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Brooks MB, Goggs R, Frye AH, Armato J, Forman M, Hertl J, Koch M, Loftus JP, Lucy J, Mattison B, Merriam J, Shropshire S, Van Vertloo L, Viall A, LeVine DN. A prospective cohort study to identify clinical diagnostic and prognostic markers of primary immune thrombocytopenia in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1022-1034. [PMID: 38205735 PMCID: PMC10937499 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immune thrombocytopenia (pITP) in dogs presents a diagnostic challenge, and clinical markers of severity are lacking. OBJECTIVES Identify clinicopathologic features that differentiate pITP from secondary ITP (sITP) and markers related to bleeding severity, transfusion, and survival of dogs with pITP. ANIMALS Ninety-eight thrombocytopenic dogs (58 pITP and 40 sITP). METHODS Client-owned dogs with platelet counts <50 000/μL were enrolled in a prospective, multi-institution cohort study. History and treatment information, through a maximum of 7 days, was recorded on standard data forms. Bleeding severity was scored daily using a bleeding assessment tool (DOGiBAT). At-admission blood samples were collected for CBC, biochemistry, C-reactive protein concentration, and coagulation panels, and to measure platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin G (PSAIg) and expression of platelet membrane proteins and phospholipids. Dogs with evidence of coincident disease were classified as sITP. RESULTS No definitive pITP diagnostic test was found. However, pITP cases were characterized by lower platelet counts, D dimer concentrations, and platelet membrane protein expression than sITP cases. Differentiation between pITP and sITP was further enhanced using logistic regression modeling combining patient sex, coagulation profile, platelet count, D dimer, and PSAIg. A second model of pITP severity indicated that low hematocrit and high BUN concentration were associated with non-survival. Low hematocrit at admission, but not platelet count or DOGiBAT score, was associated with transfusion. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Pending validation studies, models constructed from at-admission clinicopathologic findings may improve differentiation of pITP from sITP and identify the most severe pITP cases at the time of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory B. Brooks
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Clinical Sciences, C3‐502D Clinical Programs CenterCornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853‐0001USA
| | - Amelia H. Frye
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Jessica Armato
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Marnin Forman
- Internal MedicineCornell University Veterinary SpecialistsStamfordConnecticutUSA
| | - Julia Hertl
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic SciencesCornell University, 240 Farrier RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Veterinary Internal Medicine ConsultingRochesterNew YorkUSA
| | - John P. Loftus
- Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 930 Campus RoadIthaca, New York 14853USA
| | - John Lucy
- Internal Medicine, Oradell Animal HospitalParamusNew JerseyUSA
| | - Brandi Mattison
- Arizona Veterinary Emergency & Critical Care CenterPeoriaArizonaUSA
| | - Julia Merriam
- Blue Pearl Pet Hospital NorthfieldNorthfieldIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Laura Van Vertloo
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Dana N. LeVine
- Veterinary Clinical SciencesCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, 1600 S 16th StAuburn, Alabama 36849USA
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Flatland B, Dehghanpir SD, Evans SJM, Freeman KP, Grimes C, Hancock T, Hollinger C, Hooijberg E, Korchia J, Lawson C, Matlow JR, Sample S, Viall A. Guidelines for resident training in veterinary clinical pathology. IV: Laboratory quality management-Teaching domains, competencies, and suggested learning outcomes. Vet Clin Pathol 2024; 53 Suppl 1:7-23. [PMID: 36609689 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2019 ASVCP Education Committee Forum for Discussion, presented at the annual ASVCP/ACVP meeting, identified a need to develop recommendations for teaching laboratory quality management principles in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs. OBJECTIVES To present a competency-based framework for teaching laboratory quality management principles in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs, including entrustable professional activities (EPAs), domains of competence, individual competencies, and learning outcomes. METHODS A joint subcommittee of the ASVCP Quality Assurance and Laboratory Standards (QALS) and Education Committees executed this project. A draft guideline version was reviewed by the ASVCP membership and shared with selected ACVP committees in early 2022, and a final version was voted upon by the full QALS and Education Committees in late 2022. RESULTS Eleven domains of competence with relevant individual competencies were identified. In addition, suggested learning outcomes and resource lists were developed. Domains and individual competencies were mapped to six EPAs. CONCLUSIONS This guideline presents a framework for teaching principles of laboratory quality management in veterinary clinical pathology residency training programs and was designed to be comprehensive yet practical. Guidance on pedagogical terms and possible routes of implementation are included. Recommendations herein aim to improve and support resident training but may require gradual implementation, as programs phase in necessary expertise and resources. Future directions include the development of learning milestones and assessments and consideration of how recommendations intersect with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists training program accreditation and certifying examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Flatland
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Shannon D Dehghanpir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Samantha J M Evans
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Ohio, Columbus, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Grimes
- Zoetis Reference Laboratories, Zoetis, Inc., Parsipanny, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tamara Hancock
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Missouri, Columbia, USA
| | | | - Emma Hooijberg
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeremie Korchia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Colorado, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Cheryl Lawson
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Iowa, Ames, USA
| | | | - Saundra Sample
- Zoetis Reference Laboratories, Zoetis, Inc., Parsipanny, New Jersey, USA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, California, Davis, USA
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Chappell K, Van Vertloo L, Viall A, Scaccianoce J, LeVine DN. Rectally obtained fecal samples can be used for fecal occult blood testing in dogs, and fecal immunochemical tests do not detect canine or feline blood. Am J Vet Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38262140 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.10.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The first objective was to determine if the sample collection method (naturally voided vs digital rectal examination collection) affected fecal occult blood test (FOBT) results. The second objective was to assess the ability of human fecal hemoglobin immunochemical tests to detect canine and feline blood. ANIMALS 308 privately owned dogs, healthy and sick. METHODS Guaiac FOBTs were performed on paired voided and rectally obtained canine fecal samples. The kappa statistic was used to assess agreement between the 2 collection methods, and a multivariate regression model was used to identify factors associated with a positive FOBT. Two fecal immunochemical tests (FITs; Hemosure One Step and OC-Light S) were tested with serially diluted human, canine, and feline blood. RESULTS Voided and rectally obtained samples showed strong FOB-positivity agreement (k = 0.80), with 92.5% concordance and only 13/308 dogs negative on void but positive on rectal. Multivariate analysis showed dogs with gastrointestinal disease (P = .0008, rectal; P = .0001, void) were more likely and heavier dogs (P = .0037, rectal; P = .0022 void) were less likely to test FOBT positive. Health status, fasting status, NSAID use, and age were associated with FOBT results on univariate, but not multivariate, analysis. FITs did not detect canine or feline blood at any concentration while human blood performed as expected. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Rectally obtained fecal samples can be reliably used for FOBTs. Human FITs may not be suitable for companion animals, but evaluation of other available tests is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chappell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Laura Van Vertloo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Jennifer Scaccianoce
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
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Gabriel V, Zdyrski C, Sahoo DK, Ralston A, Wickham H, Bourgois-Mochel A, Ahmed B, Merodio MM, Paukner K, Piñeyro P, Kopper J, Rowe EW, Smith JD, Meyerholz D, Kol A, Viall A, Elbadawy M, Mochel JP, Allenspach K. Adult Animal Stem Cell-Derived Organoids in Biomedical Research and the One Health Paradigm. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:701. [PMID: 38255775 PMCID: PMC10815683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Preclinical biomedical research is limited by the predictiveness of in vivo and in vitro models. While in vivo models offer the most complex system for experimentation, they are also limited by ethical, financial, and experimental constraints. In vitro models are simplified models that do not offer the same complexity as living animals but do offer financial affordability and more experimental freedom; therefore, they are commonly used. Traditional 2D cell lines cannot fully simulate the complexity of the epithelium of healthy organs and limit scientific progress. The One Health Initiative was established to consolidate human, animal, and environmental health while also tackling complex and multifactorial medical problems. Reverse translational research allows for the sharing of knowledge between clinical research in veterinary and human medicine. Recently, organoid technology has been developed to mimic the original organ's epithelial microstructure and function more reliably. While human and murine organoids are available, numerous other organoids have been derived from traditional veterinary animals and exotic species in the last decade. With these additional organoid models, species previously excluded from in vitro research are becoming accessible, therefore unlocking potential translational and reverse translational applications of animals with unique adaptations that overcome common problems in veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Gabriel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | | | - Dipak K. Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Abigail Ralston
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Hannah Wickham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Agnes Bourgois-Mochel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Basant Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Maria M. Merodio
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
| | - Karel Paukner
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.P.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
| | - Eric W. Rowe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Jodi D. Smith
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (P.P.); (J.D.S.)
| | - David Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA;
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 94143, USA; (A.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 94143, USA; (A.K.); (A.V.)
| | - Mohamed Elbadawy
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt
| | - Jonathan P. Mochel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (H.W.); (B.A.); (J.P.M.)
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
| | - Karin Allenspach
- 3D Health Solutions Inc., Ames, IA 50010, USA; (C.Z.); (A.R.); (M.M.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (D.K.S.); (A.B.-M.); (J.K.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30530, USA;
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Newman AW, Moller CA, Evans SJM, Viall A, Baker K, Schaefer DMW. American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology-Recommended Clinical Pathology Competencies for Graduating Veterinarians. J Vet Med Educ 2022; 49:641-649. [PMID: 34491154 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the move toward competency-based veterinary education and the subsequent reevaluation of veterinary curricula, there is a need for specialties to provide guidance to veterinary college administrators and educators on the core knowledge and skills pertaining to their specialty to ensure their inclusion in revised or redesigned curricula. The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP) Education Committee sought to create a list of competencies specific to clinical pathology expected of graduating veterinarians. The stimulus for this project was the American Veterinary Medical Association Council on Education Standards of Accreditation for Colleges of Veterinary Medicine, further driven by the 2018 publication of the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges Competency-Based Veterinary Education Working Group framework. The recommendations made in this document are the culmination of the 2016 ASVCP Education Forum for Discussion, multiple remote subcommittee communications, and feedback obtained from ASVCP membership. The final framework includes 8 clinical pathology-focused domains of competence with 20 clinical pathology competencies and 61 clinical pathology illustrative sub-competencies. The clinical pathology-focused domains of competence are: the pre-analytical phase of testing, laboratory medicine and instrumentation, principles of test selection and interpretation, hematology and hemostasis, chemistry, endocrinology, urinalysis, and cytology. These are not intended to replace the nine established AAVMC domains of competence with supportive competencies and illustrative sub-competencies but to guide institutions for how clinical pathology aligns within the competency-based veterinary education (CBVE) framework for the practice-ready veterinary graduate. This clinical pathology competency framework may prove useful and empowering during discussions of curriculum revisions and redesigns.
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Brooks MB, Maruyama H, Cremer SE, Goggs R, Forman MA, Koch M, Merriam J, Makielski K, Viall A, LeVine DN. Preliminary evaluation of a flow cytometric assay with microsphere controls for the detection of platelet-bound antibodies in canine immune thrombocytopenia. Vet Clin Pathol 2022; 51:330-338. [PMID: 35293023 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canine immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) ranges from a mild to severe bleeding disorder, and platelet counts do not reliably predict clinical disease course. The detection of platelet autoantibodies may further define the disease phenotype, but variability in assay configurations and a lack of well-characterized controls limit the diagnostic utility of anti-platelet antibody assays. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop control reagents to facilitate the characterization of canine platelet surface-associated immunoglobulin (PSAIg) in flow cytometric assays. METHODS Silica microspheres were coated with canine IgG and IgM to assess the reactivity of goat and rabbit origin anti-canine immunoglobulin reagents. They were also used as positive controls in the PSAIg assay. Preliminary assay evaluation and determination of sample stability used PRP isolated from seven healthy dogs and 26 dogs newly diagnosed with thrombocytopenia. RESULTS Blood sample stability was established for up to a 48-hour storage time. The conjugated positive control microspheres demonstrated stable fluorescent labeling over a 2-year observation period. Rabbit and goat origin anti-dog IgM fluorescent antibody labels reacted nonspecifically with canine IgG. Rabbit origin anti-dog IgG antibody demonstrated greater class specificity for canine IgG than a goat origin antibody. Thrombocytopenic dogs had a broad range of membrane-bound immunoglobulin. Median PSAIgG for dogs with primary or secondary ITP (18.4%, 34.1%, respectively) were significantly higher than controls (3.8%, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The described assay reagents and procedures provide positive controls and allow consistent thresholding to define a positive test result, suitable for any flow cytometer. A rabbit anti-dog IgG fluorescent label demonstrated specificity for canine IgG and was useful for the detection of PSAIgG in thrombocytopenic dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haruhiko Maruyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Signe E Cremer
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Marnin A Forman
- Cornell University Veterinary Specialists, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Michael Koch
- Veterinary Specialists and Emergency Services, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Kelly Makielski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dana N LeVine
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Lakhdhir S, Viall A, Alloway E, Keene B, Baumgartner K, Ward J. Clinical presentation, cardiovascular findings, etiology, and outcome of myocarditis in dogs: 64 cases with presumptive antemortem diagnosis (26 confirmed postmortem) and 137 cases with postmortem diagnosis only (2004-2017). J Vet Cardiol 2020; 30:44-56. [PMID: 32668360 PMCID: PMC7256493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study describes presentation, cardiovascular abnormalities, etiology, and outcome of canine myocarditis in geographic areas not endemic for Trypanosoma or Leishmania. ANIMALS Sixty-four (presumed antemortem diagnosis) and 137 (postmortem diagnosis only) client-owned dogs at two tertiary care facilities were included. MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records of dogs with clinical or histopathological diagnosis of myocarditis were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS Common examination findings in dogs with a presumed antemortem diagnosis included fever (21%) and heart murmur (19%). Median cardiac troponin I was 12.2 ng/mL (range: 0.2-808.0 ng/mL), and troponin exceeded 1.0 ng/mL in 26 of 29 (90%) dogs. Ventricular ectopy was the most common arrhythmia (54%), whereas decreased left ventricular systolic function was the most common echocardiographic abnormality (56%). An infectious etiology was diagnosed in 35 of 64 (55%) dogs. Confirmed infectious etiologies included bacterial sepsis (n = 9) or extension of endocarditis (3), toxoplasmosis or neosporosis (3), parvovirus (2), and one case each of bartonellosis, trypanosomiasis, leptospirosis, and dirofilariasis. Median survival time was 4 days (range: 0-828 days) for all dogs vs. 82 days for dogs who survived at least 2 weeks after diagnosis. Presence of pericardial effusion or azotemia was a significant predictor of non-survival. The most common inflammatory infiltrate on histopathology was neutrophilic (47%), and 20 of 137 (14.5%) dogs had concurrent bacterial endocarditis on postmortem. CONCLUSIONS Bacterial infection was the most common confirmed etiology of myocarditis in this study. Prognosis for canine myocarditis is guarded and similar to that reported for infective endocarditis. Criteria for the antemortem diagnosis of canine myocarditis are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lakhdhir
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - E Alloway
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - B Keene
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - K Baumgartner
- VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado, 201 W. 67th Court, Loveland, CO 80538, USA
| | - J Ward
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1809 S. Riverside Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Sauer ZC, Taylor K, Wolc A, Viall A, Fulton JE, Settar P, Rubinoff I, Schaal T, Sato Y. Research Note: Comparison of chicken blood chemistry and electrolyte parameters between the portable i-STAT1 clinical analyzer and VetScan VS2 serum biochemistry panel using Hy-Line commercial white-egg laying hens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3487-3490. [PMID: 32616243 PMCID: PMC7597810 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The i-STAT1 clinical analyzer has become an increasingly popular tool in clinical production animal medicine as it can provide pen-side results in a cost effective and timely manner when compared to standard benchtop serum biochemistry blood gas and chemistry analyses. This study compares the results of the portable Abbott i-STAT1 analyzer and the Abaxis VetScan VS2 for glucose (Glu, mg/dL), ionized Ca (mmol/L), Na (mmol/L), and K (mmol/L) values. Three genetically distinct commercial varieties (CV) of Hy-Line white-egg laying hens are used in this study (Hy-Line W-36, Hy-Line W-80, and Hy-Line W-80+). Thirty blood samples (n = 10 per CV) were obtained in the production house from the brachial vein and concurrently analyzed by the i-STAT1 portable device. Serum from 22 of these same samples was analyzed via VetScan VS2, a benchtop serum clinical biochemistry analyzer, using VetScan Avian/Reptilian Profile Plus reagent rotors. A paired T-test was used to test for statistical differences in means between the 2 instruments for each of the parameters. Parameters with significant mean differences were then subject to correlation and regression analysis to further evaluate relationships between the results from the 2 methods. Significant differences between means were found for Glu, Na, and K levels. Ca levels were found to be not directly comparable by the 2 analysis instruments. This comparison elucidates the importance of clinical analyzer validations when applying different strategies of diagnostic medicine in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Sauer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50010
| | - K Taylor
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - A Wolc
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA; Iowa State University, Department of Animal Science, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50010
| | - J E Fulton
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - P Settar
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - I Rubinoff
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - T Schaal
- Hy-Line International, Dallas Center, IA 50063, USA
| | - Y Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA 50010.
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Bowman C, Viall A, Rudinsky A, Gilor C, Palerme JS. Hypocholesterolemia in cats: a multicenter retrospective study of 106 cats. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 22:768-773. [PMID: 31710272 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19886398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe the clinicopathologic findings and associated diseases found in a population of hypocholesterolemic cats referred to two tertiary care facilities. METHODS An electronic medical record search was performed at two veterinary university referral centers to identify cats with serum cholesterol values below the reference interval between January 2004 and 2016. Clinicopathologic data were reviewed for each case and cats were classified into specific disease categories based on clinical diagnosis. Median cholesterol values were compared between disease categories, as well as between survivors and non-survivors. RESULTS In total, 106 hypocholesterolemic cats were included. The median age of the cats was 6 years (range 0.24-18 years). The most common disease categories were gastrointestinal (25.9%), hepatobiliary (19.8%), hematologic (14.8%) and urogenital (14.8%). Though median serum cholesterol values did not differ significantly between survivors and non-survivors, cats with concurrent hypoalbuminemia were at higher risk (odds ratio 15.6, 95% confidence interval 5.2-46.6; P <0.0001) of not surviving to discharge than cats with normal serum albumin concentrations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Taken together, our data suggest that while the degree of hypocholesterolemia did not appear to influence survival rates, the concurrent presence of hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia was associated with a worse prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bowman
- VCA Care Specialty and Emergency Animal Hospital, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Adam Rudinsky
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chen Gilor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Sébastien Palerme
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Sauer Z, Taylor K, Wolc A, Viall A, O’Sullivan N, Fulton J, Rubinoff I, Schaal T, Sato Y. Establishment of Hy-Line commercial laying hen whole blood gas and biochemistry reference intervals utilizing portable i-STAT1 clinical analyzer. Poult Sci 2019; 98:2354-2359. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Canning P, Viall A, O'Brien K, Madson D, Skoland K, Krull A, Linhares D, Gauger P, Ramirez A, Karriker L. Determination of reference intervals for fluid analysis and cytologic evaluation variables in synovial fluid samples obtained from carpal and tarsal joints in commercial nonlame growing swine. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:858-866. [PMID: 30058852 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.8.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine reference intervals for total nucleated cell count, total protein concentration, pH, RBC count, and percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and large mononuclear cells in synovial fluid samples (SFSs) obtained from the carpal and tarsal joints of healthy swine. ANIMALS 54 healthy commercial finisher pigs that had no evidence of lameness or gross joint swelling. PROCEDURES Each pig was anesthetized, and SFSs were collected from 1 carpal and 1 tarsal joint for fluid analysis, cytologic evaluation, bacterial culture, and PCR analyses for common swine joint pathogens. Each pig was euthanized after SFS collection, and synovial tissue samples were collected for histologic assessment. If necessary, postmortem SFSs were collected. RESULTS Overall, 37 of 50 tarsal and 46 of 53 carpal SFSs met inclusion criteria of sufficient volume, no gross blood contamination, and negative results of bacterial culture and PCR analyses, and were from joints with histologically normal synovial tissues. For the carpal and tarsal joints, upper reference limits were as follows: total nucleated cell count, 3,281 cells/μL and 2,368 cells/μL, respectively; total protein concentration, 3.6 g/dL and 3.6 g/dL, respectively; pH, 7.2 and 7.0, respectively; RBC count, 0.8 × 106 cells/μL and 0.1 × 106 cells/μL, respectively; and percentage of neutrophils, 46.5% and 33.7%, respectively; percentage of lymphocytes, 40.6% and 56.3%, respectively; and percentage of large mononuclear cells, 92.0% and 95.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results have provided reference intervals for selected variables in SFSs obtained from the carpal and the tarsal joints of healthy swine, which should be useful in diagnostic investigations of swine lameness and arthritis.
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Leeper H, Viall A, Ruaux C, Bracha S. Preliminary evaluation of serum total cholesterol concentrations in dogs with osteosarcoma. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:562-569. [PMID: 28660727 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if total serum cholesterol concentrations were altered in dogs with osteosarcoma. To evaluate association of total serum cholesterol concentration with clinical outcomes in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Retrospective, multi-institutional study on 64 dogs with osteosarcoma. Control population consisted of dogs with traumatic bone fractures (n=30) and healthy patients of similar age and weight as those of the osteosarcoma cases (n=31). Survival analysis was done on 35 appendicular osteosarcoma patients that received the current standard of care. Statistical associations were assessed by univariable and multi-variable analysis. Information about age, sex, primary tumour location, total cholesterol concentration, monocytes and lymphocyte counts and alkaline phosphatase were also included. RESULTS Total cholesterol was elevated above the reference interval (3·89 to 7·12 mmol/L) (150 to 275 mg/dL) in 29 of 64 (45·3%) osteosarcoma-bearing dogs, whereas similar elevations were found in only 3 of 30 (10%) fracture controls (P<0·0001) and 2 of 31 (6·5%) similar age/weight controls (P=0·0002). Elevated total cholesterol was significantly associated with a reduced hazard ratio (0·27, P=0·008) for overall mortality in dogs with osteosarcoma. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that elevated total cholesterol is associated with canine osteosarcoma and may have prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leeper
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, 1800 Christensen Drive, Ames, Iowa, 50011-1134, USA
| | - C Ruaux
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
| | - S Bracha
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th Street, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-4801, USA
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Florey J, Viall A, Streu S, DiMuro V, Riddle A, Kirk J, Perazzotti L, Affeldt K, Wagner R, Vaden S, Harris T, Allenspach K. Use of a Granulocyte Immunofluorescence Assay Designed for Humans for Detection of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1062-1066. [PMID: 28608577 PMCID: PMC5508352 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) previously have been shown to be serum markers in dogs with chronic enteropathies, with dogs that have food-responsive disease (FRD) having higher frequencies of seropositivity than dogs with steroid-responsive disease (SRD). The indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay used in previous publications is time-consuming to perform, with low interobserver agreement. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that a commercially available granulocyte IIF assay designed for humans could be used to detect perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in dogs. ANIMALS Forty-four dogs with FRD, 20 dogs with SRD, 20 control dogs, and 38 soft-coated wheaten terrier (SCWT) or SCWT-cross dogs. METHODS A granulocyte assay designed for humans was used to detect pANCA, cANCA, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), as well as antibodies against proteinase-3 protein (PR-3) and myeloperoxidase protein (MPO) in archived serum samples. RESULTS Sensitivity of the granulocyte assay to predict FRD in dogs was 0.61 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.45, 0.75), and specificity was 1.00 (95% CI, 0.91, 1.00). A significant association was identified between positive pANCA or cANCA result and diagnosis of FRD (P < 0.0001). Agreement between the two assays to detect ANCA in the same serum samples from SCWT with protein-losing enteropathy/protein-losing nephropathy (PLE/PLN) was substantial (kappa, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.53, 1.00). Eight ANCA-positive cases were positive for MPO or PR-3 antibodies. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The granulocyte immunofluorescence assay used in our pilot study was easy and quick to perform. Agreement with the previously published method was good.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Florey
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - A Viall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - S Streu
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - V DiMuro
- Arcadia University, Philadelphia, PE
| | - A Riddle
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | - J Kirk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK
| | | | | | - R Wagner
- Laboklin Ltd, Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - S Vaden
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - T Harris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K Allenspach
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College (RVC), London, UK.,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences and Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Lindquist T, Viall A, Meren I, Flaherty HA. Multiple myeloma in a dog: a typical presentation with an atypical serum protein electrophoretogram. Vet Record Case Reports 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lindquist
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Austin Viall
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Ilyssa Meren
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Heather A Flaherty
- Department of Veterinary Clinical PathologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
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Bracha S, Viall A, Goodall C, Stang B, Ruaux C, Seguin B, Chappell PE. The expression and role of serotonin receptor 5HTR2A in canine osteoblasts and an osteosarcoma cell line. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:251. [PMID: 24330646 PMCID: PMC3895671 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The significance of the serotonergic system in bone physiology and, more specifically, the importance of the five hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5HTR2A) in normal osteoblast proliferation have been previously described; however the role of serotonin in osteosarcoma remains unclear. Particularly, the expression and function of 5HTR2A in canine osteosarcoma has not yet been studied, thus we sought to determine if this indoleamine modulates cellular proliferation in vitro. Using real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR and immunoblot analyses, we explored receptor expression and signaling differences between non-neoplastic canine osteoblasts (CnOb) and an osteosarcoma cell line (COS). To elucidate specific serotonergic signaling pathways triggered by 5HTR2A, we performed immunoblots for ERK and CREB. Finally, we compared cell viability and the induction of apoptosis in the presence 5HTR2A agonists and antagonists. Results 5HTR2A was overexpressed in the malignant cell line in comparison to normal cells. In CnOb cells, ERK phosphorylation (ERK-P) decreased in response to both serotonin and a specific 5HTR2A antagonist, ritanserin. In contrast, ERK-P abundance increased in COS cells following either treatment. While endogenous CREB was undetectable in CnOb, CREB was observed constitutively in COS, with expression and exhibited increased CREB phosphorylation following escalating concentrations of ritanserin. To determine the influence of 5HTR2A signaling on cell viability we challenged cells with ritanserin and serotonin. Our findings confirmed that serotonin treatment promoted cell viability in malignant cells but not in normal osteoblasts. Conversely, ritanserin reduced cell viability in both the normal and osteosarcoma cells. Further, ritanserin induced apoptosis in COS at the same concentrations associated with decreased cell viability. Conclusions These findings confirm the existence of a functional 5HTR2A in a canine osteosarcoma cell line. Results indicate that intracellular second messenger signal coupling of 5HTR2A is different between normal and malignant cells, warranting further research to investigate its potential as a novel therapeutic target for canine osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay Bracha
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 172 Magruder Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-4802, USA.
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