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Singh KP, Carvalho ACC, Centis R, D Ambrosio L, Migliori GB, Mpagama SG, Nguyen BC, Aarnoutse RE, Aleksa A, van Altena R, Bhavani PK, Bolhuis MS, Borisov S, van T Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya N, Bruchfeld J, Caminero JA, Carvalho I, Cho JG, Davies Forsman L, Dedicoat M, Dheda K, Dooley K, Furin J, García-García JM, Garcia-Prats A, Hesseling AC, Heysell SK, Hu Y, Kim HY, Manga S, Marais BJ, Margineanu I, Märtson AG, Munoz Torrico M, Nataprawira HM, Nunes E, Ong CWM, Otto-Knapp R, Palmero DJ, Peloquin CA, Rendon A, Rossato Silva D, Ruslami R, Saktiawati AMI, Santoso P, Schaaf HS, Seaworth B, Simonsson USH, Singla R, Skrahina A, Solovic I, Srivastava S, Stocker SL, Sturkenboom MGG, Svensson EM, Tadolini M, Thomas TA, Tiberi S, Trubiano J, Udwadia ZF, Verhage AR, Vu DH, Akkerman OW, Alffenaar JWC, Denholm JT. Clinical standards for the management of adverse effects during treatment for TB. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2023; 27:506-519. [PMID: 37353868 PMCID: PMC10321364 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.23.0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Adverse effects (AE) to TB treatment cause morbidity, mortality and treatment interruption. The aim of these clinical standards is to encourage best practise for the diagnosis and management of AE.METHODS: 65/81 invited experts participated in a Delphi process using a 5-point Likert scale to score draft standards.RESULTS: We identified eight clinical standards. Each person commencing treatment for TB should: Standard 1, be counselled regarding AE before and during treatment; Standard 2, be evaluated for factors that might increase AE risk with regular review to actively identify and manage these; Standard 3, when AE occur, carefully assessed and possible allergic or hypersensitivity reactions considered; Standard 4, receive appropriate care to minimise morbidity and mortality associated with AE; Standard 5, be restarted on TB drugs after a serious AE according to a standardised protocol that includes active drug safety monitoring. In addition: Standard 6, healthcare workers should be trained on AE including how to counsel people undertaking TB treatment, as well as active AE monitoring and management; Standard 7, there should be active AE monitoring and reporting for all new TB drugs and regimens; and Standard 8, knowledge gaps identified from active AE monitoring should be systematically addressed through clinical research.CONCLUSION: These standards provide a person-centred, consensus-based approach to minimise the impact of AE during TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Singh
- Department of Infectious diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Victorian Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, VIC, Australia
| | - A C C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos (LITEB), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Centis
- Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Tradate, Italy
| | - L D Ambrosio
- Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - G B Migliori
- Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Tradate, Italy
| | - S G Mpagama
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, United Republic of Tanzania, Kibong´oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Sanya Juu, Siha, Kilimanjaro, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - B C Nguyen
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, Viet Nam and University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R E Aarnoutse
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Aleksa
- Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Belarus
| | - R van Altena
- Asian Harm Reduction Network (AHRN) and Medical Action Myanmar (MAM), Yangon, Myanmar
| | - P K Bhavani
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M S Bolhuis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - S Borisov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control, Moscow, Russia
| | - N van T Boveneind-Vrubleuskaya
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands, Department of Public Health TB Control, Metropolitan Public Health Services, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - J Bruchfeld
- Departement of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stokholm, Sweden, Departement of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J A Caminero
- Department of Pneumology. University General Hospital of Gran Canaria "Dr Negrin", Las Palmas, Spain, ALOSA (Active Learning over Sanitary Aspects) TB Academy, Spain
| | - I Carvalho
- Paediatric Department, Vila Nova de Gaia Hospital Centre, Vila Nova de Gaia Outpatient Tuberculosis Centre, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - J G Cho
- Sydney Infecious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Parramatta Chest Clinic, Parramatta, NSW, Australia
| | - L Davies Forsman
- Departement of Medicine Solna, Division of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stokholm, Sweden, Departement of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M Dedicoat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - K Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, South African Medical Research Council Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - K Dooley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J Furin
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M García-García
- Tuberculosis Research Programme, SEPAR (Sociedad Española de Neumología y Cirugía Torácica), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Garcia-Prats
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A C Hesseling
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - S K Heysell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Y Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Y Kim
- Sydney Infecious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S Manga
- Tuberculosis Department Latin American Society of Thoracic Diseases, Lima, Peru
| | - B J Marais
- Sydney Infecious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, The Children´s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - I Margineanu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - A-G Märtson
- Centre of Excellence in Infectious Diseases Research, Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics and Therapeutics Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Munoz Torrico
- Clínica de Tuberculosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México City, Mexico
| | - H M Nataprawira
- Division of Paediatric Respirology, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - E Nunes
- Department of Pulmonology of Central Hospital of Maputo, Maputo, Mozambique, Faculty of Medicine of Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - C W M Ong
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Servizio di Epidemiologia Clinica delle Malattie Respiratorie, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Tradate, Italy, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - R Otto-Knapp
- German Central Committee Against Tuberculosis (DZK), Berlin, Germany
| | - D J Palmero
- Hospital Muniz and Instituto Vaccarezza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - C A Peloquin
- Infectious Disease Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A Rendon
- Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Facultad de Medicina, Neumología, CIPTIR, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - D Rossato Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - R Ruslami
- TB/HIV Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - A M I Saktiawati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - P Santoso
- Division of Respirology and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - H S Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - B Seaworth
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - U S H Simonsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - R Singla
- Department of TB & Respiratory Diseases, National Institute of TB & Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - A Skrahina
- Republican Research and Practical Centre for Pulmonology and Tuberculosis, Minsk, Belarus
| | - I Solovic
- National Institute of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Faculty of Health, Catholic University, Ružomberok, Vyšné Hágy, Slovakia
| | - S Srivastava
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas at Tyler School of Medicine, TX, USA, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - S L Stocker
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, St Vincent´s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M G G Sturkenboom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - E M Svensson
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Tadolini
- Infectious Diseases Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant´Orsola, Bologna, Italy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T A Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - S Tiberi
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - J Trubiano
- Department of Infectious diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Z F Udwadia
- P. D. Hinduja National Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - A R Verhage
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D H Vu
- National Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - O W Akkerman
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands, Tuberculosis Center Beatrixoord, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Haren, the Netherlands
| | - J W C Alffenaar
- Sydney Infecious Diseases Institute (Sydney ID), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Migliori GB, Marx FM, Ambrosino N, Zampogna E, Schaaf HS, van der Zalm MM, Allwood B, Byrne AL, Mortimer K, Wallis RS, Fox GJ, Leung CC, Chakaya JM, Seaworth B, Rachow A, Marais BJ, Furin J, Akkerman OW, Al Yaquobi F, Amaral AFS, Borisov S, Caminero JA, Carvalho ACC, Chesov D, Codecasa LR, Teixeira RC, Dalcolmo MP, Datta S, Dinh-Xuan AT, Duarte R, Evans CA, García-García JM, Günther G, Hoddinott G, Huddart S, Ivanova O, Laniado-Laborín R, Manga S, Manika K, Mariandyshev A, Mello FCQ, Mpagama SG, Muñoz-Torrico M, Nahid P, Ong CWM, Palmero DJ, Piubello A, Pontali E, Silva DR, Singla R, Spanevello A, Tiberi S, Udwadia ZF, Vitacca M, Centis R, D Ambrosio L, Sotgiu G, Lange C, Visca D. Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2021; 25:797-813. [PMID: 34615577 PMCID: PMC8504493 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.21.0425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence suggests that post-TB lung disease (PTLD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of these clinical standards is to provide guidance on the assessment and management of PTLD and the implementation of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR).METHODS: A panel of global experts in the field of TB care and PR was identified; 62 participated in a Delphi process. A 5-point Likert scale was used to score the initial ideas for standards and after several rounds of revision the document was approved (with 100% agreement).RESULTS: Five clinical standards were defined: Standard 1, to assess patients at the end of TB treatment for PTLD (with adaptation for children and specific settings/situations); Standard 2, to identify patients with PTLD for PR; Standard 3, tailoring the PR programme to patient needs and the local setting; Standard 4, to evaluate the effectiveness of PR; and Standard 5, to conduct education and counselling. Standard 6 addresses public health aspects of PTLD and outcomes due to PR.CONCLUSION: This is the first consensus-based set of Clinical Standards for PTLD. Our aim is to improve patient care and quality of life by guiding clinicians, programme managers and public health officers in planning and implementing adequate measures to assess and manage PTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Migliori
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - F M Marx
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, DSI-NRF South African Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - N Ambrosino
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Montescano (PV), Italy
| | - E Zampogna
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - H S Schaaf
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M M van der Zalm
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B Allwood
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Stellenbosch University & Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa
| | - A L Byrne
- Heart Lung Clinic St Vincent´s Hospital and Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Partners In Health (Socios En Salud Sucursal), Lima, Peru
| | - K Mortimer
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - R S Wallis
- Aurum Institute, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - G J Fox
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C C Leung
- Hong Kong Tuberculosis, Chest and Heart Diseases Association, Hong Kong
| | - J M Chakaya
- Department of Medicine, Therapeutics, Dermatology and Psychiatry, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Seaworth
- Heartland National TB Center of Excellence, San Antonio, TX, University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX, USA
| | - A Rachow
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - B J Marais
- The Children´s Hospital at Westmead and the University of Sydney WHO Collaborating Center in Tuberculosis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J Furin
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - O W Akkerman
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, department of Pulmonary diseases and Tuberculosis, Groningen, the Netherlands, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, TB center Beatrixoord, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Al Yaquobi
- TB and Acute Respiratory Diseases Section, Department of Communicable Diseases, Directorate General of Disease Surveillance and Control, Ministry of Health, Oman
| | - A F S Amaral
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - S Borisov
- Moscow Research and Clinical Center for Tuberculosis Control, Moscow Health Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - J A Caminero
- Mycobacterial Unit, Pneumology Department. University General Hospital of Gran Canaria "Dr. Negrin", Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, ALOSA TB Academy, Spain
| | - A C C Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos (LITEB), Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - D Chesov
- Department of Pneumology and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - L R Codecasa
- TB Reference Centre, Villa Marelli Institute, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - R C Teixeira
- National Institute of Respiratory Diseases and the Environment (INERAM), Asunción, Paraguay, Radboud University Medical Center, TB Expert Center Dekkerswald, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Nijmegen - Groesbeek, The Netherlands
| | - M P Dalcolmo
- Reference Center Hélio Fraga, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Ministry of Health, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S Datta
- Department of clinical sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK, Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD) Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Innovacion Por la Salud Yel Desarollo, (IPSYD) Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - A-T Dinh-Xuan
- Université de Paris, APHP Centre, Lung Function Unit, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France
| | - R Duarte
- Institute of Public Health, Porto University; Medical School, Porto University; Hospital Centre of Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Porto, Portugal
| | - C A Evans
- Innovation For Health And Development (IFHAD) Laboratory for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru, Innovacion Por la Salud Yel Desarollo, (IPSYD) Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru, Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - G Günther
- Department of Pulmonology, Inselspital Bern, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Hoddinott
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Huddart
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, UCSF Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - O Ivanova
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical Centre of the University of Munich (LMU), Munich, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Germany
| | - R Laniado-Laborín
- Clínica de Tuberculosis, Hospital General Tijuana, Universidad Autónoma De Baja California, Mexico
| | - S Manga
- Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), Operational Center, Paris, France
| | - K Manika
- Pulmonary Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, "G. Papanikolaou" Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Mariandyshev
- Northern State Medical University, Northern Arctic Federal University, Arkhangelsk, Russian Federation
| | - F C Q Mello
- Thoracic Diseases Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - S G Mpagama
- Kibong´oto Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - M Muñoz-Torrico
- Tuberculosis Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City
| | - P Nahid
- UCSF Center for Tuberculosis, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, UCSF Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C W M Ong
- Infectious Disease Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, National University of Singapore Institute for Health Innovation & Technology (iHealthtech), Singapore
| | - D J Palmero
- Pulmonology Division, Municipal Hospital F.J. Muñiz and Instituto Vaccarezza, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - E Pontali
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - D R Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Singla
- Department of TB and Respiratory Diseases, National Institute of Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases, New Delhi, India
| | - A Spanevello
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Tradate, Varese-Como, Italy
| | - S Tiberi
- Department of Infection, Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Z F Udwadia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hinduja Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, India
| | - M Vitacca
- Respiratory Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Lumezzane (BS), Italy
| | - R Centis
- Respiratory Diseases Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Tradate, Italy
| | - L D Ambrosio
- Public Health Consulting Group, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - G Sotgiu
- Clinical Epidemiology and Medical Statistics Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - C Lange
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Clinical Tuberculosis Unit, Borstel, Germany, Respiratory Medicine and International Health, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - D Visca
- Division of Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, IRCCS, Tradate, Italy, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Respiratory Diseases, University of Insubria, Tradate, Varese-Como, Italy
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