1
|
Ding F, Doi A, Ogawa T, Ubukata H, Zhu T, Kato D, Tassel C, Oikawa I, Inui N, Kuze S, Yamabayashi T, Fujii K, Yashima M, Ou X, Wang Z, Min X, Fujita K, Takamura H, Kuwabara A, Zhang T, Griffith KJ, Lin Z, Chai L, Kageyama H. Anionic Sublattices in Halide Solid Electrolytes: A Case Study with the High-Pressure Phase of Li 3ScCl 6. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401779. [PMID: 38363076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The Li3MX6 compounds (M=Sc, Y, In; X=Cl, Br) are known as promising ionic conductors due to their compatibility with typical metal oxide cathode materials. In this study, we have successfully synthesized γ-Li3ScCl6 using high pressure for the first time in this family. Structural analysis revealed that the high-pressure polymorph crystallizes in the polar and chiral space group P63mc with hexagonal close-packing (hcp) of anions, unlike the ambient-pressure α-Li3ScCl6 and its spinel analog with cubic closed packing (ccp) of anions. Investigation of the known Li3MX6 family further revealed that the cation/anion radius ratio, rM/rX, is the factor that determines which anion sublattice is formed and that in γ-Li3ScCl6, the difference in compressibility between Sc and Cl exceeds the ccp rM/rX threshold under pressure, enabling the ccp-to-hcp conversion. Electrochemical tests of γ-Li3ScCl6 demonstrate improved electrochemical reduction stability. These findings open up new avenues and design principles for lithium solid electrolytes, enabling routes for materials exploration and tuning electrochemical stability without compositional changes or the use of coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Ding
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Atsunori Doi
- Advanced Materials Development Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., Tsukuba, 300-3294, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ogawa
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ubukata
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daichi Kato
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Cédric Tassel
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Itaru Oikawa
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Naoki Inui
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoru Kuze
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Yamabayashi
- Energy & Functional Materials Research Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd., Niihama, 792-8521, Japan
| | - Kotaro Fujii
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W4-17, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masatomo Yashima
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-W4-17, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Xing Ou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Zhijian Wang
- Hunan Rare Earth Metal Materials Research Institute Co. Ltd., Changsha, 410126, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Min
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto, University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takamura
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akihide Kuwabara
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, 456-8587, Japan
| | - Tianren Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Zhang Lin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
| | - Hiroshi Kageyama
- Department of Energy and Hydrocarbon Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han H, Jacquet Q, Jiang Z, Sayed FN, Jeon JC, Sharma A, Schankler AM, Kakekhani A, Meyerheim HL, Park J, Nam SY, Griffith KJ, Simonelli L, Rappe AM, Grey CP, Parkin SSP. Li iontronics in single-crystalline T-Nb 2O 5 thin films with vertical ionic transport channels. Nat Mater 2023; 22:1128-1135. [PMID: 37500959 PMCID: PMC10465368 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The niobium oxide polymorph T-Nb2O5 has been extensively investigated in its bulk form especially for applications in fast-charging batteries and electrochemical (pseudo)capacitors. Its crystal structure, which has two-dimensional (2D) layers with very low steric hindrance, allows for fast Li-ion migration. However, since its discovery in 1941, the growth of single-crystalline thin films and its electronic applications have not yet been realized, probably due to its large orthorhombic unit cell along with the existence of many polymorphs. Here we demonstrate the epitaxial growth of single-crystalline T-Nb2O5 thin films, critically with the ionic transport channels oriented perpendicular to the film's surface. These vertical 2D channels enable fast Li-ion migration, which we show gives rise to a colossal insulator-metal transition, where the resistivity drops by 11 orders of magnitude due to the population of the initially empty Nb 4d0 states by electrons. Moreover, we reveal multiple unexplored phase transitions with distinct crystal and electronic structures over a wide range of Li-ion concentrations by comprehensive in situ experiments and theoretical calculations, which allow for the reversible and repeatable manipulation of these phases and their distinct electronic properties. This work paves the way for the exploration of novel thin films with ionic channels and their potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon Han
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Quentin Jacquet
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, Grenoble, France
| | - Zhen Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farheen N Sayed
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jae-Chun Jeon
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Arpit Sharma
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Aaron M Schankler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arvin Kakekhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Jucheol Park
- Test Analysis Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Nam
- Test Analysis Research Center, Gumi Electronics and Information Technology Research Institute, Gumi, Republic of Korea
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Laura Simonelli
- ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Clare P Grey
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patterson A, Elizalde-Segovia R, Wyckoff KE, Zohar A, Ding PP, Turner WM, Poeppelmeier KR, Narayan SR, Clément R, Seshadri R, Griffith KJ. Rapid and Reversible Lithium Insertion in the Wadsley-Roth-Derived Phase NaNb 13O 33. Chem Mater 2023; 35:6364-6373. [PMID: 37637013 PMCID: PMC10449011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of new high-performing battery materials is critical for meeting the energy storage requirements of portable electronics and electrified transportation applications. Owing to their exceptionally high rate capabilities, high volumetric capacities, and long cycle lives, Wadsley-Roth compounds are promising anode materials for fast-charging and high-power lithium-ion batteries. Here, we present a study of the Wadsley-Roth-derived NaNb13O33 phase and examine its structure and lithium insertion behavior. Structural insights from combined neutron and synchrotron diffraction as well as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are presented. Solid-state NMR, in conjunction with neutron diffraction, reveals the presence of sodium ions in perovskite A-site-like block interior sites as well as square-planar block corner sites. Through combined experimental and computational studies, the high rate performance of this anode material is demonstrated and rationalized. A gravimetric capacity of 225 mA h g-1, indicating multielectron redox of Nb, is accessible at slow cycling rates. At a high rate, 100 mA h g-1 of capacity is accessible in 3 min for micrometer-scale particles. Bond-valence mapping suggests that this high-rate performance stems from fast multichannel lithium diffusion involving octahedral block interior sites. Differential capacity analysis is used to identify optimal cycling rates for long-term performance, and an 80% capacity retention is achieved over 600 cycles with 30 min charging and discharging intervals. These initial results place NaNb13O33 within the ranks of promising new high-rate lithium-ion battery anode materials that warrant further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashlea
R. Patterson
- Materials
Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rodrigo Elizalde-Segovia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Kira E. Wyckoff
- Materials
Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Arava Zohar
- Materials
Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Patrick P. Ding
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Wiley M. Turner
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | - Sri R. Narayan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Raphaële
J. Clément
- Materials
Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ram Seshadri
- Materials
Department and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ding F, Griffith KJ, Zhang W, Cui S, Zhang C, Wang Y, Kamp K, Yu H, Halasyamani PS, Yang Z, Pan S, Poeppelmeier KR. NaRb 6(B 4O 5(OH) 4) 3(BO 2) Featuring Noncentrosymmetry, Chirality, and the Linear Anionic Group BO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:4928-4933. [PMID: 36811389 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Noncentrosymmetric (NCS) structures are of particular interest owing to their symmetry-dependent physical properties, e.g., pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, and nonlinear optical (NLO) behavior. Among them, chiral materials exhibit polarization rotation and host topological properties. Borates often contribute to NCS and chiral structures via their triangular [BO3] and tetrahedral [BO4] units and their numerous superstructure motifs. However, no chiral compound with the linear [BO2] unit has been reported to date. Herein, an NCS and chiral mixed-alkali-metal borate, NaRb6(B4O5(OH)4)3(BO2), with a linear BO2- unit in the structure was synthesized and characterized. The structure features a combination of three types of basic building units (BBUs), [BO2], [BO3], and [BO4] with sp-, sp2-, and sp3-hybridization of boron atoms, respectively. It crystallizes in the trigonal space group R32 (No. 155), one of the 65 Sohncke space groups. Two enantiomers of NaRb6(B4O5(OH)4)3(BO2) were found, and their crystallographic relationships are discussed. These results not only expand the small family of NCS structures with the rare linear BO2- unit but also prompt recognition to the fact that NLO materials have generally overlooked the existence of two enantiomers in achiral Sohncke space groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Shaoxin Cui
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yiran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kendall Kamp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hongwei Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - P Shiv Halasyamani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Zhihua Yang
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shilie Pan
- Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 40-1 South Beijing Road, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Kenneth R Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Fukuda M, Nikolaev S, Miyake A, Griffith KJ, Nisbet ML, Hiralal E, Gautier R, Fisher BL, Tokunaga M, Azuma M, Poeppelmeier KR. Two Distinct Cu(II)-V(IV) Superexchange Interactions with Similar Bond Angles in a Triangular "CuV 2" Fragment. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10234-10241. [PMID: 35736661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The strength and sign of superexchange interactions are often predicted on the basis of the bond angles between magnetic ions, but complications may arise in situations with a nontrivial arrangement of the magnetic orbitals. We report on a novel molecular tetramer compound [Cu(H2O)dmbpy]2[V2O2F8] (dmbpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) that is composed of triangular "CuV2" fragments and displays a spin gap behavior. By combining first-principles calculations and electronic models, we reveal that superexchange Cu-V interactions carry drastically different coupling strengths along two Cu-F-V pathways with comparable bond angles in the triangular "CuV2" fragment. Counterintuitively, their strong disparity is found to originate from the restricted symmetry of the half-filled Cu dx2-y2 orbital stabilized by the crystal field, leading to one dominating antiferromagnetic Cu-V coupling in each fragment. We revisit the magnetic properties of the reported spin-gapped chain compound [enH2]Cu(H2O)2[V2O2F8] (enH2 = ethylene diammonium) containing similar triangular "CuV2" fragments, and the magnetic behavior of the molecular tetramer and the chain compounds is rationalized as that of weakly coupled spin dimers and spin trimers, respectively. This work demonstrates that fundamentally different magnetic couplings can be observed between magnetic ions with similar bond angles in a single spin motif, thus providing a strategy to introduce various exchange interactions combined with low dimensionality in heterometallic Cu(II)-V(IV) compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Masayuki Fukuda
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Sergey Nikolaev
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyake
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew L Nisbet
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Emily Hiralal
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Romain Gautier
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, F-44000 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Brandon L Fisher
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Masashi Tokunaga
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581, Japan
| | - Masaki Azuma
- Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kenneth R Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Flynn S, Wang Y, Griffith KJ, Poeppelmeier KR. The crystal structure of LiSc2SbO6. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Ding F, Charles N, Harada JK, Malliakas CD, Zhang C, Dos Reis R, Griffith KJ, Nisbet ML, Zhang W, Halasyamani PS, Dravid VP, Rondinelli JM, Poeppelmeier KR. Perovskite-like K 3TiOF 5 Exhibits (3 + 1)-Dimensional Commensurate Structure Induced by Octahedrally Coordinated Potassium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18907-18916. [PMID: 34729984 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elpasolite- and cryolite-type oxyfluorides can be regarded as superstructures of perovskite and exhibit structural diversity. While maintaining a similar structural topology with the prototype structures, changes in the size, electronegativity, and charge of cation and/or anion inevitably lead to structural evolution. Therefore, the nominal one-to-one relation suggested by a doubled formula of perovskite does not guarantee a simple 2-fold superstructure for many cases. Herein, the commensurately modulated perovskite-like K3TiOF5 was refined at 100 K from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data by using a pseudotetragonal subcell with lattice parameters of a = b = 6.066(2) Å and c = 8.628(2) Å. The length of the modulation vector was refined to 0.3a* + 0.1b* + 0.25c*. In the commensurate supercell of K3TiOF5, the B-site Ti4+ and K+ cations in [TiOF5]3- and [KOF5]6- octahedral units were found to be significantly displaced from the average atomic positions refined in the subcell. The displacements of the K+ cations are ±0.76 Å, and those for the Ti4+ cations are approximately ±0.13 Å. One- and two-dimensional solid-state 19F NMR measurements revealed two tightly clustered groups of resonances in a ratio of ca. 4:1, assigned to equatorial and axial fluorine, respectively, consistent with local [TiOF5]3- units. S/TEM results confirmed the average structure. Electronic structure calculations of the idealized I4mm subcell indicate the instability to a modulated structure arises from soft optical modes that is controlled by the octahedrally coordinated B-site potassium ions in the cryolite-type structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nenian Charles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jaye K Harada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christos D Malliakas
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Roberto Dos Reis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Matthew L Nisbet
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - P Shiv Halasyamani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - James M Rondinelli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth R Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Griffith KJ, Ding F, Flynn S. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of spin-9/2 nuclei 115 In and 209 Bi in functional inorganic complex oxides. Magn Reson Chem 2021; 59:1077-1088. [PMID: 34081358 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Indium and bismuth are technologically important elements, in particular as oxides for optoelectronic applications. 115 In and 209 Bi are both I = 9/2 nuclei with high natural abundances and moderately high frequencies but large nuclear electric quadrupole moments. Leveraging the quadrupolar interaction as a measure of local symmetry and polyhedral distortions for these nuclei could provide powerful insights on a range of applied materials. However, the absence of reported nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters on these nuclei, particularly in oxides, hinders their use by the broader materials community. In this contribution, solid-state 115 In and 209 Bi NMR of three recently discovered quaternary bismuth or indium oxides are reported, supported by density functional theory calculations, numerical simulations, diffraction and additional multinuclear (27 Al, 69,71 Ga, and 121 Sb) solid-state NMR measurements. The compounds LiIn2 SbO6 , BiAlTeO6 , and BiGaTeO6 are measured without special equipment at 9.4 T, demonstrating that wideline techniques such as the QCPMG pulse sequence and frequency-stepped acquisition can enable straightforward extraction of quadrupolar tensor information in I = 9/2 115 In and 209 Bi even in sites with large quadrupolar coupling constants. Relationships are described between the NMR observables and local site symmetry. These are amongst the first reports of the NMR parameters of 115 In, 121 Sb, and 209 Bi in oxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Fenghua Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Steven Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hancock J, Griffith KJ, Choi Y, Bartel CJ, Lapidus SH, Vaughey JT, Ceder G, Poeppelmeier KR. Expanding the Ambient-Pressure Phase Space of CaFe 2O 4-Type Sodium Postspinel Host-Guest Compounds. ACS Org Inorg Au 2021; 2:8-22. [PMID: 36855408 PMCID: PMC9954301 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
CaFe2O4-type sodium postspinels (Na-CFs), with Na+ occupying tunnel sites, are of interest as prospective battery electrodes. While many compounds of this structure type require high-pressure synthesis, several compounds are known to form at ambient pressure. Here we report a large expansion of the known Na-CF phase space at ambient pressure, having successfully synthesized NaCrTiO4, NaRhTiO4, NaCrSnO4, NaInSnO4, NaMg0.5Ti1.5O4, NaFe0.5Ti1.5O4, NaMg0.5Sn1.5O4, NaMn0.5Sn1.5O4, NaFe0.5Sn1.5O4, NaCo0.5Sn1.5O4, NaNi0.5Sn1.5O4, NaCu0.5Sn1.5O4, NaZn0.5Sn1.5O4, NaCd0.5Sn1.5O4, NaSc1.5Sb0.5O4, Na1.16In1.18Sb0.66O4, and several solid solutions. In contrast to earlier reports, even cations that are strongly Jahn-Teller active (e.g., Mn3+ and Cu2+) can form Na-CFs at ambient pressure when combined with Sn4+ rather than with the smaller Ti4+. Order and disorder are probed at the average and local length-scales with synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Strong ordering of framework cations between the two framework sites is not observed, except in the case of Na1.16In1.18Sb0.66O4. This compound is the first example of an Na-CF that contains Na+ in both the tunnel and framework sites, reminiscent of Li-rich spinels. Trends in the thermodynamic stability of the new compounds are explained on the basis of crystal-chemistry and density functional theory (DFT). Further DFT calculations examine the relative stability of the CF versus spinel structures at various degrees of sodium extraction in the context of electrochemical battery reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin
C. Hancock
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yunyeong Choi
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J. Bartel
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Saul H. Lapidus
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,X-ray
Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - John T. Vaughey
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne
National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Gerbrand Ceder
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States,Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Poeppelmeier
- Department
of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States,Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne
National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Griffith KJ, Poeppelmeier KR. Anionic (dis)order and fluoride dynamics in complex transition metal oxyfluorides from NMR crystallography. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321092205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
11
|
Griffith KJ, Poeppelmeier KR. Parallel and serial reduction pathways in complex oxide lithium ion battery anodes. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321093247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
12
|
Abstract
Fluoridation of HfO2 was carried out with three commonly used solid-state fluoridation agents: PVDF, PTFE, and NH4HF2. Clear and reproducible differences are observed in the reaction products of the fluoropolymer reagents and NH4HF2 with the latter more readily reacting in air. Strong evidence of distinct, previously unreported hafnium oxyfluoride phases is produced by both reactions, and efforts to isolate them were successful for the air-NH4HF2 reaction. Synchrotron XRD, 19F NMR, and elemental analysis were employed to characterize the phase-pure material which appears to be analogous to known Zr-O-F phases with anion-deficient α-UO3 structures such as Zr7O9F10. Comparison with the hydrolysis of β-HfF4 under identical conditions depicts that the NH4HF2 route produces the oxyfluoride with greater selectivity and at lower temperatures. Thermodynamic calculations were employed to explain this result. Potential reaction pathways for the NH4HF2 fluoridation of HfO2 are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Flynn
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiahong Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Christopher Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kenneth R Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Griffith KJ, Hope MA, Reeves PJ, Anayee M, Gogotsi Y, Grey CP. Bulk and Surface Chemistry of the Niobium MAX and MXene Phases from Multinuclear Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18924-18935. [PMID: 33095562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MXenes, derived from layered MAX phases, are a class of two-dimensional materials with emerging applications in energy storage, electronics, catalysis, and other fields due to their high surface areas, metallic conductivity, biocompatibility, and attractive optoelectronic properties. MXene properties are heavily influenced by their surface chemistry, but a detailed understanding of the surface functionalization is still lacking. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is sensitive to the interfacial chemistry, the phase purity including the presence of amorphous/nanocrystalline phases, and the electronic properties of the MXene and MAX phases. In this work, we systematically study the chemistry of Nb MAX and MXene phases, Nb2AlC, Nb4AlC3, Nb2CTx, and Nb4C3Tx, with their unique electronic and mechanical properties, using solid-state NMR spectroscopy to examine a variety of nuclei (1H, 13C, 19F, 27Al, and 93Nb) with a range of one- and two-dimensional correlation, wide-line, high-sensitivity, high-resolution, and/or relaxation-filtered experiments. Hydroxide and fluoride terminations are identified, found to be intimately mixed, and their chemical shifts are compared with other MXenes. This multinuclear NMR study demonstrates that diffraction alone is insufficient to characterize the phase composition of MAX and MXene samples as numerous amorphous or nanocrystalline phases are identified including NbC, AlO6 species, aluminum nitride or oxycarbide, AlF3·nH2O, Nb metal, and unreacted MAX phase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the transition-metal resonances directly in MXene samples, and the first 93Nb NMR of any MAX phase. The insights from this work are employed to enable the previously elusive assignment of the complex overlapping 47/49Ti NMR spectrum of Ti3AlC2. The results and methodology presented here provide fundamental insights on MAX and MXene phases and can be used to obtain a more complete picture of MAX and MXene chemistry, to prepare realistic structure models for computational screening, and to guide the analysis of property measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Michael A Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Anayee
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ding F, Griffith KJ, Koçer CP, Saballos RJ, Wang Y, Zhang C, Nisbet ML, Morris AJ, Rondinelli JM, Poeppelmeier KR. Multimodal Structure Solution with 19F NMR Crystallography of Spin Singlet Molybdenum Oxyfluorides. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12288-12298. [PMID: 32530621 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex crystal structures with subtle atomic-scale details are now routinely solved using complementary tools such as X-ray and/or neutron scattering combined with electron diffraction and imaging. Identifying unambiguous atomic models for oxyfluorides, needed for materials design and structure-property control, is often still a considerable challenge despite their advantageous optical responses and applications in energy storage systems. In this work, NMR crystallography and single-crystal X-ray diffraction are combined for the complete structure solution of three new compounds featuring a rare triangular early transition metal oxyfluoride cluster, [Mo3O4F9]5-. After framework identification by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, 1D and 2D solid-state 19F NMR spectroscopy supported by ab initio calculations are used to solve the structures of K5[Mo3O4F9]·3H2O (1), K5[Mo3O4F9]·2H2O (2), and K16[Mo3O4F9]2[TiF6]3·2H2O (3) and to assign the nine distinct fluorine sites in the oxyfluoride clusters. Furthermore, 19F NMR identifies selective fluorine dynamics in K16[Mo3O4F9]2[TiF6]3·2H2O. These dual scattering and spectroscopy methods are used to demonstrate the generality and sensitivity of 19F shielding to small changes in bond length, on the order of 0.01 Å or less, even in the presence of hydrogen bonding, metal-metal bonding, and electrostatic interactions. Starting from the structure models, the nature of chemical bonding in the molybdates is explained by molecular orbital theory and electronic structure calculations. The average Mo-Mo distance of 2.505 Å and diamagnetism in 1, 2, and 3 are attributed to a metal-metal bond order of unity along with a 1a21e4 electronic ground state configuration for the [Mo3O4F9]5- cluster, leading to a rare trimeric spin singlet involving d2 Mo4+ ions. The approach to structure solution and bonding analysis is a powerful strategy for understanding the structures and chemical properties of complex fluorides and oxyfluorides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Can P Koçer
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Koçer CP, Griffith KJ, Grey CP, Morris AJ. Lithium Diffusion in Niobium Tungsten Oxide Shear Structures. Chem Mater 2020; 32:3980-3989. [PMID: 32421040 PMCID: PMC7222352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Niobium tungsten oxides with crystallographic shear structures form a promising class of high-rate Li-ion anode materials. Lithium diffusion within these materials is studied in this work using density functional theory calculations, specifically nudged elastic band calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Lithium diffusion is found to occur through jumps between 4-fold coordinated window sites with low activation barriers (80-300 meV) and is constrained to be effectively one-dimensional by the crystallographic shear planes of the structures. We identify a number of other processes, including rattling motions with barriers on the order of the thermal energy at room temperature, and intermediate barrier hops between 4-fold and 5-fold coordinated lithium sites. We demonstrate differences regarding diffusion pathways between different cavity types; within the ReO3-like block units of the structures, cavities at the corners and edges host more isolated diffusion tunnels than those in the interior. Diffusion coefficients are found to be in the range of 10-12 to 10-11 m2 s-1 for lithium concentrations of 0.5 Li/TM. Overall, the results provide a complete picture of the diffusion mechanism in niobium tungsten oxide shear structures, and the structure-property relationships identified in this work can be generalized to the entire family of crystallographic shear phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can P. Koçer
- Theory
of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K.
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern
University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United
States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- School
of Metallurgy and Materials, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nisbet ML, Pendleton IM, Nolis GM, Griffith KJ, Schrier J, Cabana J, Norquist AJ, Poeppelmeier KR. Machine-Learning-Assisted Synthesis of Polar Racemates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7555-7566. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Nisbet
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ian M. Pendleton
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
| | - Gene M. Nolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joshua Schrier
- Department of Chemistry, Fordham University, 441 E. Fordham Road, The Bronx, New York, New York 10458, United States
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Alexander J. Norquist
- Department of Chemistry, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, United States
| | - Kenneth R. Poeppelmeier
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Griffith KJ, Seymour ID, Hope MA, Butala MM, Lamontagne LK, Preefer MB, Koçer CP, Henkelman G, Morris AJ, Cliffe MJ, Dutton SE, Grey CP. Ionic and Electronic Conduction in TiNb 2O 7. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16706-16725. [PMID: 31487157 PMCID: PMC7007237 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TiNb2O7 is a Wadsley-Roth phase with a crystallographic shear structure and is a promising candidate for high-rate lithium ion energy storage. The fundamental aspects of the lithium insertion mechanism and conduction in TiNb2O7, however, are not well-characterized. Herein, experimental and computational insights are combined to understand the inherent properties of bulk TiNb2O7. The results show an increase in electronic conductivity of seven orders of magnitude upon lithiation and indicate that electrons exhibit both localized and delocalized character, with a maximum Curie constant and Li NMR paramagnetic shift near a composition of Li0.60TiNb2O7. Square-planar or distorted-five-coordinate lithium sites are calculated to invert between thermodynamic minima or transition states. Lithium diffusion in the single-redox region (i.e., x ≤ 3 in LixTiNb2O7) is rapid with low activation barriers from NMR and DLi = 10-11 m2 s-1 at the temperature of the observed T1 minima of 525-650 K for x ≥ 0.75. DFT calculations predict that ionic diffusion, like electronic conduction, is anisotropic with activation barriers for lithium hopping of 100-200 meV down the tunnels but ca. 700-1000 meV across the blocks. Lithium mobility is hindered in the multiredox region (i.e., x > 3 in LixTiNb2O7), related to a transition from interstitial-mediated to vacancy-mediated diffusion. Overall, lithium insertion leads to effective n-type self-doping of TiNb2O7 and high-rate conduction, while ionic motion is eventually hindered at high lithiation. Transition-state searching with beyond Li chemistries (Na+, K+, Mg2+) in TiNb2O7 reveals high diffusion barriers of 1-3 eV, indicating that this structure is specifically suited to Li+ mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Ieuan D Seymour
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Michael A Hope
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Megan M Butala
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States of America
| | - Leo K Lamontagne
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States of America
| | - Molleigh B Preefer
- Materials Department and Materials Research Laboratory , University of California , Santa Barbara , California 93106 , United States of America
| | - Can P Koçer
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT , United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Cliffe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Siân E Dutton
- Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Koçer CP, Griffith KJ, Grey CP, Morris AJ. Cation Disorder and Lithium Insertion Mechanism of Wadsley-Roth Crystallographic Shear Phases from First Principles. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15121-15134. [PMID: 31448601 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Wadsley-Roth crystallographic shear phases form a family of compounds that have attracted attention due to their excellent performance as lithium-ion battery electrodes. The complex crystallographic structure of these materials poses a challenge for first-principles computational modeling and hinders the understanding of their structural, electronic and dynamic properties. In this article, we study three different niobium-tungsten oxide crystallographic shear phases (Nb12WO33, Nb14W3O44, Nb16W5O55) using an enumeration-based approach and first-principles density-functional theory calculations. We report common principles governing the cation disorder, lithium insertion mechanism, and electronic structure of these materials. Tungsten preferentially occupies tetrahedral and block-central sites within the block-type crystal structures, and the local structure of the materials depends on the cation configuration. The lithium insertion proceeds via a three-step mechanism, associated with an anisotropic evolution of the host lattice. Our calculations reveal an important connection between long-range and local structural changes: in the second step of the mechanism, the removal of local structural distortions leads to the contraction of the lattice along specific crystallographic directions, buffering the volume expansion of the material. Niobium-tungsten oxide shear structures host small amounts of localized electrons during initial lithium insertion due to the confining effect of the blocks, but quickly become metallic upon further lithiation. We argue that the combination of local, long-range, and electronic structural evolution over the course of lithiation is beneficial to the performance of these materials as battery electrodes. The mechanistic principles we establish arise from the compound-independent crystallographic shear structure and are therefore likely to apply to niobium-titanium oxide or pure niobium oxide crystallographic shear phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can P Koçer
- Theory of Condensed Matter, Cavendish Laboratory , University of Cambridge , J. J. Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , U.K
| | - Kent J Griffith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , U.K
| | - Andrew J Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , Birmingham B15 2TT , U.K
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Halat DM, Britto S, Griffith KJ, Jónsson E, Grey CP. Natural abundance solid-state 33S NMR study of NbS3: applications for battery conversion electrodes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12687-12690. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06059f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first known solid-state 33S NMR spectrum of disulfide (S22−) anions is reported, in the Li-ion battery conversion material NbS3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Halat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Sylvia Britto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
| | - Erlendur Jónsson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96
- Gothenburg
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road
- Cambridge
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hope MA, Griffith KJ, Cui B, Gao F, Dutton SE, Parkin SSP, Grey CP. The Role of Ionic Liquid Breakdown in the Electrochemical Metallization of VO2: An NMR Study of Gating Mechanisms and VO2 Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:16685-16696. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b09513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hope
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Bin Cui
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Fang Gao
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Siân E. Dutton
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Stuart S. P. Parkin
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle (Saale) D-06120, Germany
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marbella LE, Evans ML, Groh MF, Nelson J, Griffith KJ, Morris AJ, Grey CP. Sodiation and Desodiation via Helical Phosphorus Intermediates in High-Capacity Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7994-8004. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Marbella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew L. Evans
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias F. Groh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Nelson
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Griffith KJ, Senyshyn A, Grey CP. Structural Stability from Crystallographic Shear in TiO 2-Nb 2O 5 Phases: Cation Ordering and Lithiation Behavior of TiNb 24O 62. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:4002-4010. [PMID: 28319367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b03154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The host structure and reversible lithium insertion and extraction of an intercalation compound, TiNb24O62, are described. Neutron diffraction, applied for the first time to TiNb24O62, allowed an accurate refinement of the complex block superstructure, particularly with respect to the oxygen sublattice. Analysis of the transition-metal sites revealed significant cation ordering in the mixed-metal oxide. Electrochemical analysis demonstrated highly reversible lithium intercalation with ca. 190 mA·h·g-1 after 100 cycles (C/10 rate, 3 months). The effect of the potential window on the capacity, polarization, and reversibility was carefully examined; a minimum voltage limit of 1.1-1.2 V is critical for efficient and reversible cycling. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique revealed three solid-solution regions, with different lithium diffusivities, in addition to the two-phase plateau that was clearly observed in the V versus Q discharge/charge profile. Lithium-ion diffusion decreases by over 3 orders of magnitude from the dilute lithium limit early in the discharge to the lithium-stuffed phase Li37.5(1.0)TiNb24O62. Nevertheless, prior to lithium stuffing, TiNb24O62 possesses intrinsically rapid lithium-ion kinetics, as demonstrated by the high-rate performance in thick films of ca. 10 μm particles when interfaced with a carbon-coated aluminum foil substrate. The TiO2·Nb2O5 phase diagram is examined and electrochemical results are compared to related superstructures of crystallographically sheared blocks of octahedra in the TiO2·Nb2O5 homologous series including the H-Nb2O5 end member.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Anatoliy Senyshyn
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum, Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pecher O, Halat DM, Lee J, Liu Z, Griffith KJ, Braun M, Grey CP. Enhanced efficiency of solid-state NMR investigations of energy materials using an external automatic tuning/matching (eATM) robot. J Magn Reson 2017; 275:127-136. [PMID: 28064071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and explored an external automatic tuning/matching (eATM) robot that can be attached to commercial and/or home-built magic angle spinning (MAS) or static nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probeheads. Complete synchronization and automation with Bruker and Tecmag spectrometers is ensured via transistor-transistor-logic (TTL) signals. The eATM robot enables an automated "on-the-fly" re-calibration of the radio frequency (rf) carrier frequency, which is beneficial whenever tuning/matching of the resonance circuit is required, e.g. variable temperature (VT) NMR, spin-echo mapping (variable offset cumulative spectroscopy, VOCS) and/or in situ NMR experiments of batteries. This allows a significant increase in efficiency for NMR experiments outside regular working hours (e.g. overnight) and, furthermore, enables measurements of quadrupolar nuclei which would not be possible in reasonable timeframes due to excessively large spectral widths. Additionally, different tuning/matching capacitor (and/or coil) settings for desired frequencies (e.g.7Li and 31P at 117 and 122MHz, respectively, at 7.05 T) can be saved and made directly accessible before automatic tuning/matching, thus enabling automated measurements of multiple nuclei for one sample with no manual adjustment required by the user. We have applied this new eATM approach in static and MAS spin-echo mapping NMR experiments in different magnetic fields on four energy storage materials, namely: (1) paramagnetic 7Li and 31P MAS NMR (without manual recalibration) of the Li-ion battery cathode material LiFePO4; (2) paramagnetic 17O VT-NMR of the solid oxide fuel cell cathode material La2NiO4+δ; (3) broadband 93Nb static NMR of the Li-ion battery material BNb2O5; and (4) broadband static 127I NMR of a potential Li-air battery product LiIO3. In each case, insight into local atomic structure and dynamics arises primarily from the highly broadened (1-25MHz) NMR lineshapes that the eATM robot is uniquely suited to collect. These new developments in automation of NMR experiments are likely to advance the application of in and ex situ NMR investigations to an ever-increasing range of energy storage materials and systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Pecher
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - David M Halat
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Jeongjae Lee
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Zigeng Liu
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Kent J Griffith
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Marco Braun
- NMR Service GmbH, Blumenstr. 70, 99092 Erfurt, Germany
| | - Clare P Grey
- University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Scherf LM, Pecher O, Griffith KJ, Haarmann F, Grey CP, Fässler TF. Zintl Phases K4-xNaxSi4(1 ≤x≤ 2.2) and K7NaSi8: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Solid-State NMR Spectroscopic Investigations. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia M. Scherf
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching/München Germany
| | - Oliver Pecher
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Frank Haarmann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52073 Aachen Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids; Nöthnitzer Str. 40 01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cambridge; Lensfield Road CB2 1EW Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas F. Fässler
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching/München Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Nanostructuring and nanosizing have been widely employed to increase the rate capability in a variety of energy storage materials. While nanoprocessing is required for many materials, we show here that both the capacity and rate performance of low-temperature bronze-phase TT- and T-polymorphs of Nb2O5 are inherent properties of the bulk crystal structure. Their unique "room-and-pillar" NbO6/NbO7 framework structure provides a stable host for lithium intercalation; bond valence sum mapping exposes the degenerate diffusion pathways in the sites (rooms) surrounding the oxygen pillars of this complex structure. Electrochemical analysis of thick films of micrometer-sized, insulating niobia particles indicates that the capacity of the T-phase, measured over a fixed potential window, is limited only by the Ohmic drop up to at least 60C (12.1 A·g(-1)), while the higher temperature (Wadsley-Roth, crystallographic shear structure) H-phase shows high intercalation capacity (>200 mA·h·g(-1)) but only at moderate rates. High-resolution (6/7)Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of T-Nb2O5 revealed two distinct spin reservoirs, a small initial rigid population and a majority-component mobile distribution of lithium. Variable-temperature NMR showed lithium dynamics for the majority lithium characterized by very low activation energies of 58(2)-98(1) meV. The fast rate, high density, good gravimetric capacity, excellent capacity retention, and safety features of bulk, insulating Nb2O5 synthesized in a single step at relatively low temperatures suggest that this material not only is structurally and electronically exceptional but merits consideration for a range of further applications. In addition, the realization of high rate performance without nanostructuring in a complex insulating oxide expands the field for battery material exploration beyond conventional strategies and structural motifs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kent J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Alexander C Forse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Clare P Grey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hope MA, Forse AC, Griffith KJ, Lukatskaya MR, Ghidiu M, Gogotsi Y, Grey CP. NMR reveals the surface functionalisation of Ti3C2MXene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:5099-102. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00330c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 522] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
1H and19F NMR experiments have identified and quantified the internal surface terminations of Ti3C2TxMXene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hope
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | - Maria R. Lukatskaya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Michael Ghidiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute
- Drexel University
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Ewing
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Steven M. Zucker
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kent J. Griffith
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - David E. Clemmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify autoantigens that are recognized by human sera and are associated with a speckled cytoplasmic fluorescent staining pattern on tissue culture cells, and to determine clinical features associated with specific autoantibodies. A serum from a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus was used to identify a 3.7-kb cDNA insert from a HeLa cell expression library. The purified cDNA (VLK2.1) encoded a peptide of 1051 amino acids that shared 98.4% similarity with the carboxyl terminal portion of a previously reported 170 kD protein named cytoplasmic linker protein-170 (CLIP-170). Antibodies affinity purified with the recombinant CLIP-170 protein, the prototype human serum and a monoclonal antibody raised against CLIP-170 exhibited identical speckled staining of the cytoplasm in HEp-2 cells. The human autoantibodies reacted with the purified recombinant protein in a Western immunoblot and immunoprecipitated the in vitro translated recombinant protein. Three additional human sera also immunoprecipitated the recombinant CLIP-170 protein. The clinical diagnoses in these patients were limited scleroderma, glioblastoma and idiopathic pleural effusion. This is the first report that identifies CLIP-170 as a human autoantigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K J Griffith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Griffith KJ, Chan EK, Lung CC, Hamel JC, Guo X, Miyachi K, Fritzler MJ. Molecular cloning of a novel 97-kd Golgi complex autoantigen associated with Sjögren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1997; 40:1693-702. [PMID: 9324025 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify a Golgi complex autoantigen bound by Sjögren's syndrome (SS) autoantibodies. METHODS Serum from a patient with secondary SS and anti-Golgi antibodies was used as a probe to isolate a complementary DNA (cDNA) insert from a HeLa cDNA library. RESULTS A 3.7-kb cDNA encoding a 56-kd recombinant protein was immunoprecipitated by the human anti-Golgi serum and immune rabbit serum. Western blot analysis showed that the immune rabbit sera recognized a protein of 97 kd (golgin-97), suggesting that the isolated clone contained a partial cDNA. The 5' upstream sequence was obtained by rapid amplification of the cDNA ends. The complete cDNA contained 4,860 basepairs, encoding a protein with a calculated Mr of 88 kd. Antibodies to golgin-97 were found in 12 (20%) of 60 sera known to have anti-Golgi autoantibodies, and the majority of these sera (8 of 12, or 75%) were from patients who had secondary SS. CONCLUSION Golgin-97 is a unique Golgi complex antigen that appears to be a target of SS autoantibodies.
Collapse
|
31
|
Fritzler MJ, Lung CC, Hamel JC, Griffith KJ, Chan EK. Molecular characterization of Golgin-245, a novel Golgi complex protein containing a granin signature. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:31262-8. [PMID: 8537393 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.52.31262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The serum from a Sjögren's syndrome patient with anti-Golgi antibodies was used as a probe to isolate a 4.6-kilobase pair cDNA insert from a HeLa cDNA library. Expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli and the in vitro translation products of the cDNA yielded a recombinant protein that migrated in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at 180 kDa. This protein was immuno-precipitated by the human anti-Golgi serum and by immune rabbit serum but not by normal human serum or preimmune rabbit serum. Western blot analysis showed that the prototype human and immune rabbit sera recognized a 245-kDa protein, suggesting that the isolated clone contained a partial cDNA. The 5'-upstream sequence obtained by the rapid amplification of cDNA ends methodology using human placental cDNA and the combined HeLa cDNA contained 6965 base pairs and combined HeLa cDNA contained 6965 base pairs and encoded a protein of 245 kDa and, like other Golgi autoantigens described earlier, is highly rich in coiled-coils. The deduced amino acid sequence included the decapeptide ESLALEELEL, which was identified as one of two signature sequences previously reported in a family of peptide hormones and neuropeptides known as "granins". This is the first report of a Golgi complex autoantigen that bears structural similarities to the granin family of proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Fritzler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|