1
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Leem YC, Fang Z, Lee YK, Kim NY, Kakekhani A, Liu W, Cho SP, Kim C, Wang Y, Ji Z, Patra A, Kronik L, Rappe AM, Yim SY, Agarwal R. Optically Triggered Emergent Mesostructures in Monolayer WS 2. Nano Lett 2024; 24:5436-5443. [PMID: 38656103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The ultrahigh surface area of two-dimensional materials can drive multimodal coupling between optical, electrical, and mechanical properties that leads to emergent dynamical responses not possible in three-dimensional systems. We observed that optical excitation of the WS2 monolayer above the exciton energy creates symmetrically patterned mechanical protrusions which can be controlled by laser intensity and wavelength. This observed photostrictive behavior is attributed to lattice expansion due to the formation of polarons, which are charge carriers dressed by lattice vibrations. Scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements and density functional theory calculations reveal unconventional charge transport properties such as the spatially and optical intensity-dependent conversion in the WS2 monolayer from apparent n- to p-type and the subsequent formation of effective p-n junctions at the boundaries between regions with different defect densities. The strong opto-electrical-mechanical coupling in the WS2 monolayer reveals previously unexplored properties, which can lead to new applications in optically driven ultrathin microactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chul Leem
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zhenyao Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Yun-Kyung Lee
- Application Technology Center, Park Systems Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Na-Yeong Kim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sung-Pyo Cho
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolsu Kim
- Application Technology Center, Park Systems Corp., Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Zhurun Ji
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Abhirup Patra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Leeor Kronik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovoth 7610001, Israel
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104-6323, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Sang-Youp Yim
- Advanced Photonics Research Institute, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ritesh Agarwal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, Pennsylvania, United States
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Han H, Jacquet Q, Jiang Z, Sayed FN, Jeon JC, Sharma A, Schankler AM, Kakekhani A, Meyerheim HL, Park J, Nam SY, Griffith KJ, Simonelli L, Rappe AM, Grey CP, Parkin SSP. Li iontronics in single-crystalline T-Nb 2O 5 thin films with vertical ionic transport channels. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1128-1135. [PMID: 37500959 PMCID: PMC10465368 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The niobium oxide polymorph T-Nb2O5 has been extensively investigated in its bulk form especially for applications in fast-charging batteries and electrochemical (pseudo)capacitors. Its crystal structure, which has two-dimensional (2D) layers with very low steric hindrance, allows for fast Li-ion migration. However, since its discovery in 1941, the growth of single-crystalline thin films and its electronic applications have not yet been realized, probably due to its large orthorhombic unit cell along with the existence of many polymorphs. Here we demonstrate the epitaxial growth of single-crystalline T-Nb2O5 thin films, critically with the ionic transport channels oriented perpendicular to the film's surface. These vertical 2D channels enable fast Li-ion migration, which we show gives rise to a colossal insulator-metal transition, where the resistivity drops by 11 orders of magnitude due to the population of the initially empty Nb 4d0 states by electrons. Moreover, we reveal multiple unexplored phase transitions with distinct crystal and electronic structures over a wide range of Li-ion concentrations by comprehensive in situ experiments and theoretical calculations, which allow for the reversible and repeatable manipulation of these phases and their distinct electronic properties. This work paves the way for the exploration of novel thin films with ionic channels and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Han
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Quentin Jacquet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farheen N Sayed
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jae-Chun Jeon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Aaron M Schankler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jucheol Park
- Test Analysis Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Nam
- Test Analysis Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Laura Simonelli
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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3
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Banerjee S, Kakekhani A, Wexler RB, Rappe AM. Mechanistic Insights into CO 2 Electroreduction on Ni 2P: Understanding Its Selectivity toward Multicarbon Products. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Robert B. Wexler
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Kondori A, Jiang Z, Esmaeilirad M, Tamadoni Saray M, Kakekhani A, Kucuk K, Navarro Munoz Delgado P, Maghsoudipour S, Hayes J, Johnson CS, Segre CU, Shahbazian-Yassar R, Rappe AM, Asadi M. Kinetically Stable Oxide Overlayers on Mo 3 P Nanoparticles Enabling Lithium-Air Batteries with Low Overpotentials and Long Cycle Life. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004028. [PMID: 33169392 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The main drawbacks of today's state-of-the-art lithium-air (Li-air) batteries are their low energy efficiency and limited cycle life due to the lack of earth-abundant cathode catalysts that can drive both oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER) at high rates at thermodynamic potentials. Here, inexpensive trimolybdenum phosphide (Mo3 P) nanoparticles with an exceptional activity-ORR and OER current densities of 7.21 and 6.85 mA cm-2 at 2.0 and 4.2 V versus Li/Li+ , respectively-in an oxygen-saturated non-aqueous electrolyte are reported. The Tafel plots indicate remarkably low charge transfer resistance-Tafel slopes of 35 and 38 mV dec-1 for ORR and OER, respectively-resulting in the lowest ORR overpotential of 4.0 mV and OER overpotential of 5.1 mV reported to date. Using this catalyst, a Li-air battery cell with low discharge and charge overpotentials of 80 and 270 mV, respectively, and high energy efficiency of 90.2% in the first cycle is demonstrated. A long cycle life of 1200 is also achieved for this cell. Density functional theory calculations of ORR and OER on Mo3 P (110) reveal that an oxide overlayer formed on the surface gives rise to the observed high ORR and OER electrocatalytic activity and small discharge/charge overpotentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Kondori
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mohammadreza Esmaeilirad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Mahmoud Tamadoni Saray
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Kamil Kucuk
- Department of Physics and CSRRI, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Pablo Navarro Munoz Delgado
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Sadaf Maghsoudipour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - John Hayes
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Christopher S Johnson
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Carlo U Segre
- Department of Physics and CSRRI, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - Mohammad Asadi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, 60616, USA
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5
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Reyes-Martinez MA, Tan P, Kakekhani A, Banerjee S, Zhumekenov AA, Peng W, Bakr OM, Rappe AM, Loo YL. Unraveling the Elastic Properties of (Quasi)Two-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskites: A Joint Experimental and Theoretical Study. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:17881-17892. [PMID: 32188240 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) promise to open doors to next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices. Before such advances are realized, a fundamental understanding of the mechanical properties of HOIPs is required. Here, we combine ab initio density functional theory (DFT) modeling with a diverse set of experiments to study the elastic properties of (quasi)2D HOIPs. Specifically, we focus on (quasi)2D single crystals of phenethylammonium methylammonium lead iodide, (PEA)2PbI4(MAPbI3)n-1, and their 3D counterpart, MAPbI3. We used nanoindentation (both Hertzian and Oliver-Pharr analyses) in combination with elastic buckling instability experiments to establish the out-of-plane and in-plane elastic moduli. The effect of Van der Waals (vdW) forces, different interlayer interactions, and finite temperature are combined with DFT calculations to accurately model the system. Our results reveal a nonmonotonic dependence of both the in-plane and out-of plane elastic moduli on the number of inorganic layers (n) rationalized by first-principles calculations. We discuss how the presence of defects in as-grown crystals and macroscopic interlayer deformations affect the mechanical response of (quasi)2D HOIPs. Comparing the in- and out-of-plane experimental results with the theory reveals that perturbations to the covalent and ionic bonds (which hold a 2D layer together) is responsible for the relative out-of-plane stiffness of these materials. In contrast, we conjecture that the in-plane softness originates from macroscopic or mesoscopic motions between 2D layers during buckling experiments. Additionally, we learn how dispersion and π interactions in organic bilayers can have a determining role in the elastic response of the materials, especially in the out-of-plane direction. The understanding gained by comparing ab initio and experimental techniques paves the way for rational design of layered HOIPs with mechanical properties favorable for strain-intensive applications. Combined with filters for other favorable criteria, e.g., thermal or moisture stability, one can systematically screen viable (quasi)2D HOIPs for a variety of flexible optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos A Reyes-Martinez
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, United States
| | - Peng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Ayan A Zhumekenov
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wei Peng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-5263, United States
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Tavakoli E, Kakekhani A, Kaviani S, Tan P, Ghaleni MM, Zaeem MA, Rappe AM, Nejati S. In Situ Bottom-up Synthesis of Porphyrin-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:19560-19564. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Tavakoli
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-8286, United States
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Shayan Kaviani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-8286, United States
| | - Peng Tan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mahdi Mohammadi Ghaleni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-8286, United States
| | - Mohsen Asle Zaeem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401-1887, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Siamak Nejati
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-8286, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska−Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-8286, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra A. Latimer
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ambarish R. Kulkarni
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jens K. Nørskov
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Kakekhani A, Roling LT, Kulkarni A, Latimer AA, Abroshan H, Schumann J, AlJama H, Siahrostami S, Ismail-Beigi S, Abild-Pedersen F, Nørskov JK. Nature of Lone-Pair–Surface Bonds and Their Scaling Relations. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:7222-7238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Kakekhani
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Luke T. Roling
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Allegra A. Latimer
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hadi Abroshan
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Julia Schumann
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Hassan AlJama
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Samira Siahrostami
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sohrab Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jens K. Nørskov
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Latimer AA, Aljama H, Kakekhani A, Yoo JS, Kulkarni A, Tsai C, Garcia-Melchor M, Abild-Pedersen F, Nørskov JK. Mechanistic insights into heterogeneous methane activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:3575-3581. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp08003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A framework for predicting whether a catalyst will activate methane through the radical or surface-stabilized pathway is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra A. Latimer
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Hassan Aljama
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Jong Suk Yoo
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Ambarish Kulkarni
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Charlie Tsai
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Max Garcia-Melchor
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
| | - Jens K. Nørskov
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Stanford University
- USA
- SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis
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Abstract
Ferroelectric polarization can tune the surface chemistry: enhancing technologically important catalytic reactions such as NOx direct decomposition and SO2 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Physics
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structure and Phenomena (CRISP)
| | - Sohrab Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Physics
- Yale University
- New Haven
- USA
- Center for Research on Interface Structure and Phenomena (CRISP)
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, ⊥Center for Research on Interface Structure and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sohrab Ismail-Beigi
- Department of Physics, ‡Department of Applied Physics, §Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, ⊥Center for Research on Interface Structure and Phenomena (CRISP), Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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