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Egleston BD, Greenaway RL. Liquids with Permanent Macroporosity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308150. [PMID: 37493063 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Permanent macropores (>50 nm) had not been reported in the liquid state until a recent report by Tao Li and co-workers describing a synthetic strategy to form a porous liquid with dual micro-macroporosity. This is prepared by producing hierarchically porous particles that are surface coated and fluidised by dispersion. Surface micropores enable permanent porosity by steric exclusion of the fluid phase. The material has a considerable water uptake capacity (27 % w/w) due to large (480 nm) unoccupied macropores. This also enables switching of thermal conductivity on uptake of water. These are new properties translated from porous solids to the liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Egleston
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, London, UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, W12 0BZ, London, UK
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Abstract
The development of microporosity in the liquid state is leading to an inherent change in the way we approach applications of functional porosity, potentially allowing access to new processes by exploiting the fluidity of these new materials. By engineering permanent porosity into a liquid, over the transient intermolecular porosity in all liquids, it is possible to design and form a porous liquid. Since the concept was proposed in 2007, and the first examples realised in 2015, the field has seen rapid advances among the types and numbers of porous liquids developed, our understanding of the structure and properties, as well as improvements in gas uptake and molecular separations. However, despite these recent advances, the field is still young, and with only a few applications reported to date, the potential that porous liquids have to transform the field of microporous materials remains largely untapped. In this review, we will explore the theory and conception of porous liquids and cover major advances in the area, key experimental characterisation techniques and computational approaches that have been employed to understand these systems, and summarise the investigated applications of porous liquids that have been presented to date. We also outline an emerging discovery workflow with recommendations for the characterisation required at each stage to both confirm permanent porosity and fully understand the physical properties of the porous liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Egleston
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Austin Mroz
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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Egleston BD, Brand MC, Greenwell F, Briggs ME, James SL, Cooper AI, Crawford DE, Greenaway RL. Continuous and scalable synthesis of a porous organic cage by twin screw extrusion (TSE). Chem Sci 2020; 11:6582-6589. [PMID: 32874520 PMCID: PMC7448373 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous and scalable synthesis of a porous organic cage (CC3), obtained through a 10-component imine polycondensation between triformylbenzene and a vicinal diamine, was achieved using twin screw extrusion (TSE). Compared to both batch and flow syntheses, the use of TSE enabled the large scale synthesis of CC3 using minimal solvent and in short reaction times, with liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) also promoting window-to-window crystal packing to form a 3-D diamondoid pore network in the solid state. A new kinetically trapped [3+5] product was also observed alongside the formation of the targeted [4+6] cage species. Post-synthetic purification by Soxhlet extraction of the as-extruded 'technical grade' mixture of CC3 and [3+5] species rendered the material porous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Egleston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Michael C Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Francesca Greenwell
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Michael E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Stuart L James
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Queen's University Belfast , 39-123 Stranmillis Road , Belfast , Northern Ireland BT9 5AG , UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK
| | - Deborah E Crawford
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences , University of Bradford , Richmond Road , Bradford , BD7 1DP , UK .
| | - Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory , University of Liverpool , 51 Oxford Street , Liverpool , L7 3NY , UK.,Department of Chemistry , Imperial College London , White City Campus, Wood Lane , London , W12 0BZ , UK .
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Egleston BD, Luzyanin KV, Brand MC, Clowes R, Briggs ME, Greenaway RL, Cooper AI. Controlling Gas Selectivity in Molecular Porous Liquids by Tuning the Cage Window Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Egleston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Michael C. Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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Egleston BD, Luzyanin KV, Brand MC, Clowes R, Briggs ME, Greenaway RL, Cooper AI. Controlling Gas Selectivity in Molecular Porous Liquids by Tuning the Cage Window Size. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:7362-7366. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Egleston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | | | - Michael C. Brand
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rob Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
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