1
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Ayme JF, Bruchmann B, Karmazin L, Kyritsakas N. Transient self-assembly of metal-organic complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1244-1251. [PMID: 36756320 PMCID: PMC9891378 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06374c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Implementing transient processes in networks of dynamic molecules holds great promise for developing new functional behaviours. Here we report that trichloroacetic acid can be used to temporarily rearrange networks of dynamic imine-based metal complexes towards new equilibrium states, forcing them to express complexes otherwise unfavourable in their initial equilibrium states. Basic design principles were determined for the creation of such networks. Where a complex distribution of products was obtained in the initial equilibrium state of the system, the transient rearrangement temporarily yielded a simplified output, forcing a more structured distribution of products. Where a single complex was obtained in the initial equilibrium state of the system, the transient rearrangement temporarily modified the properties of this complex. By doing so, the mechanical properties of an helical macrocyclic complex could be temporarily altered by rearranging it into a [2]catenane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- BASF SE, Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) Carl-Bosch Str. 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE, Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) Carl-Bosch Str. 38 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg1 rue Blaise Pascal67008 StrasbourgFrance
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg1 rue Blaise Pascal67008 StrasbourgFrance
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2
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Eger CJ, Horstmann M, Poppinga S, Sachse R, Thierer R, Nestle N, Bruchmann B, Speck T, Bischoff M, Rühe J. The Structural and Mechanical Basis for Passive-Hydraulic Pine Cone Actuation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200458. [PMID: 35567337 PMCID: PMC9284161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The opening and closing of pine cones is based on the hygroscopic behavior of the individual seed scales around the cone axis, which bend passively in response to changes in environmental humidity. Although prior studies suggest a bilayer architecture consisting of lower actuating (swellable) sclereid and upper restrictive (non- or lesser swellable) sclerenchymatous fiber tissue layers to be the structural basis of this behavior, the exact mechanism of how humidity changes are translated into global movement are still unclear. Here, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of each structural component of the scale are investigated to get a holistic picture of their functional interplay. Measurements of the wetting behavior, water uptake, and mechanical measurements are used to analyze the influence of hydration on the different tissues of the cone scales. Furthermore, their dimensional changes during actuation are measured by comparative micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) investigations of dry and wet scales, which are corroborated and extended by 3D-digital image correlation-based displacement and strain analyses, biomechanical testing of actuation force, and finite element simulations. Altogether, a model allowing a detailed mechanistic understanding of pine cone actuation is developed, which is a prime concept generator for the development of biomimetic hygromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Eger
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Present address:
Department of Animal EcologyEvolution and BiodiversityRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Department of BiologyTechnical University of DarmstadtBotanical GardenSchnittspahnstraße 2Darmstadt64287Germany
| | - Renate Sachse
- TUM School of Engineering and DesignDepartment of Engineering Physics and ComputationTechnical University of MunichBoltzmannstraße 15Garching b. München85748Germany
| | - Rebecca Thierer
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
| | - Manfred Bischoff
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
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3
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Müllers S, Florea-Hüring M, von Vacano B, Bruchmann B, Rühe J. Hairy surfaces by cold drawing leading to dense lawns of high aspect ratio hairs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9952. [PMID: 35705571 PMCID: PMC9200784 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13419-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The surfaces of many organisms are covered with hairs, which are essential for their survival in a complex environment. The generation of artificial hairy surfaces from polymer materials has proven to be challenging as it requires the generation of structures with very high aspect ratios (AR). We report on a technique for the fabrication of surfaces covered with dense layers of very high AR nanoscale polymer hairs. To this, templates having pores with diameters of several hundred nanometers are filled with a polymer melt by capillary action. The polymer is then allowed to cool and the template is mechanically removed. Depending on the conditions employed, the formed structures can be a simple replica of the pore, or the polymer is deformed very strongly by cold drawing to yield in long hairs, with hair densities significantly up to 6,6 × 108 hairs/cm2 at AR of much higher than 200. The mechanism of hair formation is attributed to a delicate balance between the adhesion forces of the polymer in the pore and the yield force acting on it during mechanically demolding. We demonstrate how with very little effort and within a timescale of seconds unique topographies can be obtained, which can dramatically tailor the wetting properties of common polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Müllers
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mara Florea-Hüring
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard von Vacano
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 103, 79110, Freiburg, Germany. .,livMatS@Freiburg Institute for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110, Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Poppinga S, Schenck P, Speck O, Speck T, Bruchmann B, Masselter T. Self-Actuated Paper and Wood Models: Low-Cost Handcrafted Biomimetic Compliant Systems for Research and Teaching. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:biomimetics6030042. [PMID: 34206585 PMCID: PMC8293091 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abstraction and implementation of plant movement principles into biomimetic compliant systems are of increasing interest for technical applications, e.g., in architecture, medicine, and soft robotics. Within the respective research and development approaches, advanced methods such as 4D printing or 3D-braiding pultrusion are typically used to generate proof-of-concept demonstrators at the laboratory or demonstrator scale. However, such techniques are generally time-consuming, complicated, and cost-intensive, which often impede the rapid realization of a sufficient number of demonstrators for testing or teaching. Therefore, we have produced comparable simple handcrafted compliant systems based on paper, wood, plastic foil, and/or glue as construction materials. A variety of complex plant movement principles have been transferred into these low-cost physical demonstrators, which are self-actuated by shrinking processes induced by the anisotropic hygroscopic properties of wood or paper. The developed systems have a high potential for fast, precise, and low-cost abstraction and transfer processes in biomimetic approaches and for the "hands-on understanding" of plant movements in applied university and school courses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (P.S.); (O.S.); (T.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (T.M.)
| | - Pablo Schenck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (P.S.); (O.S.); (T.S.)
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (P.S.); (O.S.); (T.S.)
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (P.S.); (O.S.); (T.S.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT—Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials and Systems Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany;
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group @ Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (P.S.); (O.S.); (T.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.P.); (T.M.)
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5
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Rowlett JR, Deglmann P, Sprafke J, Roy N, Mülhaupt R, Bruchmann B. Small-Molecule Investigation of Diels-Alder Complexes for Thermoreversible Crosslinking in Polymeric Applications. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8933-8944. [PMID: 34153187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of dienes and dienophiles were examined in order to elicit possible combinations for thermoreversible crosslinking units. Comparison of experimental results and quantum calculations indicated that reaction kinetics and activation energy were much better prediction factors than change in enthalpy for the prediction of successful cycloaddition. Further testing on diene-dienophile pairs that underwent successful cycloaddition determined the feasibility of thermoreversibility/retro-reaction of each of the Diels-Alder compounds. Heating and testing of the compounds in the presence of a trapping agent allowed for experimental determination of reverse kinetics and activation energy for the retro-reaction. The experimental values were in good agreement with quantum calculations. The combination of chemical calculations with experimental results provided a strong insight into the structure-property relationships and how quantum calculations can be used to examine the feasibility of the thermoreversibility of new Diels-Alder complexes in potential polymer systems or to fine-tune thermoreversible Diels-Alder systems already in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett R Rowlett
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Johannes Sprafke
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Nabarun Roy
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstr 60, D-49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.,Advanced Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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6
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Buchheit H, Bruchmann B, Stoll K, Mülhaupt R. Functionalized acrylic polyhydroxy urethanes as molecular tool box for photocurable thermosets and
3D
printing. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Buchheit
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg, Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 21 and 31 Freiburg Germany
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Klaus Stoll
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
- BASF New Business GmbH Benckiserplatz 1 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry University of Freiburg, Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 21 and 31 Freiburg Germany
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS) BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen Germany
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7
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Poppinga S, Correa D, Bruchmann B, Menges A, Speck T. Corrigendum to: Plant movements as concept generators for the development of biomimetic compliant mechanisms. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:1569. [PMID: 33180908 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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8
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Stolz B, Mönkemeyer F, Mader M, Schmidt S, Volk L, Steinberg T, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Polyhydroxymethylenes as Multifunctional High Molecular Weight Sugar Alcohols Tailored for 3D Printing and Medical Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202070035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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9
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Stolz B, Mönkemeyer F, Mader M, Schmidt S, Volk L, Steinberg T, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Polyhydroxymethylenes as Multifunctional High Molecular Weight Sugar Alcohols Tailored for 3D Printing and Medical Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stolz
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) of the Albert‐Ludwigs University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier Strasse 21 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 31 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
| | - Florian Mönkemeyer
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) of the Albert‐Ludwigs University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier Strasse 21 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 31 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
| | - Markus Mader
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) of the Albert‐Ludwigs University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier Strasse 21 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 31 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
| | - Stanislaus Schmidt
- JONAS ‐ Joint Research on Advanced Materials and SystemsAdvanced Materials and Systems Research BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen D‐67056 Germany
| | - Lukas Volk
- University Medical Center FreiburgCenter for Dental Medicine Division of Oral BiotechnologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Hugstetter Strasse 55 Freiburg 79106 Germany
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg Schaenzlestr. 1 Freiburg 79104 Germany
| | - Thorsten Steinberg
- University Medical Center FreiburgCenter for Dental Medicine Division of Oral BiotechnologyFaculty of MedicineUniversity of Freiburg Hugstetter Strasse 55 Freiburg 79106 Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- JONAS ‐ Joint Research on Advanced Materials and SystemsAdvanced Materials and Systems Research BASF SE, Carl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38 Ludwigshafen D‐67056 Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) of the Albert‐Ludwigs University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier Strasse 21 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry of the Albert‐Ludwigs‐University Freiburg Stefan‐Meier‐Strasse 31 Freiburg D‐79104 Germany
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10
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Poppinga S, Correa D, Bruchmann B, Menges A, Speck T. Plant Movements as Concept Generators for the Development of Biomimetic Compliant Mechanisms. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:886-895. [PMID: 32396604 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant movements are of increasing interest for biomimetic approaches where hinge-free compliant mechanisms (flexible structures) for applications, for example, in architecture, soft robotics, and medicine are developed. In this article, we first concisely summarize the knowledge on plant movement principles and show how the different modes of actuation, that is, the driving forces of motion, can be used in biomimetic approaches for the development of motile technical systems. We then emphasize on current developments and breakthroughs in the field, that is, the technical implementation of plant movement principles through additive manufacturing, the development of structures capable of tracking movements (tropisms), and the development of structures that can perform multiple movement steps. Regarding the additive manufacturing section, we present original results on the successful transfer of several plant movement principles into 3D printed hygroscopic shape-changing structures ("4D printing"). The resulting systems include edge growth-driven actuation (as known from the petals of the lily flower), bending scale-like structures with functional bilayer setups (inspired from pinecones), modular aperture architectures (as can be similarly seen in moss peristomes), snap-through elastic instability actuation (as known from Venus flytrap snap-traps), and origami-like curved-folding kinematic amplification (inspired by the carnivorous waterwheel plant). Our novel biomimetic compliant mechanisms highlight the feasibility of modern printing techniques for designing and developing versatile tailored motion responses for technical applications. We then focus on persisting challenges in the field, that is, how to speed-boost intrinsically slow hydraulically actuated structures and how to achieve functional resilience and robustness, before we propose the establishment of a motion design catalog in the conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - David Correa
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.,School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Correa D, Poppinga S, Mylo MD, Westermeier AS, Bruchmann B, Menges A, Speck T. 4D pine scale: biomimetic 4D printed autonomous scale and flap structures capable of multi-phase movement. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20190445. [PMID: 32008450 PMCID: PMC7015286 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We developed biomimetic hygro-responsive composite polymer scales inspired by the reversible shape-changes of Bhutan pine (Pinus wallichiana) cone seed scales. The synthetic kinematic response is made possible through novel four-dimensional (4D) printing techniques with anisotropic material use, namely copolymers with embedded cellulose fibrils and ABS polymer. Multi-phase motion like the subsequent transversal and longitudinal bending deformation during desiccation of a natural pinecone scale can be structurally programmed into such printed hygromorphs. Both the natural concept generator (Bhutan pinecone scale) and the biomimetic technical structure (4D printed scale) were comparatively investigated as to their displacement and strain over time via three-dimensional digital image correlation methods. Our bioinspired prototypes can be the basis for tailored autonomous and self-sufficient flap and scale structures performing complex consecutive motions for technical applications, e.g. in architecture and soft robotics. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bioinspired materials and surfaces for green science and technology (part 3)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Correa
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Architecture, University of Waterloo, Cambridge, Ontario, Canada
- e-mail:
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- e-mail:
| | - Max D. Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Anna S. Westermeier
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Achim Menges
- Institute for Computational Design and Construction (ICD), University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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12
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Schimpf V, Asmacher A, Fuchs A, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Polyfunctional Acrylic Non-isocyanate Hydroxyurethanes as Photocurable Thermosets for 3D Printing. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Schimpf
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Anne Asmacher
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andre Fuchs
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- BASF Schweiz AG, Mattenstrasse 22, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF) and Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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13
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Schmidt S, Göppert NE, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Liquid sorbitol ether carbonate as intermediate for rigid and segmented non-isocyanate polyhydroxyurethane thermosets. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Schmidt S, Gatti FJ, Luitz M, Ritter BS, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Erythritol Dicarbonate as Intermediate for Solvent- and Isocyanate-Free Tailoring of Bio-Based Polyhydroxyurethane Thermoplastics and Thermoplastic Elastomers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaus Schmidt
- Institute for
Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier
Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials
Research Center, Stefan-Meier Strasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Felix J. Gatti
- Institute for
Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier
Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Luitz
- Institute for
Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier
Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Ritter
- Institute for
Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier
Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials
Research Center, Stefan-Meier Strasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- JONAS - Joint Research on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for
Macromolecular Chemistry, Stefan-Meier
Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials
Research Center, Stefan-Meier Strasse
21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Poppinga S, Nestle N, Šandor A, Reible B, Masselter T, Bruchmann B, Speck T. Hygroscopic motions of fossil conifer cones. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40302. [PMID: 28074936 PMCID: PMC5225473 DOI: 10.1038/srep40302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifer cones represent natural, woody compliant structures which move their scales as passive responses to changes in environmental humidity. Here we report on water-driven opening and closing motions in coalified conifer cones from the Eemian Interglacial (approx. 126,000-113,000 years BP) and from the Middle Miocene (approx. 16.5 to 11.5 million years BP). These cones represent by far the oldest documented evidence of plant parts showing full functionality of such passive hydraulically actuated motion. The functional resilience of these structures is far beyond the biological purpose of seed dispersal and protection and is because of a low level of mineralization of the fossils. Our analysis emphasizes the functional-morphological integrity of these biological compliant mechanisms which, in addition to their biological fascination, are potentially also role models for resilient and maintenance-free biomimetic applications (e.g., adaptive and autonomously moving structures including passive hydraulic actuators).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Šandor
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, D- 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Rowlett JR, Plenk C, Deglmann P, Sprafke J, Mülhaupt R, Bruchmann B. Fused Dihydrodibenzobarrelene (Dibenzobicylco[2.2.2]octadiene) and Lactone Rings via Tandem Diels-Alder and Condensation Reactions of Dialkyl Fumarates and 9-Anthracenemethanol. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrett R. Rowlett
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D- 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Christian Plenk
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D- 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Peter Deglmann
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research; BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D- 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Johannes Sprafke
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research; BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D- 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D- 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS), Freiburg Materials Research Center; University of Freiburg; Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D- 79104 Freiburg Germany
- Advanced Materials and Systems Research; BASF SE; Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D- 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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17
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Schmidt S, Ritter BS, Kratzert D, Bruchmann B, Mülhaupt R. Isocyanate-Free Route to Poly(carbohydrate–urethane) Thermosets and 100% Bio-Based Coatings Derived from Glycerol Feedstock. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaus Schmidt
- Institute for Macromolecular
Chemistry, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier Strasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin S. Ritter
- Institute for Macromolecular
Chemistry, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - D. Kratzert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical
Chemistry, Albertstrasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier Strasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- JONAS - Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems,
BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, D-67056 Ludwighafen, Germany
| | - Rolf Mülhaupt
- Institute for Macromolecular
Chemistry, Stefan-Meier Strasse 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), Stefan-Meier Strasse 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tuerp
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen, 67056, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- JONAS - Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems, Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Abstract
An overview of recent advances made in the field of constitutional dynamic materials, in particular dynamic polymers, dynamers, displaying self-healing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabarun Roy
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire
- ISIS
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
- France
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE
- Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems (JONAS)
- Ludwigshafen
- Germany
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire
- ISIS
- Université de Strasbourg
- Strasbourg
- France
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Abstract
Dendritic polymers, subsuming dendrimers as well as hyperbranched or highly branched polymers are well established in the field of polymer chemistry. This review article focuses on urea based dendritic polymers and summarizes their synthetic routes through both isocyanate and isocyanate-free processes. Furthermore, this article highlights applications where dendritic polyureas show their specific chemical and physical potential. For these purposes scientific publications as well as patent literature are investigated to generate a comprehensive overview on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tuerp
- Advanced Materials & Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Sun X, Lindner JP, Bruchmann B, Schlüter AD. Synthesis of Neutral, Water-Soluble Oligo–Ethylene Glycol-Containing Dendronized Homo- and Copolymers of Generations 1, 1.5, 2, and 3. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5017192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- Institute
of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, HCI J 541 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Hönggerberg
Campus, CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- JONAS—Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems—The European Post Doc Initiative of BASF and Academia, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre Lindner
- Advanced
Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- JONAS—Joint Research Network on Advanced Materials and Systems—The European Post Doc Initiative of BASF and Academia, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
- Advanced
Materials and Systems Research, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - A. Dieter Schlüter
- Institute
of Polymers, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, HCI J 541 Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Hönggerberg
Campus, CH 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Suchomel P, Jurák L, Antinheimo J, Pohjola J, Stulik J, Meisel HJ, Čabraja M, Woiciechowsky C, Bruchmann B, Shackleford I, Arregui R, Sola S. Does sagittal position of the CTDR-related centre of rotation influence functional outcome? Prospective 2-year follow-up analysis. Eur Spine J 2014; 23:1124-34. [PMID: 24554334 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies describe significant rates of heterotopic ossification (HO) after cervical total disc replacement (CTDR). Little is known about the reasons, and one aspect that requires further in vivo investigation is the biomechanical alteration after CTDR and the role of the implant-related centre of rotation (CORi) in particular. The role of the sagittal position of the CORi on functional outcome in two versions of a semi-constrained disc prosthesis with sagittally different CORi is the topic of this study. METHODS Patients were candidates for single-level CTDR between C3 and C7 who suffered from CDDD and received a standard or flat version of activ C™ (Aesculap AG, Tuttlingen). Clinical and radiographic assessments were determined preoperatively, intraoperatively, at discharge and again at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 and 2 years. Radiographic examinations were performed independently using specialized quantitative motion analysis software. RESULTS Clinical outcome improved significantly regarding NDI as well as VAS on neck and arm pain with no differences in mean improvement by study group. Segmental angle measures show a significantly better lordotic alignment for both groups after surgery, but the degree of correction achieved is higher in the flat group. Correlation analysis proves that the more anterior the CORi is positioned, the higher the lordotic correction is achieved (Pearson rho -0.385). Segmental ROM decreased in the standard group but was maintained for flat implants. At present, our data do not demonstrate a correlation between CORi and ROM at 2 years. Two years after surgery, severe HO grade III-IV was present in 31.6 % standard and 13.1 % flat cases with significant differences. Grouping according to HO severity showed comparable sagittal positions of CORi for flat implants but a more posterior position in the severe HO group for standard implants. CONCLUSIONS Our results confirm the influence of CORi location on segmental alignment, kinematics and HO for a semi-constrained CTDR, but it also indicates a multifactorial process.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Suchomel
- Neurocentre, Regional Hospital Liberec, Husova 10, 46063, Liberec, Czech Republic,
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23
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Krebs A, Bruchmann B, Müller-Cristadoro A, Al-Hellani R, Schlüter AD. Copolymerization of a dendronized monomer with styrene and different acrylates: Determination of reactivity ratios. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ji S, Bruchmann B, Klok HA. Exploring the Scope of the Baylis-Hillman Reaction for the Synthesis of Side-Chain Functional Polyesters. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhao Ji
- Laboratoire des Polymères, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Laboratoire des Polymères, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Ciesielski A, Colella S, Zalewski L, Bruchmann B, Samorì P. Nanopatterning the graphite surface with ordered macrocyclic or ribbon-like assemblies of isocytosine derivatives: an STM study. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05521f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Scholl
- Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Polymer Research, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Tuan Q. Nguyen
- Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Polymer Research, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Polymer Research, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Polymer Research, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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28
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Scholl M, Nguyen TQ, Bruchmann B, Klok HA. The thermal polymerization of amino acids revisited; Synthesis and structural characterization of hyperbranched polymers fromL-lysine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Boberg F, Bruchmann B, Herzberg A, Otten A. REAKTIONEN VON THIOXOVRBINDUNGEN MIT N-CHLORAMIDEN VI.1THIOCHINOLONE, DIHYDROIHIAZOLTHIONE UND DIHYDROISOTHIAZOLTHIONE MIT NATRIUM-N-CHLORBENZOLSULFONAMIDEN. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509608029652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Boberg
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Leibnizstr. 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Leibnizstr. 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Angelika Herzberg
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Leibnizstr. 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Albert Otten
- a Institut für Organische Chemie der Technischen Universität Clausthal , Leibnizstr. 6, D-38678, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Elrehim MA, Voit B, Bruchmann B, Eichhorn KJ, Grundke K, Bellmann C. Structural and end-group effects on bulk and surface properties of hyperbranched poly(urea urethane)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abdelrehim M, Komber H, Langenwalter J, Voit B, Bruchmann B. Synthesis and characterization of hyperbranched poly(urea-urethane)s based on AA* and B2B* monomers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract Synthesizing hyperbranched polyurethanes in a one step process using commercially available raw materials: these were the primary conditions for this work. By taking advantage of intramolecular reactivity differences of isocyanate groups in diisocyanates in combination with reactivity differences of OH and NH groups in alkanolamines, it is possible to generate in situ AB2 molecules by controlling reactions of specific functional groups towards each other. This AA* + B*B2 approach works without protecting groups and opens up a simple and versatile strategy towards hyperbranched aromatic as well as aliphatic polyureaurethanes. Preferential diisocyanates for this synthesis were 2,4-toluylene diisocyanate and isophorone diisocyanate, whereas diethanolamine and diisopropanolamine were used as isocyanate-reactive counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Bruchmann
- 1BASF Aktiengesellschaft – Polymer Research, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schrepp
- 1BASF Aktiengesellschaft – Polymer Research, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Boberg F, Nink G, Bruchmann B, Garming A. REAKTIONEN VON THIOXOHETEROCYCLEN MIT N-CHLORAMIDEN IV.1N-PHENYLSULFONYL-S-PYRIDINIOSULFOXIMIDATE UND N-(PHENYLSULFONYL)PYRIDINIUM-SULFONAMIDATE. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509108038855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Boberg F, Bruchmann B, Garming A, Nink G. REAKTIONEN VON THIOXOHETEROCYCLEN MIT N-CHLORAMIDEN 111.12- ODER 4-THIOPYRIDONE OHNE SUBSTITUENTEN AM STICKSTOFF UND NATRIUM-N-CHLORBENZOLSULFONAMIDE. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1990. [DOI: 10.1080/10426509008038041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Boberg F, Bruchmann B, Nink G, Garming A. REAKTIONEN VON THIOXOHETEROCYCLEN MITN-CHLORAMIDEN II.1N-SUBSTITUIERTE 2- ODER 4-THIOPYRIDONE UND NATRIUM-N-CHLORBENZOLSULFONAMIDE. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 1989. [DOI: 10.1080/10426508908040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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