm swimming performance in passerine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R A Cramer
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Even Stensrud
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Gunnhild Marthinsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Silje Hogner
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Terje Laskemoen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | | | - Tore Slagsvold
- Department of Biosciences Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES) University of Oslo PO Box 1066 Blindern 0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum University of Oslo PO Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
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25
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Johnsen A. XXII. Theodor Liebisch †. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.1922.57.1.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Johnsen A. XI. Das Raumgitter des Kalkspates. Z KRIST-CRYST MATER 2015. [DOI: 10.1524/zkri.1915.54.1.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Huizinga T, Connolly S, Johnsen A, Zhu J, Furst D, Bykerk V, Burmester G, Combe B, Wong D, Trouw L, Toes R, Emery P. THU0114 Effect of Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide 2 Immunoglobulin M Serostatus on Efficacy Outcomes Following Treatment with Abatacept Plus Methotrexate in the Avert Trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Buch M, Johnsen A, Wong D, Schiff M. AB0469 Can Anti-TNF-Induced Autoantibody Conversion be Reversed by Switching to Abatacept Therapy in Patients with RA on Background MTX? Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Sokolove J, Schiff M, Fleischmann R, Weinblatt M, Connolly S, Johnsen A, Zhu J, Maldonado M, Patel S, Robinson W. AB0274 Impact of Baseline Anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide 2 Antibody Titre on Efficacy Outcomes Following Treatment with Subcutaneous Abatacept or Adalimumab: 2-Year Results from the Ample Trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-eular.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Rowe M, Albrecht T, Cramer ERA, Johnsen A, Laskemoen T, Weir JT, Lifjeld JT. Postcopulatory sexual selection is associated with accelerated evolution of sperm morphology. Evolution 2015; 69:1044-52. [PMID: 25655075 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rapid diversification of sexual traits is frequently attributed to sexual selection, though explicit tests of this hypothesis remain limited. Spermatozoa exhibit remarkable variability in size and shape, and studies report a correlation between sperm morphology (sperm length and shape) and sperm competition risk or female reproductive tract morphology. However, whether postcopulatory processes (e.g., sperm competition and cryptic female choice) influence the speed of evolutionary diversification in sperm form is unknown. Using passerine birds, we quantified evolutionary rates of sperm length divergence among lineages (i.e., species pairs) and determined whether these rates varied with the level of sperm competition (estimated as relative testes mass). We found that relative testes mass was significantly and positively associated with more rapid phenotypic divergence in sperm midpiece and flagellum lengths, as well as total sperm length. In contrast, there was no association between relative testes mass and rates of evolutionary divergence in sperm head size, and models suggested that head length is evolutionarily constrained. Our results are the first to show an association between the strength of sperm competition and the speed of sperm evolution, and suggest that postcopulatory sexual selection promotes rapid evolutionary diversification of sperm morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, PO Box 1172, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
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Gohli J, Leder EH, Garcia-del-Rey E, Johannessen LE, Johnsen A, Laskemoen T, Popp M, Lifjeld JT. The evolutionary history of Afrocanarian blue tits inferred from genomewide SNPs. Mol Ecol 2014; 24:180-91. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jostein Gohli
- University Museum of Bergen; P.O. Box 7800 5007 Bergen Norway
| | - Erica H. Leder
- Division of Genetics and Physiology; Department of Biological Sciences; University of Turku; Vesilinnantie 5 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Eduardo Garcia-del-Rey
- Macaronesian Institute of Field Ornithology; C/Enrique Wolfson 11-3 38004 Santa Cruz de Tenerife Spain
| | | | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Terje Laskemoen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Magnus Popp
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Jan T. Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern 0318 Oslo Norway
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Cramer ERA, Laskemoen T, Stensrud E, Rowe M, Haas F, Lifjeld JT, Saetre GP, Johnsen A. Morphology-function relationships and repeatability in the sperm of Passer sparrows. J Morphol 2014; 276:370-7. [PMID: 25427840 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sperm performance is likely to be an important determinant of male reproductive success, especially when females copulate with multiple males. Understanding sperm performance is therefore crucial to fully understand the evolution of male reproductive strategies. In this study, we examined the repeatability of sperm morphology and motility measures over three breeding seasons, and we studied relationships between sperm morphology and function. We conducted this study in wild-derived captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (P. hispaniolensis). Results for the two species were similar. As predicted from results in other passerine species, total sperm length was highly repeatable across ejaculates, and repeatability for the length of other components was moderate. The repeatability of sperm swimming speed across ejaculates was lower, but statistically significant, suggesting that sperm velocity may be a relatively dynamic trait. Surprisingly, swimming speed did not correlate with the relative length of the midpiece, and it correlated negatively with the relative length of the flagellum and with total sperm length. This pattern is the opposite of what theory predicts and differs from what has been found in house sparrows before. Also contrary to previous work, we found no evidence that total sperm length correlates with sperm longevity. These results therefore highlight the need for a better understanding of relationships between sperm morphology and function in passerine birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R A Cramer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Blindern, 0318, Oslo, Norway
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Boumans L, Johnsen A. Species-specific communication bars interspecific mating between syntopic species ofZwickniastoneflies (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boumans
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern NO-0318 Oslo Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum; University of Oslo; P.O. Box 1172 Blindern NO-0318 Oslo Norway
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Wojczulanis-Jakubas K, Kilikowska A, Harding AMA, Jakubas D, Karnovsky NJ, Steen H, Strøm H, Welcker J, Gavrilo M, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Weak population genetic differentiation in the most numerous Arctic seabird, the little auk. Polar Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-014-1462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mettler R, Schaefer HM, Chernetsov N, Fiedler W, Hobson KA, Ilieva M, Imhof E, Johnsen A, Renner SC, Rolshausen G, Serrano D, Wesołowski T, Segelbacher G. Contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation among Blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with divergent migratory orientations in Europe. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81365. [PMID: 24278428 PMCID: PMC3836794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory divides are thought to facilitate behavioral, ecological, and genetic divergence among populations with different migratory routes. However, it is currently contentious how much genetic divergence is needed to maintain distinct migratory behavior across migratory divides. Here we investigate patterns of neutral genetic differentiation among Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) populations with different migratory strategies across Europe. We compare the level of genetic divergence of populations migrating to southwestern (SW) or southeastern (SE) wintering areas with birds wintering in the British Isles following a recently established northwesterly (NW) migration route. The migratory divide between SW and SE wintering areas can be interpreted as a result of a re-colonization process after the last glaciation. Thus we predicted greater levels of genetic differentiation among the SW/SE populations. However, a lack of genetic differentiation was found between SW and SE populations, suggesting that interbreeding likely occurs among Blackcaps with different migratory orientations across a large area; therefore the SW/SE migratory divide can be seen as diffuse, broad band and is, at best, a weak isolating barrier. Conversely, weak, albeit significant genetic differentiation was evident between NW and SW migrants breeding sympatrically in southern Germany, suggesting a stronger isolating mechanism may be acting in this population. Populations located within/near the SW/SE contact zone were the least genetically divergent from NW migrants, confirming NW migrants likely originated from within the contact zone. Significant isolation-by-distance was found among eastern Blackcap populations (i.e. SE migrants), but not among western populations (i.e. NW and SW migrants), revealing different patterns of genetic divergence among Blackcap populations in Europe. We discuss possible explanations for the genetic structure of European Blackcaps and how gene flow influences the persistence of divergent migratory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeann Mettler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - H. Martin Schaefer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Animal Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nikita Chernetsov
- Biological Station Rybachy, Zoological Institute, Rybachy, Kaliningrad Region, Russia
| | - Wolfgang Fiedler
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Vogelwarte, Radolfzell, Germany
- University of Konstanz, Department of Biology, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Keith A. Hobson
- Environment Canada, Science and Technology Branch, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mihaela Ilieva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Elisabeth Imhof
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arild Johnsen
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Swen C. Renner
- Institute of Experimental Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, United States of America
| | - Gregor Rolshausen
- Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Serrano
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lifjeld JT, Gohli J, Johnsen A. Promiscuity, sexual selection, and genetic diversity: a reply to Spurgin. Evolution 2013; 67:3073-4. [PMID: 24094357 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a positive association between female promiscuity and genetic diversity across passerine birds, and launched the hypothesis that female promiscuity acts as a balancing selection, pressure maintaining genetic diversity in populations (Gohli et al.2013). Spurgin (2013) questions both our analyses and interpretations. While we agree that the hypothesis needs more comprehensive empirical testing, we find his specific points of criticism unjustified. In a more general perspective, we call for a more explicit recognition of female mating preferences as mechanisms of selection in population genetics theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan T Lifjeld
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318, Oslo, Norway.
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Rummel PC, Arfelt KN, Baumann L, Jenkins TJ, Thiele S, Lüttichau HR, Johnsen A, Pease J, Ghosh S, Kolbeck R, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular requirements for inhibition of the chemokine receptor CCR8--probe-dependent allosteric interactions. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1206-17. [PMID: 22708643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we present a novel series of CCR8 antagonists based on a naphthalene-sulfonamide structure. This structure differs from the predominant pharmacophore for most small-molecule CC-chemokine receptor antagonists, which in fact activate CCR8, suggesting that CCR8 inhibition requires alternative structural probes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The compounds were tested as inverse agonists and as antagonists against CCL1-induced activity in Gα(i) signalling and chemotaxis. Furthermore, they were assessed by heterologous competition binding against two radiolabelled receptor ligands: the endogenous agonist CCL1 and the virus-encoded antagonist MC148. KEY RESULTS All compounds were highly potent inverse agonists with EC(50) values from 1.7 to 23 nM. Their potencies as antagonists were more widely spread (EC(50) values from 5.9 to 1572 nM). Some compounds were balanced antagonists/inverse agonists whereas others were predominantly inverse agonists with >100-fold lower potency as antagonists. A correspondingly broad range of affinities, which followed the antagonist potencies, was disclosed by competition with [(125)I]-CCL1 (K(i) 3.4-842 nM), whereas the affinities measured against [(125)I]-MC148 were less widely spread (K(i) 0.37-27 nM), and matched the inverse agonist potencies. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Despite highly potent and direct effects as inverse agonists, competition-binding experiments against radiolabelled agonist and tests for antagonism revealed a probe-dependent allosteric effect of these compounds. Thus, minor chemical changes affected the ability to modify chemokine binding and action, and divided the compounds into two groups: predominantly inverse agonists and balanced antagonists/inverse agonists. These studies have important implications for the design of new inverse agonists with or without antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rummel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Gohli J, Anmarkrud JA, Johnsen A, Kleven O, Borge T, Lifjeld JT. FEMALE PROMISCUITY IS POSITIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH NEUTRAL AND SELECTED GENETIC DIVERSITY IN PASSERINE BIRDS. Evolution 2013; 67:1406-19. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Abstract
Spermatozoa exhibit considerable interspecific variability in size and shape. Our understanding of the adaptive significance of this diversity, however, remains limited. Determining how variation in sperm structure translates into variation in sperm performance will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary diversification of sperm form. Here, using data from passerine birds, we test the hypothesis that longer sperm swim faster because they have more available energy. We found that sperm with longer midpieces have higher levels of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but that greater energy reserves do not translate into faster-swimming sperm. Additionally, we found that interspecific variation in sperm ATP concentration is not associated with the level of sperm competition faced by males. Finally, using Bayesian methods, we compared the evolutionary trajectories of sperm morphology and ATP content, and show that both traits have undergone directional evolutionary change. However, in contrast to recent suggestions in other taxa, we show that changes in ATP are unlikely to have preceded changes in morphology in passerine sperm. These results suggest that variable selective pressures are likely to have driven the evolution of sperm traits in different taxa, and highlight fundamental biological differences between taxa with internal and external fertilization, as well as those with and without sperm storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissah Rowe
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway.
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Kvie KS, Hogner S, Aarvik L, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Deep sympatric mtDNA divergence in the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata). Ecol Evol 2012; 3:126-44. [PMID: 23404314 PMCID: PMC3568849 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep sympatric intraspecific divergence in mtDNA may reflect cryptic species or formerly distinct lineages in the process of remerging. Preliminary results from DNA barcoding of Scandinavian butterflies and moths showed high intraspecific sequence variation in the autumnal moth, Epirrita autumnata. In this study, specimens from different localities in Norway and some samples from Finland and Scotland, with two congeneric species as outgroups, were sequenced with mitochondrial and nuclear markers to resolve the discrepancy found between mtDNA divergence and present species-level taxonomy. We found five COI sub-clades within the E. autumnata complex, most of which were sympatric and with little geographic structure. Nuclear markers (ITS2 and Wingless) showed little variation and gave no indications that E. autumnata comprises more than one species. The samples were screened with primers for Wolbachia outer surface gene (wsp) and 12% of the samples tested positive. Two Wolbachia strains were associated with different mtDNA sub-clades within E. autumnata, which may indicate indirect selection/selective sweeps on haplotypes. Our results demonstrate that deep mtDNA divergences are not synonymous with cryptic speciation and this has important implications for the use of mtDNA in species delimitation, like in DNA barcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjersti S Kvie
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, N-0318, Oslo, Norway ; Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033, Oslo, Norway
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Hogner S, Laskemoen T, Lifjeld JT, Porkert J, Kleven O, Albayrak T, Kabasakal B, Johnsen A. Deep sympatric mitochondrial divergence without reproductive isolation in the common redstart Phoenicurus phoenicurus. Ecol Evol 2012; 2:2974-88. [PMID: 23301165 PMCID: PMC3538993 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA usually shows low sequence variation within and high sequence divergence among species, which makes it a useful marker for phylogenetic inference and DNA barcoding. A previous study on the common redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) revealed two very different mtDNA haplogroups (5% K2P distance). This divergence is comparable to that among many sister species; however, both haplogroups coexist and interbreed in Europe today. Herein, we describe the phylogeographic pattern of these lineages and test hypotheses for how such high diversity in mtDNA has evolved. We found no evidence for mitochondrial pseudogenes confirming that both haplotypes are of mitochondrial origin. When testing for possible reproductive barriers, we found no evidence for lineage-specific assortative mating and no difference in sperm morphology, indicating that they are not examples of cryptic species, nor likely to reflect the early stages of speciation. A gene tree based on a short fragment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from the common redstart and 10 other Phoenicurus species, showed no introgression from any of the extant congenerics. However, introgression from an extinct congeneric cannot be excluded. Sequences from two nuclear introns did not show a similar differentiation into two distinct groups. Mismatch distributions indicated that the lineages have undergone similar demographic changes. Taken together, these results confirm that deeply divergent mitochondrial lineages can coexist in biological species. Sympatric mtDNA divergences are relatively rare in birds, but the fact that they occur argues against the use of threshold mtDNA divergences in species delineation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Hogner
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo P.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318, Oslo, Norway
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Hogner S, Sæther SA, Borge T, Bruvik T, Johnsen A, Sætre GP. Increased divergence but reduced variation on the Z chromosome relative to autosomes in Ficedula flycatchers: differential introgression or the faster-Z effect? Ecol Evol 2012; 2:379-96. [PMID: 22423331 PMCID: PMC3298950 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent multilocus studies of congeneric birds have shown a pattern of elevated interspecific divergence on the Z chromosome compared to the autosomes. In contrast, intraspecifically, birds exhibit less polymorphism on the Z chromosome relative to the autosomes. We show that the four black-and-white Ficedula flycatcher species show greater genetic divergence on the Z chromosome than on the autosomes, and that the ratios of intraspecific polymorphism at Z-linked versus autosomal markers are below the neutral expectation of 75%. In all species pairs, we found more fixed substitutions and fewer shared polymorphisms on the Z chromosome than on the autosomes. Finally, using isolation with migration (IMa) models we estimated gene flow among the four closely related flycatcher species. The results suggest that different pattern of evolution of Z chromosomes and autosomes is best explained by the faster-Z hypothesis, since the estimated long-term gene flow parameters were close to zero in all comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje Hogner
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of OsloP. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stein A Sæther
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of OsloP. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Borge
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of OsloP. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Bruvik
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of OsloP. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arild Johnsen
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of OsloP.O. Box 1172, Blindern, NO-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Glenn-Peter Sætre
- Department of Biology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), University of OsloP. O. Box 1066, Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
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Epp LS, Boessenkool S, Bellemain EP, Haile J, Esposito A, Riaz T, Erséus C, Gusarov VI, Edwards ME, Johnsen A, Stenøien HK, Hassel K, Kauserud H, Yoccoz NG, Bråthen KA, Willerslev E, Taberlet P, Coissac E, Brochmann C. New environmental metabarcodes for analysing soil DNA: potential for studying past and present ecosystems. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1821-33. [PMID: 22486821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05537.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabarcoding approaches use total and typically degraded DNA from environmental samples to analyse biotic assemblages and can potentially be carried out for any kinds of organisms in an ecosystem. These analyses rely on specific markers, here called metabarcodes, which should be optimized for taxonomic resolution, minimal bias in amplification of the target organism group and short sequence length. Using bioinformatic tools, we developed metabarcodes for several groups of organisms: fungi, bryophytes, enchytraeids, beetles and birds. The ability of these metabarcodes to amplify the target groups was systematically evaluated by (i) in silico PCRs using all standard sequences in the EMBL public database as templates, (ii) in vitro PCRs of DNA extracts from surface soil samples from a site in Varanger, northern Norway and (iii) in vitro PCRs of DNA extracts from permanently frozen sediment samples of late-Pleistocene age (~16,000-50,000 years bp) from two Siberian sites, Duvanny Yar and Main River. Comparison of the results from the in silico PCR with those obtained in vitro showed that the in silico approach offered a reliable estimate of the suitability of a marker. All target groups were detected in the environmental DNA, but we found large variation in the level of detection among the groups and between modern and ancient samples. Success rates for the Pleistocene samples were highest for fungal DNA, whereas bryophyte, beetle and bird sequences could also be retrieved, but to a much lesser degree. The metabarcoding approach has considerable potential for biodiversity screening of modern samples and also as a palaeoecological tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S Epp
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are important model genes for understanding selective forces in evolution. Here, we document, using a cloning and sequencing approach, high polymorphism at the exon 2 of the MHC class II B (MHCIIB) genes in the bluethroat (Luscinia svecica); a minimum of 61 unique alleles were detected in 20 individuals, and at least 11 functional loci. In addition, several pseudogenes were revealed. The specimens originated from three different bluethroat subspecies (azuricollis, cyanecula and svecica), and we also analysed four specimens of the closely related thrush nightingale (L. luscinia) for comparison. Phylogenetic analyses of the functional alleles revealed 258 equally parsimonious trees with poor statistical support for the majority of nodes. The distribution of the sequences in the trees point to an ancestral origin of the polymorphism in MHC class II B genes, a portion of which predated the phylogenetic split between the bluethroat and the thrush nightingale. Strong signatures of balancing selection were uncovered for the codons coding for the peptide-binding residues of the functional MHCIIB exon 2 alleles. Our results highlight the importance of duplication and recombination events for shaping passerine MHC and give insights in the evolutionary dynamics of MHC variation among closely related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarl A Anmarkrud
- National Centre for Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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Svoboda A, Marthinsen G, Turcoková L, Lifjeld JT, Johnsen A. Identification of blood parasites in old world warbler species from the Danube River Delta. Avian Dis 2010; 53:634-6. [PMID: 20095169 DOI: 10.1637/8842-040409-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Warbler species of the families Sylviidae and Acrocephalidae occurring in the Danube river delta are frequently exposed to blood-sucking arthropods that transmit avian blood parasites. We investigated infections by three genera of hemosporidian parasites in blood samples from six warbler species. Altogether in 17 (32.6%) of 52 blood samples, a PCR product was amplified. The great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) had the highest prevalence, with 63.6% (7/11) infected individuals, whereas no infection was detected in marsh warbler (Acrocephalus palustris). The most common parasite genus was Haemoproteus, which was found in 15.4% (8/52) of individuals. Seven known parasite lineages (five Haemoproteus and two Plasmodium) and two new lineages were recorded (one Leucocytozoon and one Plasmodium).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Svoboda
- Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Tr. Svobody 26, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Martinsen L, Johnsen A, Venanzetti F, Bachmann L. Phylogenetic footprinting of non-coding RNA: hammerhead ribozyme sequences in a satellite DNA family of Dolichopoda cave crickets (Orthoptera, Rhaphidophoridae). BMC Evol Biol 2010; 10:3. [PMID: 20047671 PMCID: PMC2837043 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The great variety in sequence, length, complexity, and abundance of satellite DNA has made it difficult to ascribe any function to this genome component. Recent studies have shown that satellite DNA can be transcribed and be involved in regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Some satellite DNAs, such as the pDo500 sequence family in Dolichopoda cave crickets, have a catalytic hammerhead (HH) ribozyme structure and activity embedded within each repeat. RESULTS We assessed the phylogenetic footprints of the HH ribozyme within the pDo500 sequences from 38 different populations representing 12 species of Dolichopoda. The HH region was significantly more conserved than the non-hammerhead (NHH) region of the pDo500 repeat. In addition, stems were more conserved than loops. In stems, several compensatory mutations were detected that maintain base pairing. The core region of the HH ribozyme was affected by very few nucleotide substitutions and the cleavage position was altered only once among 198 sequences. RNA folding of the HH sequences revealed that a potentially active HH ribozyme can be found in most of the Dolichopoda populations and species. CONCLUSIONS The phylogenetic footprints suggest that the HH region of the pDo500 sequence family is selected for function in Dolichopoda cave crickets. However, the functional role of HH ribozymes in eukaryotic organisms is unclear. The possible functions have been related to trans cleavage of an RNA target by a ribonucleoprotein and regulation of gene expression. Whether the HH ribozyme in Dolichopoda is involved in similar functions remains to be investigated. Future studies need to demonstrate how the observed nucleotide changes and evolutionary constraint have affected the catalytic efficiency of the hammerhead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Martinsen
- Natural History Museum, Department for Research and Collections, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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Martinsen L, Venanzetti F, Johnsen A, Sbordoni V, Bachmann L. Molecular evolution of the pDo500 satellite DNA family in Dolichopoda cave crickets (Rhaphidophoridae). BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:301. [PMID: 20038292 PMCID: PMC2808323 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-coding satellite DNA (satDNA) usually has a high turn-over rate frequently leading to species specific patterns. However, some satDNA families evolve more slowly and can be found in several related species. Here, we analyzed the mode of evolution of the pDo500 satDNA family of Dolichopoda cave crickets. In addition, we discuss the potential of slowly evolving satDNAs as phylogenetic markers. RESULTS We sequenced 199 genomic or PCR amplified satDNA repeats of the pDo500 family from 12 Dolichopoda species. For the 38 populations under study, 39 pDo500 consensus sequences were deduced. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian, Maximum Parsimony, and Maximum Likelihood approaches yielded largely congruent tree topologies. The vast majority of pDo500 sequences grouped according to species designation. Scatter plots and statistical tests revealed a significant correlation between genetic distances for satDNA and mitochondrial DNA. Sliding window analyses showed species specific patterns of variable and conserved regions. The evolutionary rate of the pDo500 satDNA was estimated to be 1.63-1.78% per lineage per million years. CONCLUSIONS The pDo500 satDNA evolves gradually at a rate that is only slightly faster than previously published rates of insect mitochondrial COI sequences. The pDo500 phylogeny was basically congruent with the previously published mtDNA phylogenies. Accordingly, the slowly evolving pDo500 satDNA family is indeed informative as a phylogenetic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Martinsen
- National Centre of Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Arild Johnsen
- National Centre of Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Valerio Sbordoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Lutz Bachmann
- National Centre of Biosystematics, Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
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