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Gimenez-Asensio MJ, Hernandez AF, Romero-Molina D, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Pérez-Luzardo O, Henríquez-Hernández LA, Boada LD, García-Cortés H, Lopez-Flores I, Sanchez-Piedra MD, Aguilar-Garduño C, Lacasaña M. Effect of prenatal exposure to organophosphates and pyrethroid pesticides on neonatal anthropometric measures and gestational age. Environ Res 2023:116410. [PMID: 37315756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have examined the association between prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides and their impact on foetal growth and newborn anthropometry; however, the available evidence is limited and inconclusive. This study examined whether prenatal organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide exposure was associated with anthropometric measures at birth (weight, length, head circumference), ponderal index, gestational age, and prematurity in 537 mother-child pairs. These were randomly selected from the 800 pairs participating in the prospective birth cohort GENEIDA (Genetics, early life environmental exposures and infant development in Andalusia). Six non-specific organophosphate metabolites (dialkylphosphates, DAPs), one metabolite relatively specific to chlorpyrifos (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol, TCPy) and a common metabolite to several pyrethroids (3-phenoxybenzoic acid, 3-PBA) were measured in maternal urine from the 1st and 3rd pregnancy trimesters. Information on anthropometric measures at birth, gestational age and prematurity was retrieved from medical records. The sum on a molar basis of DAPs with methyl (ƩDMs) and ethyl (ƩDEs) moieties and the sum of the 6 DAPs metabolites (ƩDAPs) was calculated for both trimesters of pregnancy. High urinary levels of dimethyl phosphate (DMP) during the 3rd trimester were associated with a decrease in birth weight (β = -0.24; 95% CI: 0.41; -0.06) and birth length (β = -0.20; 95% CI: 0.41; 0.02). Likewise, ΣDMs during 3rd trimester were near-significantly associated with decreased birth weight (β = -0.18; 95% CI: 0.37; 0.01). In turn, increased urinary TCPy during 1st trimester was associated with a decreased head circumference (β = -0.31; 95% CI: 0.57; -0.06). Finally, an increase in 3-PBA in the 1st trimester was associated with a decreased gestational age (β = -0.36 95% CI: 0.65-0.08), whereas increased 3-PBA at 1st and 3rd trimester was associated with prematurity. These results indicate that prenatal exposure to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides could affect normal foetal growth, shorten gestational age and alter anthropometric measures at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Gimenez-Asensio
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Fundación para La Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental (FIBAO), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio F Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Department of Legal Medicine and Toxicology, University of Granada School of Medicine, Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Desire Romero-Molina
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Statistics and Operations Research Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez-Alzaga
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Fundación para La Investigación Biosanitaria de Andalucía Oriental (FIBAO), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Octavio Pérez-Luzardo
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Alberto Henríquez-Hernández
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis D Boada
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena García-Cortés
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | | | - Marina Lacasaña
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs.GRANADA. Granada, Spain; CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Andalusian Health and Environment Observatory (OSMAN), Granada, Spain.
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2
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Fernandez-Jimenez N, Fore R, Cilleros-Portet A, Lepeule J, Perron P, Kvist T, Tian FY, Lesseur C, Binder AM, Lozano M, Martorell-Marugán J, Loke YJ, Bakulski KM, Zhu Y, Forhan A, Sammallahti S, Everson TM, Chen J, Michels KB, Belmonte T, Carmona-Sáez P, Halliday J, Daniele Fallin M, LaSalle JM, Tost J, Czamara D, Fernández MF, Gómez-Martín A, Craig JM, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Schmidt RJ, Dou JF, Muggli E, Lacasaña M, Vrijheid M, Marsit CJ, Karagas MR, Räikkönen K, Bouchard L, Heude B, Santa-Marina L, Bustamante M, Hivert MF, Bilbao JR. A meta-analysis of pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index and placental DNA methylation identifies 27 CpG sites with implications for mother-child health. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1313. [PMID: 36446949 PMCID: PMC9709064 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04267-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (ppBMI) is associated with increased neonatal morbidity, as well as with pregnancy complications and metabolic outcomes in offspring later in life. The placenta is a key organ in fetal development and has been proposed to act as a mediator between the mother and different health outcomes in children. The overall aim of the present work is to investigate the association of ppBMI with epigenome-wide placental DNA methylation (DNAm) in 10 studies from the PACE consortium, amounting to 2631 mother-child pairs. We identify 27 CpG sites at which we observe placental DNAm variations of up to 2.0% per 10 ppBMI-unit. The CpGs that are differentially methylated in placenta do not overlap with CpGs identified in previous studies in cord blood DNAm related to ppBMI. Many of the identified CpGs are located in open sea regions, are often close to obesity-related genes such as GPX1 and LGR4 and altogether, are enriched in cancer and oxidative stress pathways. Our findings suggest that placental DNAm could be one of the mechanisms by which maternal obesity is associated with metabolic health outcomes in newborns and children, although further studies will be needed in order to corroborate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Fernandez-Jimenez
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country Spain
| | - Ruby Fore
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ariadna Cilleros-Portet
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country Spain
| | - Johanna Lepeule
- grid.418110.d0000 0004 0642 0153University Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CNRS, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, IAB, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Perron
- grid.411172.00000 0001 0081 2808Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Tuomas Kvist
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fu-Ying Tian
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Corina Lesseur
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Alexandra M. Binder
- grid.410445.00000 0001 2188 0957Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Manuel Lozano
- grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XEpidemiology and Environmental Health Joint Research Unit, FISABIO-Universitat Jaume I-Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain ,grid.5338.d0000 0001 2173 938XPreventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Sciences, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jordi Martorell-Marugán
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ,grid.4489.10000000121678994Bioinformatics Unit. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Yuk J. Loke
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Kelly M. Bakulski
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Yihui Zhu
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, MIND Institute, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Anne Forhan
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Sara Sammallahti
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Todd M. Everson
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jia Chen
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Karin B. Michels
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.5963.9Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thalia Belmonte
- grid.411342.10000 0004 1771 1175Health Research Institute of Asturias, ISPA and Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INiBICA), Research Unit, Puerta del Mar University Hospital, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pedro Carmona-Sáez
- grid.4489.10000000121678994Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain ,grid.4489.10000000121678994Bioinformatics Unit. GENYO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer, University of Granada, Andalusian Regional Government, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jane Halliday
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - M. Daniele Fallin
- grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Janine M. LaSalle
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, MIND Institute, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Jorg Tost
- grid.418135.a0000 0004 0641 3404Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humaine, CEA-Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Evry, France
| | - Darina Czamara
- grid.419548.50000 0000 9497 5095Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariana F. Fernández
- grid.4489.10000000121678994University of Granada, Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), Granada, Spain ,grid.507088.2Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gómez-Martín
- grid.507088.2Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain ,grid.413740.50000 0001 2186 2871Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
| | - Jeffrey M. Craig
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, IMPACT – the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Beatriz Gonzalez-Alzaga
- grid.507088.2Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain ,grid.413740.50000 0001 2186 2871Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
| | - Rebecca J. Schmidt
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Public Health Sciences and the MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA USA
| | - John F. Dou
- grid.214458.e0000000086837370Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Evelyne Muggli
- grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- grid.507088.2Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain ,grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.413740.50000 0001 2186 2871Andalusian School of Public Health (EASP), Granada, Spain
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen J. Marsit
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public health at Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Margaret R. Karagas
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada
| | - Katri Räikkönen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Luigi Bouchard
- grid.86715.3d0000 0000 9064 6198Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC Canada ,grid.459278.50000 0004 4910 4652Department of Laboratory Medicine, CIUSSS du Saguenay–Lac-St-Jean – Hôpital Universitaire de Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC Canada
| | - Barbara Heude
- grid.508487.60000 0004 7885 7602Université de Paris, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Statistics (CRESS), INSERM, INRAE, Paris, France
| | - Loreto Santa-Marina
- grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.432380.eBiodonostia, Epidemiology and Public Health Area, Environmental Epidemiology and Child Development Group, 20014 San Sebastian, Basque Country Spain ,Health Department of Basque Government, Sub-directorate of Public Health of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Basque Country Spain
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- grid.466571.70000 0004 1756 6246CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain ,grid.434607.20000 0004 1763 3517ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.5612.00000 0001 2172 2676Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie-France Hivert
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA USA ,grid.411172.00000 0001 0081 2808Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, QC Canada ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jose Ramon Bilbao
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Biocruces-Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Leioa, Basque Country Spain ,grid.512890.7CIBER of diabetes and associated metabolic disorders (CIBERDEM), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Henríquez-Hernández LA, Romero D, González-Antuña A, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Zumbado M, Boada LD, Hernández AF, López-Flores I, Luzardo OP, Lacasaña M. Biomonitoring of 45 inorganic elements measured in plasma from Spanish subjects: A cross-sectional study in Andalusian population. Sci Total Environ 2020; 706:135750. [PMID: 31841855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and other toxic elements are frequently detected in humans. Rare earth elements (REE) have arisen as a novel group of substances considered as emerging pollutants due to its dependence for high tech industry. We designed a study aimed to conduct the biomonitoring a total of 45 inorganic elements in the population of Andalusia (Spain). A total of 419 participants were recruited and their plasma samples analyzed. Concentration of elements, including elements in the ATSDR's priority pollutant list and REE were measured by ICP-MS in the blood plasma of participants. Arsenic, copper, lead, selenium, antimony, strontium, and bismuth were detected in ˃98% of subjects. Median values of arsenic, mercury and lead were 1.49, 1.46, and 5.86 ng/mL, respectively. These concentrations did not exceed reference values published by international agencies. We observed a positive correlation between age and plasma concentrations of arsenic, mercury, antimony and strontium. Sum of elements was lower in the group of subjects younger than 45 years old (P = 0.002). Positive correlations were observed between body mass index (BMI) and plasma concentrations of barium, cerium, osmium, tin, and ytterbium. 7 out of 26 REEs showed a percentage of detection ≥ 90%. Bismuth, yttrium, and cerium were quantified at the highest concentrations (median value = 7.7, 0.19, and 0.16 ng/mL, respectively). We found that plasma levels of 6 REEs were higher among males, and a positive correlation between REEs and age was detected. The present results suggest a potential interaction with the human physiology that deserves additional research. Given the high persistence of these elements in the environment, and the significant technological dependence on them, future studies are needed to elucidate the potential sources of exposure and possible adverse effects on health, especially in the most vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Henríquez-Hernández
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - D Romero
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - A González-Antuña
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - B Gonzalez-Alzaga
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain
| | - M Zumbado
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - L D Boada
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain
| | - A F Hernández
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - I López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - O P Luzardo
- Toxicology Unit, Clinical Sciences Department, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Paseo Blas Cabrera s/n, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain; Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Spain.
| | - M Lacasaña
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
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