A meta-analysis of the effects of clay mineral supplementation on alkaline phosphatase, broiler health, and performance

The crucial constraint in the broiler production sector is feed efficiency; many feed additives have been widely employed to increase broiler growth. Nonetheless, some of these substances exacerbate health and animal-based food product safety concerns. This meta-analysis examines the effect of clay minerals on alkaline phosphatase (ALP), broiler health, and performance. Metadata was constructed from 369 data items that were harvested from 86 studies. The addition of clay minerals was set as a fixed effect and the difference between experiments was established as a random effect. The metadata were fitted using a linear mixed model. Due to the presence of clay minerals, growth performance as assessed by body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and performance efficiency index (PEI) increased significantly (P < 0.01). In the total period, the increases of BW, ADG, and PEI were 4.12 g, 0.0714 g/d, and 0.648, respectively, per unit of clay minerals added. Clay minerals did not affect blood serum parameters (e.g., ALP and calcium). The IgA and IgM concentrations in the jejunum and ileum were significantly greater (P < 0.01) in the starter phase. Among clay minerals, broilers fed diets with aluminosilicate, halloysite, kaolin, and zeolite consistently exhibited higher (P < 0.05) BW, ADG, PEI, and lower feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) in the finisher phase. Aluminosilicate was the only clay that increased (P < 0.05) secretory IgA concentration in both jejunum and ileum. In conclusion, clay minerals could be used as a growth promoter, especially during the finisher phase, without adversely affecting feed intake, liver function, and mineral metabolism in broiler chickens. Aluminosilicate was superior in improving the mucosal immunity status of broiler chickens.

VIRULENSI EMPAT ISOLAT CHILLI VEINAL MOTTLE POTYVIRUS PADA TANAMAN CABAI (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)

Infection of  Chilli veinal mottle potyvirus (ChiVMV) has been reported from chilli pepper growing area in Indonesia.  Field observation showed wide variation of symptom development starting from mild mottle to severe mottle and vein banding.  A research was conducted to study the difference of  isolates of ChiVMV collected from West Java (Cikabayan), Central Java (Karadenan), South Kalimantan (Nusa Indah), and West Sumatera (Tanah Datar) based on their response on 10 genotypes of chilli peppers i.e. Jatilaba, Helem, VC246, Keriting Bogor, PBC485, Titisuper, Beauty Bell, Gelora, IPBC Tanjung, and Keriting Sumatera.  Each isolates of ChiVMV was mechanically inoculated to each chilli pepper genotype, and observation was conducted every day to record incubation period, symptoms type, and disease incidence.  Cikabayan and Nusa Indah isolates were able to infect all chilli pepper genotypes with the shortest incubation period of 3 days in “Tistsuper” and “Beauty Bell” genotypes; whereas Karadenan and Tanah Datar isolates only infected 4 and 6 chilli pepper genotypes, respectively.  Although the 4 isolates of ChiVMV showed differences in their host range, but most of them developed similar symptoms ranging from mottle, vein banding, leaf cupping, and malformation. Based on the host response, ChiVMV isolates from Cikabayan and Nusa Indah were considered more virulent than the isolates from Karadenan and Tanah Datar.