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Burke CW, Gardner CL, Goodson AI, Piper AE, Erwin-Cohen RA, White CE, Glass PJ. Defining the Cynomolgus Macaque ( Macaca fascicularis) Animal Model for Aerosolized Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis: Importance of Challenge Dose and Viral Subtype. Viruses 2023; 15:2351. [PMID: 38140592 PMCID: PMC10748030 DOI: 10.3390/v15122351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) outbreaks occur sporadically. Additionally, VEEV has a history of development as a biothreat agent. Yet, no FDA-approved vaccine or therapeutic exists for VEEV disease. The sporadic outbreaks present a challenge for testing medical countermeasures (MCMs) in humans; therefore, well-defined animal models are needed for FDA Animal Rule licensure. The cynomolgus macaque (CM) model has been studied extensively at high challenge doses of the VEEV Trinidad donkey strain (>1.0 × 108 plaque-forming units [PFU]), doses that are too high to be a representative human dose. Based on viremia of two subtypes of VEEV, IC, and IAB, we found the CM infectious dose fifty (ID50) to be low, 12 PFU, and 6.7 PFU, respectively. Additionally, we characterized the pattern of three clinical parameters (viremia, temperature, and lymphopenia) across a range of doses to identify a challenge dose producing consistent signs of infection. Based on these studies, we propose a shift to using a lower challenge dose of 1.0 × 103 PFU in the aerosol CM model of VEEV disease. At this dose, NHPs had the highest viremia, demonstrated a fever response, and had a measurable reduction in complete lymphocyte counts-biomarkers that can demonstrate MCM efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal W. Burke
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
| | - Christina L. Gardner
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
| | - Aimee I. Goodson
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
| | - Ashley E. Piper
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
| | - Rebecca A. Erwin-Cohen
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
| | - Charles E. White
- Statistics Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Pamela J. Glass
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA (A.I.G.)
- Risk Management Office, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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2
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Milligan JC, Davis CW, Yu X, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Halfmann PJ, Cross RW, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Chennareddy C, Goff AJ, Piper AE, Hui S, Shaffer KCL, Buck T, Heinrich ML, Branco LM, Crozier I, Holbrook MR, Kuhn JH, Kawaoka Y, Glass PJ, Bukreyev A, Geisbert TW, Worwa G, Ahmed R, Saphire EO. Asymmetric and non-stoichiometric glycoprotein recognition by two distinct antibodies results in broad protection against ebolaviruses. Cell 2022; 185:995-1007.e18. [PMID: 35303429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several ebolaviruses cause outbreaks of severe disease. Vaccines and monoclonal antibody cocktails are available to treat Ebola virus (EBOV) infections, but not Sudan virus (SUDV) or other ebolaviruses. Current cocktails contain antibodies that cross-react with the secreted soluble glycoprotein (sGP) that absorbs virus-neutralizing antibodies. By sorting memory B cells from EBOV infection survivors, we isolated two broadly reactive anti-GP monoclonal antibodies, 1C3 and 1C11, that potently neutralize, protect rodents from disease, and lack sGP cross-reactivity. Both antibodies recognize quaternary epitopes in trimeric ebolavirus GP. 1C11 bridges adjacent protomers via the fusion loop. 1C3 has a tripartite epitope in the center of the trimer apex. One 1C3 antigen-binding fragment anchors simultaneously to the three receptor-binding sites in the GP trimer, and separate 1C3 paratope regions interact differently with identical residues on the three protomers. A cocktail of both antibodies completely protected nonhuman primates from EBOV and SUDV infections, indicating their potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Milligan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chakravarthy Chennareddy
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kelly C L Shaffer
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tierra Buck
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Cote CK, Weidner JM, Klimko C, Piper AE, Miller JA, Hunter M, Shoe JL, Hoover JC, Sauerbry BR, Buhr T, Bozue JA, Harbourt DE, Glass PJ. Biological Validation of a Chemical Effluent Decontamination System. Applied Biosafety 2021; 26:23-32. [DOI: 10.1089/apb.21.937967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M. Weidner
- Medical Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Ashley E. Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Biosafety Office, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Hoover
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Brian R. Sauerbry
- Logistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Tony Buhr
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - David E. Harbourt
- Biosafety Office, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Pamela J. Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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4
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Harbourt DE, Haddow AD, Piper AE, Bloomfield H, Kearney BJ, Fetterer D, Gibson K, Minogue T. Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008831. [PMID: 33166294 PMCID: PMC7676723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the winter of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread around the world. The extent and efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is far greater than previous coronaviruses that emerged in the 21st Century. Here, we modeled stability of SARS-CoV-2 on skin, paper currency, and clothing to determine if these surfaces may factor in the fomite transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Skin, currency, and clothing samples were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 under laboratory conditions and incubated at three different temperatures (4°C± 2°C, 22°C± 2°C, and 37°C ± 2°C). We evaluated stability at 0 hours (h), 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 7 days, and 14 days post-exposure. SARS-CoV-2 was stable on skin through the duration of the experiment at 4°C (14 days). Virus remained stable on skin for at least 96 h at 22°C and for at least 8h at 37°C. There were minimal differences between the tested currency samples. The virus remained stable on the $1 U.S.A. Bank Note for at least 96 h at 4°C while we did not detect viable virus on the $20 U.S.A. Bank Note samples beyond 72 h. The virus remained stable on both Bank Notes for at least 8 h at 22°C and 4 h at 37°C. Clothing samples were similar in stability to the currency. Viable virus remained for at least 96 h at 4°C and at least 4 h at 22°C. We did not detect viable virus on clothing samples at 37°C after initial exposure. This study confirms the inverse relationship between virus stability and temperature. Furthermore, virus stability on skin demonstrates the need for continued hand hygiene practices to minimize fomite transmission both in the general population as well as in workplaces where close contact is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Harbourt
- Biosafety Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew D. Haddow
- General Dynamics Health Solutions in support of USAMRIID, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley E. Piper
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holly Bloomfield
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Fetterer
- ICON Global Public Health Solutions, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
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5
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Harbourt DE, Haddow AD, Piper AE, Bloomfield H, Kearney BJ, Fetterer D, Gibson K, Minogue T. Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008831. [PMID: 33166294 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.01.20144253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the winter of 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread around the world. The extent and efficiency of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is far greater than previous coronaviruses that emerged in the 21st Century. Here, we modeled stability of SARS-CoV-2 on skin, paper currency, and clothing to determine if these surfaces may factor in the fomite transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Skin, currency, and clothing samples were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 under laboratory conditions and incubated at three different temperatures (4°C± 2°C, 22°C± 2°C, and 37°C ± 2°C). We evaluated stability at 0 hours (h), 4 h, 8 h, 24 h, 72 h, 96 h, 7 days, and 14 days post-exposure. SARS-CoV-2 was stable on skin through the duration of the experiment at 4°C (14 days). Virus remained stable on skin for at least 96 h at 22°C and for at least 8h at 37°C. There were minimal differences between the tested currency samples. The virus remained stable on the $1 U.S.A. Bank Note for at least 96 h at 4°C while we did not detect viable virus on the $20 U.S.A. Bank Note samples beyond 72 h. The virus remained stable on both Bank Notes for at least 8 h at 22°C and 4 h at 37°C. Clothing samples were similar in stability to the currency. Viable virus remained for at least 96 h at 4°C and at least 4 h at 22°C. We did not detect viable virus on clothing samples at 37°C after initial exposure. This study confirms the inverse relationship between virus stability and temperature. Furthermore, virus stability on skin demonstrates the need for continued hand hygiene practices to minimize fomite transmission both in the general population as well as in workplaces where close contact is common.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Harbourt
- Biosafety Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew D Haddow
- General Dynamics Health Solutions in support of USAMRIID, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Holly Bloomfield
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brian J Kearney
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - David Fetterer
- ICON Global Public Health Solutions, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Gibson
- Core Laboratory Services Directorate, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick Maryland, United States of America
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Raabe V, Lai L, Xu Y, Huerta C, Wang D, Pouch SM, Burke CW, Piper AE, Gardner CL, Glass PJ, Mulligan MJ. The Immune Response to Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Acquired Through Organ Transplantation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561530. [PMID: 33072022 PMCID: PMC7541818 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immune response to eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection is poorly characterized due to the rarity of infection. We examined the humoral and cellular immune response to EEEV acquired from an infected donor via liver transplantation. Both binding and highly neutralizing antibodies to EEEV as well as a robust EEEV-specific IgG memory B cell response were generated. Despite triple-drug immunosuppressive therapy, a virus-specific CD4+ T cell response, predominated by interferon-γ production, was generated. T cell epitopes on the E2 envelope protein were identified by interferon-γ ELISpot. Although these results are from a single person who acquired EEEV by a non-traditional mechanism, to our knowledge this work represents the first analysis of the human cellular immune response to EEEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Raabe
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lilin Lai
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yong Xu
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chris Huerta
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dongli Wang
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephanie M Pouch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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7
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Cote CK, Weidner JM, Klimko C, Piper AE, Miller JA, Hunter M, Shoe JL, Hoover JC, Sauerbry BR, Buhr T, Bozue JA, Harbourt DE, Glass PJ. Biological Validation of a Chemical Effluent Decontamination System. Appl Biosaf 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676020937967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Failure of an existing effluent decontamination system (EDS) prompted the consideration of commercial off-the-shelf solutions for decontamination of containment laboratory waste. A bleach-based chemical EDS was purchased to serve as an interim solution. Methods: Studies were conducted in the laboratory to validate inactivation of Bacillus spores with bleach in complex matrices containing organic simulants including fetal bovine serum, humic acid, and animal room sanitation effluent. Results: These studies demonstrated effective decontamination of >106 spores at a free chlorine concentration of ≥5700 parts per million with a 2-hour contact time. Translation of these results to biological validation of the bleach-based chemical EDS required some modifications to the system and its operation. Discussion: The chemical EDS was validated for the treatment of biosafety levels 3 and 4 waste effluent using laboratory-prepared spore packets along with commercial biological indicators; however, several issues and lessons learned identified during the process of onboarding are also discussed, including bleach product source, method of validation, dechlorination, and treated waste disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jessica M. Weidner
- Medical Translational Sciences Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Ashley E. Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy A. Miller
- Biosafety Office, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Hoover
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Brian R. Sauerbry
- Logistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Tony Buhr
- Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division, Dahlgren, VA, USA
| | - Joel A. Bozue
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - David E. Harbourt
- Biosafety Office, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Pamela J. Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
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8
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Saikh KU, Morazzani EM, Piper AE, Bakken RR, Glass PJ. A small molecule inhibitor of MyD88 exhibits broad spectrum antiviral activity by up regulation of type I interferon. Antiviral Res 2020; 181:104854. [PMID: 32621945 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies highlight that infection with Coxsackievirus B3, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), Marburg virus, or stimulation using poly I:C (dsRNA), upregulates the signaling adaptor protein MyD88 and impairs the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses. In contrast, MyD88 deficiency (MyD88-/-) increases the type I IFN and survivability of mice implying that MyD88 up regulation limits the type I IFN response. Reasoning that MyD88 inhibition in a virus-like manner may increase type I IFN responses, our studies revealed lipopolysaccharide stimulation of U937 cells or poly I:C stimulation of HEK293-TLR3, THP1 or U87 cells in the presence of a previously reported MyD88 inhibitor (compound 4210) augmented IFN-β and RANTES production. Consistent with these results, overexpression of MyD88 decreased IFN-β, whereas MyD88 inhibition rescued IFN-β production concomitant with increased IRF3 phosphorylation, suggesting IRF-mediated downstream signaling to the IFN-β response. Further, compound 4210 treatment inhibited MyD88 interaction with IRF3/IRF7 indicating that MyD88 restricts type I IFN signaling through sequestration of IRF3/IRF7. In cell based infection assays, compound 4210 treatment suppressed replication of VEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Ebola virus (EBOV), Rift Valley Fever virus, Lassa virus, and Dengue virus with IC50 values ranging from 11 to 42 μM. Notably, administration of compound 4210 improved survival, weight change, and clinical disease scores in mice following challenge with VEEV TC-83 and EBOV. Collectively, these results provide evidence that viral infections responsive to MyD88 inhibition lead to activation of IRF3/IRF7 and promoted a type I IFN response, thus, raising the prospect of an approach of host-directed antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal U Saikh
- Department of Bacterial Immunology, Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Elaine M Morazzani
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Russell R Bakken
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
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9
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Davis CW, Jackson KJL, McElroy AK, Halfmann P, Huang J, Chennareddy C, Piper AE, Leung Y, Albariño CG, Crozier I, Ellebedy AH, Sidney J, Sette A, Yu T, Nielsen SCA, Goff AJ, Spiropoulou CF, Saphire EO, Cavet G, Kawaoka Y, Mehta AK, Glass PJ, Boyd SD, Ahmed R. Longitudinal Analysis of the Human B Cell Response to Ebola Virus Infection. Cell 2019; 177:1566-1582.e17. [PMID: 31104840 PMCID: PMC6908968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) remains a public health threat. We performed a longitudinal study of B cell responses to EBOV in four survivors of the 2014 West African outbreak. Infection induced lasting EBOV-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, but their subclass composition changed over time, with IgG1 persisting, IgG3 rapidly declining, and IgG4 appearing late. Striking changes occurred in the immunoglobulin repertoire, with massive recruitment of naive B cells that subsequently underwent hypermutation. We characterized a large panel of EBOV glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Only a small subset of mAbs that bound glycoprotein by ELISA recognized cell-surface glycoprotein. However, this subset contained all neutralizing mAbs. Several mAbs protected against EBOV disease in animals, including one mAb that targeted an epitope under evolutionary selection during the 2014 outbreak. Convergent antibody evolution was seen across multiple donors, particularly among VH3-13 neutralizing antibodies specific for the GP1 core. Our study provides a benchmark for assessing EBOV vaccine-induced immunity. Ebola virus infection causes massive recruitment of naive B cells Virus-specific antibodies continue to class-switch and mutate for months after acute infection Protective antibodies can be neutralizing or non-neutralizing and can appear early Convergent, protective antibody rearrangements are seen in multiple donors
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine J L Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Anita K McElroy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peter Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jessica Huang
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chakravarthy Chennareddy
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | - César G Albariño
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research sponsored by the National Cancer Institutes, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pathology and Immunology Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Christina F Spiropoulou
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Erica Ollman Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA; Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aneesh K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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10
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Blancett CD, Fetterer DP, Koistinen KA, Morazzani EM, Monninger MK, Piper AE, Kuehl KA, Kearney BJ, Norris SL, Rossi CA, Glass PJ, Sun MG. Accurate virus quantitation using a Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) detector in a scanning electron microscope. J Virol Methods 2017; 248:136-144. [PMID: 28668710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A method for accurate quantitation of virus particles has long been sought, but a perfect method still eludes the scientific community. Electron Microscopy (EM) quantitation is a valuable technique because it provides direct morphology information and counts of all viral particles, whether or not they are infectious. In the past, EM negative stain quantitation methods have been cited as inaccurate, non-reproducible, and with detection limits that were too high to be useful. To improve accuracy and reproducibility, we have developed a method termed Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy - Virus Quantitation (STEM-VQ), which simplifies sample preparation and uses a high throughput STEM detector in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) coupled with commercially available software. In this paper, we demonstrate STEM-VQ with an alphavirus stock preparation to present the method's accuracy and reproducibility, including a comparison of STEM-VQ to viral plaque assay and the ViroCyt Virus Counter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace D Blancett
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - David P Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Keith A Koistinen
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Elaine M Morazzani
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Mitchell K Monninger
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Kathleen A Kuehl
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Brian J Kearney
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Sarah L Norris
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostics Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States
| | - Mei G Sun
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, MD, 21702, United States.
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11
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Bornholdt ZA, Turner HL, Murin CD, Li W, Sok D, Souders CA, Piper AE, Goff A, Shamblin JD, Wollen SE, Sprague TR, Fusco ML, Pommert KBJ, Cavacini LA, Smith HL, Klempner M, Reimann KA, Krauland E, Gerngross TU, Wittrup KD, Saphire EO, Burton DR, Glass PJ, Ward AB, Walker LM. Isolation of potent neutralizing antibodies from a survivor of the 2014 Ebola virus outbreak. Science 2016; 351:1078-83. [PMID: 26912366 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies targeting the Ebola virus surface glycoprotein (EBOV GP) are implicated in protection against lethal disease, but the characteristics of the human antibody response to EBOV GP remain poorly understood. We isolated and characterized 349 GP-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from the peripheral B cells of a convalescent donor who survived the 2014 EBOV Zaire outbreak. Remarkably, 77% of the mAbs neutralize live EBOV, and several mAbs exhibit unprecedented potency. Structures of selected mAbs in complex with GP reveal a site of vulnerability located in the GP stalk region proximal to the viral membrane. Neutralizing antibodies targeting this site show potent therapeutic efficacy against lethal EBOV challenge in mice. The results provide a framework for the design of new EBOV vaccine candidates and immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Bornholdt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hannah L Turner
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Charles D Murin
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Adimab, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Colby A Souders
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Arthur Goff
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Joshua D Shamblin
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Suzanne E Wollen
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Thomas R Sprague
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathleen B J Pommert
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lisa A Cavacini
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Heidi L Smith
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Mark Klempner
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Pamela J Glass
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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