Meta-analysis of citrus-derived additives on chicken meat quality and safety: a comprehensive evaluation of acceptability, physicochemical properties, and microbial contamination

Citrus represents a valuable repository of antioxidant substances that possess the potential for the preservation of meat quality. This meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively assess the impact of citrus additives on the quality and safety of chicken meat. Adhering to the PRISMA protocol, we initially identified 103 relevant studies, from which 20 articles meeting specific criteria were selected for database construction. Through the amalgamation of diverse individual studies, this research provides a comprehensive overview of chicken meat quality and safety, with a specific focus on the influence of citrus-derived additives. Minimal alterations were observed in the nutritional quality of chicken meat concerning storage temperature and duration. The findings demonstrated a significant reduction in aerobic bacterial levels, with Citrus aurantiifolia exhibiting the highest efficacy (P < 0.01). Both extracted and nonextracted citrus components, applied through coating, curing, and marinating, effectively mitigated bacterial contamination. Notably, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations were significantly reduced, particularly with Citrus hystrix (P < 0.01). Total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), an indicator of protein degradation, exhibited a decrease, with citrus extract displaying enhanced efficacy (P < 0.01). Chemical composition changes were marginal, except for a protein increase after storage (P < 0.01). Hedonic testing revealed varied preferences, indicating improvements in flavor, juiciness, and overall acceptability after storage (P < 0.01). The study underscores the effectiveness of citrus additives in preserving chicken meat quality, highlighting their antibacterial and antioxidant properties, despite some observed alterations in texture and chemical composition. Citrus additives have been proven successful in 1) mitigating adverse effects on chicken meat during storage, especially with Citrus hystrix exhibiting potent antimicrobial properties, and 2) enhancing the hedonic quality of chicken meat. This research strongly advocates for the application of citrus additives to uphold the quality and safety of chicken meat.

Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNFs) as Adsorbents of Heavy Metal Ions

The isolation of nanocellulose has been extensively investigated due to the growing demand for sustainable green materials. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), which have the same chemical composition but have different morphology, particle size, crystallinity, and other properties depending on the precursor and the synthesis method used. In comparison, CNC particles have a short rod-like shape and have smaller particle dimensions when compared to CNF particles in the form of fibers. CNC synthesis was carried out chemically (hydrolysis method), and CNF synthesis was carried out mechanically (homogenization, ball milling, and grinding), and both can be modified because they have a large surface area and are rich in hydroxyl groups. Modifications were made to increase the adsorption ability of heavy metal ions. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric (TG), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) can reveal the characteristics and morphology of CNCs and CNFs. The success and effectiveness of the heavy metal adsorption process are influenced by a few factors. These factors include adsorbent chemical structure changes, adsorbent surface area, the availability of active sites on the adsorbent’s surface, adsorption constants, heavy metal ionic size differences, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and contact time during the adsorption process. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of CNCs and CNFs synthesized from various precursors and methods, the modification methods, and the application of CNCs and CNFs as heavy metal ion adsorbents, which includes suitable isotherm and kinetics models and the effect of pH on the selectivity of various types of heavy metal ions.

A meta-analysis of the effects of clay mineral supplementation on alkaline phosphatase, broiler health, and performance

The crucial constraint in the broiler production sector is feed efficiency; many feed additives have been widely employed to increase broiler growth. Nonetheless, some of these substances exacerbate health and animal-based food product safety concerns. This meta-analysis examines the effect of clay minerals on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), broiler health, and performance. Metadata was constructed from 369 data items that were harvested from 86 studies. The addition of clay minerals was set as a fixed effect and the difference between experiments was established as a random effect. The metadata were fitted using a linear mixed model. Due to the presence of clay minerals, growth performance as assessed by body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and performance efficiency index (PEI) increased significantly (P < 0.01). In the total period, the increases of BW, ADG, and PEI were 4.12 g, 0.0714 g/d, and 0.648, respectively, per unit of clay minerals added. Clay minerals did not affect blood serum parameters (e.g., ALP and calcium). The IgA and IgM concentrations in the jejunum and ileum were significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the starter phase. Among clay minerals, broilers fed diets with aluminosilicate, halloysite, kaolin, and zeolite consistently exhibited higher (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, PEI, and lower feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the finisher phase. Aluminosilicate was the only clay that increased (P < 0.05) secretory IgA concentration in both jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, clay minerals could be used as a growth promoter, especially during the finisher phase, without adversely affecting feed intake, liver function, and mineral metabolism in broiler chickens. Aluminosilicate was superior in improving the mucosal immunity status of broiler chickens.

The Performance and Characterization of Polymeric Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) Containing 2-Nitro Phenyl Octyl Ether as Plasticizer on Phosphate Transport

Polymer Inclusion Membranes (PIMs) have been fabricated for diffusive passive sample layers. A study of various concentrations of plasticizers and characterization of PIM performance on phosphate transport has been carried out. The composition of PIM consisted of cellulose triacetate (CTA) as the base polymer, Aliquot 336-Cl as a carrier, and 2-Nitro phenyl octyl ether (2-NPOE) as a plasticizer. The plasticizer concentration varied between 0 and 10% (w/w). The performance of PIM on phosphate transport was studied with a passive sampler filled with 15 mL 0.1 M NaCl as the internal phase. The passive samplers were deployed into the bulk phase of a phosphate solution of 0.6 mg/L for 0-48 hours. The phosphate concentration in the passive sampler was determined using the visible spectrophotometry method at 691 nm (in the bulk phase) and 710 nm (in the internal phase). PIMs were characterized for stress-strain, contact angle, surface morphology, and cross-section. The sampling rate of phosphate, phosphate time-weighted concentration (CTWA), and accuracy of phosphate measurement was also determined. The results showed that PIM A (0% w/w 2-NPOE) resulted in a sampling rate of 0.0005±0.0002 (L/hour), CTWA 0.09 mg/L, and an accuracy of 28.38%. PIMs B (10% w/w 2-NPOE) resulted in a sampling rate of 0.0003±0.0001 (L/hour), CTWA 0.18 mg/L, and an accuracy of 52.15%. PIMs A and B have a contact angle of 17.02⁰ and 18.71⁰, respectively. It means that these PIMs are hydrophilic membranes. In addition, PIMs B was more elastic than PIMs A, showed by the tensile strength of PIMs B was 31.05 MPa compared with PIMs A's tensile strength (29.01 MPa). PIMs A and B have no pores, as shown by surface morphology using SEM. However, based on the cross-section area, PIMs A showed a break section instead of PIMs B, which indicates that PIMs B is more elastic than PIMs A.

Adsorpsi Pb2+ dan Cu2+ Menggunakan Kitosan-Silika dari Abu Sekam Padi

Abstrak Silika dari abu sekam padi yang dimodifikasi dengan kitosan menghasilkan suatu adsorben yang dapat meningkatkan daya adsorpsi terhadap ion logam. Adsorben kitisan – silika dari abu sekam padi dibuat dengan komposisi 100, 95, 85, 75 dan 65 %  silika dalam kitosan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan jumlah kitosan dapat meningkatkan nilai kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) adsorben. Adsorben terbaik dihasilkan pada % silika 65% dengan KTK 0,45 mekiv H+/g adsorben. Adsorbent tersebut mempunyai daya adsorpsi terhadap Pb2+ sebesar 11,8 mg/g adsorben dan 0,3 mg/g adsorben terhadap Cu2+.   Kata kunci : adsorpsi, abu sekam padi, kapasitas tukar kation, kitosan   Abstract Modification of silica from rice husk ash with chitosan resulted a high capacity adsorbant. The composition of silica from rice husk ash in adsorbent are 100, 95, 85, 75, and 65% in chitosan. The result of researsh show that the chitosan increasing cation exchange capasity (CEC) of adsorbent. The best adsorbent is 65% silica with CEC 0,45 mekiv H+/g adsorbent. The adsorbent has ability to adsorb Pb2+ is 11,8 mg/g adsorben and 0,3 mg/g adsorben to Cu2+.   Keywords : adsorption, rice ash husk, cation exchange capacity, chitosan