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Meier P, Clement P, Altenried S, Reina G, Ren Q, Züst R, Enger O, Choi F, Nestle N, Deisenroth T, Neubauer P, Wick P. Quaternary ammonium-based coating of textiles is effective against bacteria and viruses with a low risk to human health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20556. [PMID: 37996620 PMCID: PMC10667359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While the global healthcare system is slowly recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, new multi-drug-resistant pathogens are emerging as the next threat. To tackle these challenges there is a need for safe and sustainable antiviral and antibacterial functionalized materials. Here we develop an 'easy-to-apply' procedure for the surface functionalization of textiles, rendering them antiviral and antibacterial and assessing the performance of these textiles. A metal-free quaternary ammonium-based coating was applied homogeneously and non-covalently to hospital curtains. Abrasion, durability testing, and aging resulted in little change in the performance of the treated textile. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative antibacterial assays on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanii revealed excellent antibacterial activity with a CFU reduction of 98-100% within only 4 h of exposure. The treated curtain was aged 6 months before testing. Similarly, the antiviral activity tested according to ISO-18184 with murine hepatitis virus (MHV) showed > 99% viral reduction with the functionalized curtain. Also, the released active compounds of the coating 24 ± 5 µg mL-1 revealed no acute in vitro skin toxicity (IC50: 95 µg mL-1) and skin sensitization. This study emphasizes the potential of safe and sustainable metal-free textile coatings for the rapid antiviral and antibacterial functionalization of textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Meier
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Clement
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Altenried
- Biointerfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Reina
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Biointerfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Züst
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Enger
- Technology Scouting & Incubation, BASF Schweiz AG, 4005, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Choi
- BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- Formulation Research, BASF Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Zill JC, Thompson ES, Nestle N, Valiullin R. Kinetics of Guest-Induced Structural Transitions in Metal-Organic-Framework MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 Probed by High-Pressure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3391-3396. [PMID: 36996319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of a pore opening in amino-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-53(Al) in response to methane pressure variation is presented. Variations of both NMR signal intensities and transversal relaxation rates for methane are found to reveal hysteretic structural transitions in the MOF material, which are smeared out over broad pressure ranges. Experiments with pressure reversals upon an incomplete adsorption/desorption gave deeper insight into the microscopic transition mechanisms. These experiments have unequivocally proven that the non-stepwise pore opening/closing transitions observed in the experiments are governed by a distribution of the opening/closing pressures over different MOF crystallites, for example, due to a distribution of the crystal sizes or shapes. The slow kinetics of the structural transitions measured in the hysteresis regime revealed a complex free energy landscape for the phase transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias C Zill
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma S Thompson
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Eger CJ, Horstmann M, Poppinga S, Sachse R, Thierer R, Nestle N, Bruchmann B, Speck T, Bischoff M, Rühe J. The Structural and Mechanical Basis for Passive-Hydraulic Pine Cone Actuation. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2200458. [PMID: 35567337 PMCID: PMC9284161 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The opening and closing of pine cones is based on the hygroscopic behavior of the individual seed scales around the cone axis, which bend passively in response to changes in environmental humidity. Although prior studies suggest a bilayer architecture consisting of lower actuating (swellable) sclereid and upper restrictive (non- or lesser swellable) sclerenchymatous fiber tissue layers to be the structural basis of this behavior, the exact mechanism of how humidity changes are translated into global movement are still unclear. Here, the mechanical and hydraulic properties of each structural component of the scale are investigated to get a holistic picture of their functional interplay. Measurements of the wetting behavior, water uptake, and mechanical measurements are used to analyze the influence of hydration on the different tissues of the cone scales. Furthermore, their dimensional changes during actuation are measured by comparative micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) investigations of dry and wet scales, which are corroborated and extended by 3D-digital image correlation-based displacement and strain analyses, biomechanical testing of actuation force, and finite element simulations. Altogether, a model allowing a detailed mechanistic understanding of pine cone actuation is developed, which is a prime concept generator for the development of biomimetic hygromorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J. Eger
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
| | - Martin Horstmann
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Present address:
Department of Animal EcologyEvolution and BiodiversityRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Simon Poppinga
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
- Department of BiologyTechnical University of DarmstadtBotanical GardenSchnittspahnstraße 2Darmstadt64287Germany
| | - Renate Sachse
- TUM School of Engineering and DesignDepartment of Engineering Physics and ComputationTechnical University of MunichBoltzmannstraße 15Garching b. München85748Germany
| | - Rebecca Thierer
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SECarl‐Bosch‐Strasse 38Ludwigshafen am Rhein67056Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
- Plant Biomechanics GroupBotanic GardenUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg im Breisgau79104Germany
| | - Manfred Bischoff
- Institute for Structural MechanicsUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 7Stuttgart70550Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department for Microsystems EngineeringChemistry and Physics of InterfacesUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT – Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired TechnologiesUniversity of FreiburgGeorges‐Köhler‐Allee 105Freiburg im Breisgau79110Germany
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4
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Nestle N, Lim ZJ, Böhringer T, Abtmeyer S, Arenz S, Leinweber FC, Weiß T, von Harbou E. Taking compact NMR to monitoring real reactions in large-scale chemical industries-General considerations and learnings from a lab-scale test case. Magn Reson Chem 2020; 58:1213-1221. [PMID: 32526070 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The considerations for use of compact nuclear magnetic resonance in a large-scale industrial environment clearly differ from those in academic and educational settings and even from those in smaller companies. In the first part of this article, these differences will be discussed along with the additional requirements that need to be fulfilled for successful applicability in different use cases. In the second part of the article, outcomes from different research activities aiming to fulfill these requirements will be presented with a focus on an online reaction-monitoring study on a lab-scale nucleophilic chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Zi Jian Lim
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Tobias Böhringer
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Sarah Abtmeyer
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Sven Arenz
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Felix C Leinweber
- Center of Expertise for Process Analytical Technology, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Thomas Weiß
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
| | - Erik von Harbou
- Process Research and Chemical Engineering, BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056, Germany
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Poppinga S, Nestle N, Šandor A, Reible B, Masselter T, Bruchmann B, Speck T. Hygroscopic motions of fossil conifer cones. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40302. [PMID: 28074936 PMCID: PMC5225473 DOI: 10.1038/srep40302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifer cones represent natural, woody compliant structures which move their scales as passive responses to changes in environmental humidity. Here we report on water-driven opening and closing motions in coalified conifer cones from the Eemian Interglacial (approx. 126,000-113,000 years BP) and from the Middle Miocene (approx. 16.5 to 11.5 million years BP). These cones represent by far the oldest documented evidence of plant parts showing full functionality of such passive hydraulically actuated motion. The functional resilience of these structures is far beyond the biological purpose of seed dispersal and protection and is because of a low level of mineralization of the fossils. Our analysis emphasizes the functional-morphological integrity of these biological compliant mechanisms which, in addition to their biological fascination, are potentially also role models for resilient and maintenance-free biomimetic applications (e.g., adaptive and autonomously moving structures including passive hydraulic actuators).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Poppinga
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Šandor
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Bruno Reible
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, D- 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Bruchmann
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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6
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Conte P, Nestle N. Water dynamics in different biochar fractions. Magn Reson Chem 2015; 53:726-734. [PMID: 25594163 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbonaceous porous material deliberately applied to soil to improve its fertility. The mechanisms through which biochar acts on fertility are still poorly understood. The effect of biochar texture size on water dynamics was investigated here in order to provide information to address future research on nutrient mobility towards plant roots as biochar is applied as soil amendment. A poplar biochar has been stainless steel fractionated in three different textured fractions (1.0-2.0 mm, 0.3-1.0 mm and <0.3 mm, respectively). Water-saturated fractions were analyzed by fast field cycling (FFC) NMR relaxometry. Results proved that 3D exchange between bound and bulk water predominantly occurred in the coarsest fraction. However, as porosity decreased, water motion was mainly associated to a restricted 2D diffusion among the surface-site pores and the bulk-site ones. The X-ray μ-CT imaging analyses on the dry fractions revealed the lowest surface/volume ratio for the coarsest fraction, thereby corroborating the 3D water exchange mechanism hypothesized by FFC NMR relaxometry. However, multi-micrometer porosity was evidenced in all the samples. The latter finding suggested that the 3D exchange mechanism cannot even be neglected in the finest fraction as previously excluded only on the basis of NMR relaxometry results. X-ray μ-CT imaging showed heterogeneous distribution of inorganic materials inside all the fractions. The mineral components may contribute to the water relaxation mechanisms by FFC NMR relaxometry. Further studies are needed to understand the role of the inorganic particles on water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE Advanced Materials and Systems Research, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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7
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Nestle N, Gädke A. Diffusionseffekte in der Magnetresonanztomographie - Eine kleine Übersicht bekannter und weniger bekannter Effekte. CHEM-ING-TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Herold H, Hardy E, Wassmer KH, Nestle N. Auf dem Weg zur Online-Rheo-TD-NMR in Bypassleitungen zur Analyse von (Batch-)Polymerisationsprozessen. CHEM-ING-TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Vilaplana F, Karlsson S, Ribes-Greus A, Schade C, Nestle N. NMR relaxation reveals modifications in rubber phase dynamics during long-term degradation of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS). POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Nestle N. Leipzig, Einstein, diffusion—a multidisciplinary, multicultural not-just-random walk through Leipzig and the history of diffusion research. ADSORPTION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-010-9262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Stork H, Gädke A, Nestle N, Fujara F. Flat RF coils in static field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance. J Magn Reson 2009; 200:321-327. [PMID: 19683951 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2009.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Revised: 07/11/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of flat RF coils allows considerable gains in the sensitivity of static field gradient (SFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. In this article, this effect is studied theoretically as well as experimentally. Additionally, the flat coil geometry has been studied theoretically depending on magnetic field gradient, pulse sequence and amplifier power. Moreover, detecting the signal directly from the free induction decay (FID) turned out to be quite attractive for STRAFI-like microimaging experiments, especially when using flat coils. In addition to wound rectangular flat coils also spiral flat coils have been developed which can be manufactured by photolithography from printed circuit boards.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Stork
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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12
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Nestle N, Kutschera M, Nicoleau L, Leitl M, Bräu M. Brückenschlag mit Physik. Mineralische Bindemittelsysteme als Hochleistungsmaterialien. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/piuz.200801199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Morris RH, Bencsik M, Nestle N, Galvosas P, Fairhurst D, Vangala A, Perrie Y, McHale G. Robust spatially resolved pressure measurements using MRI with novel buoyant advection-free preparations of stable microbubbles in polysaccharide gels. J Magn Reson 2008; 193:159-167. [PMID: 18468466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2008.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
MRI of fluids containing lipid coated microbubbles has been shown to be an effective tool for measuring the local fluid pressure. However, the intrinsically buoyant nature of these microbubbles precludes lengthy measurements due to their vertical migration under gravity and pressure-induced coalescence. A novel preparation is presented which is shown to minimize both these effects for at least 25 min. By using a 2% polysaccharide gel base with a small concentration of glycerol and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine coated gas microbubbles, MR measurements are made for pressures between 0.95 and 1.44 bar. The signal drifts due to migration and amalgamation are shown to be minimized for such an experiment whilst yielding very high NMR sensitivities up to 38% signal change per bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Morris
- Department of Physics, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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Nestle N, Wunderlich A, Baumann T. Long-term observation of adsorbed heavy metal ions in sediment samples by MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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15
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Nestle N, Gädke A, Friedemann K, Stallmach F, Galvosas P. NMR diffusometry on cementitious materials: expanding the hydration time window by static field gradient NMR in ultrastrong gradients. Magn Reson Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Friedemann K, Schönfelder W, Nestle N, Stallmach F, Kärger J. Internal post curing of hardening cement pastes of high-performance concretes by a water-containing polyelectrolyte gel. Magn Reson Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Stork H, Nestle N. A low-cost, large volume, easy-access design for a portable NMR magnet. Magn Reson Imaging 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.01.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Gumann S, Nestle N, Liebau-Kunzmann V, Riedel R. Investigations of Li-containing SiCN(O) ceramics via 7Li MAS NMR. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 2007; 31:82-90. [PMID: 17418540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-containing silicon (oxy)carbonitride ceramics (SiCN(O):Li) were synthesized via precursor-to-ceramic-transformation of Li-containing (poly)silazanes. The precursors were obtained by lithiation of 2,4,6-trimethyl-2,4,6-trivinylcyclotrisilazane with n-butyllithium and by reaction of a commercial poly(organosilazane) VL20 with metallic lithium. The annealing treatment was carried out at temperatures between 200 and 1400 degrees C in argon (DeltaT=200 degrees C) and yielded Li-containing silicon (oxy)carbonitride. X-ray powder diffraction revealed that the resulting SiCN(O):Li ceramics were basically amorphous up to temperatures of 1000 degrees C and formed LiSi(2)N(3), graphite and silicon carbide as crystalline phases at higher temperatures. (7)Li MAS NMR spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the structure of the Li-containing phases and to study the reaction path of metallic Li with polysilazane. Based on the NMR spectra, there is almost no difference found in the chemical shift of the SiCN(O):Li ceramics obtained at different temperatures. Accordingly, Li is assigned to be mainly coordinated to N and O present as contaminant element. Relaxation time measurements showed that the most mobile Li(+) species seems to be present in the product obtained in the pyrolysis temperature range between 600 and 1000 degrees C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Gumann
- Darmstadt University of Technology, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Hochschulstr. 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Stork H, Gädke A, Nestle N. Single-sided and semisingle-sided NMR sensors for highly diffusive samples: application to bottled beverages. J Agric Food Chem 2006; 54:5247-52. [PMID: 16848502 DOI: 10.1021/jf060431m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-sided NMR sensors such as the NMR-MOUSE have been very successfully implemented for quality control applications in the rubber and polymer industries. More recently, single-sided NMR was also applied in characterization of the fat components in foods. Both industrial polymers and the fat components in food exhibit relatively low self-diffusion coefficients on the order of 5x10(-11) m2/s or lower. The application of conventional single-sided NMR to highly mobile, watery phases in foods and beverages is hampered by the strong magnetic field gradient present in standard single-sided NMR devices. In this contribution, we present both a single-sided NMR sensor with a reduced magnetic field gradient and another ("semisingle-sided") sensor design with an open sample bay using a single-sided RF coil. The latter design allows much better sensitivity without sacrificing the necessary open access needed for measurements on entire food packages such as bottles. As a first application, the sensors were used for determining the oxygen content in bottles with superoxygenated table water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Stork
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
In this article we demonstrate the potential of herbal extracts from yerba mate (Ilex paraguayensis) as an oral contrast agent for MRI. At typical drinking concentrations, yerba mate acts as a "biphasic" contrast agent with T1 weighting at short echo times and T2 weighting at echo times greater than about 40 ms. Based on data obtained from X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis, NMR relaxometry, and ESR we identify the relaxation agent in the extract as a low-molecular-weight manganese complex. Yerba mate exhibits an unusually high manganese content that is readily available for hot water extraction. Despite the high elemental manganese levels in I. paraguayensis extract, no manganese-related toxicity of yerba mate has been observed even among heavy yerba mate drinkers, indicating that the manganese in the extract has only a very low bioavailability. Imaging results on staff and patient volunteers demonstrate good contrasting of the GI tract. The relaxation studies of the contrast agent show a sensitivity to pH that is consistent with imaging results from stomach and small bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institut for Condensed Matter Physics, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.
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Abstract
Three-layered clay minerals such as montmorillonite (bentonite) exhibit very short transverse relaxation times. This is especially true for samples with relatively low water contents in the region of 20% to 30%, which is the water content typically used in environmental technology applications (e.g., as a mineral liner material for landfills). The diffusion of water in samples with such short transverse relaxation times can be measured with NMR by observing the moisture gradients or isotope tracer fronts propagating through appropriately prepared samples by means of continuous wave MRI. The first results from such studies on bentonite clays are presented in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Fagan
- Department of Bio-Medical Physics and Bio-Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, AB25 2ZD Aberdeen, UK
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22
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Nestle N, Shet K, Lurie DJ. Proton electron double resonance imaging of free radical distribution in environmental science applications—first results and perspectives. Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 23:183-9. [PMID: 15833610 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, we explore the potential of proton electron double resonance imaging (PEDRI) in environmental science (hydrogeological) applications. After a discussion of the hydrogeological motivation for studies of free radical transport in environmental matrices, we present results from first experiments that show the principal applicability of the PEDRI technique to sediment samples. Field-cycled (FC) relaxation time contrast is identified as a possible source of artifacts in samples in which strong concentration gradients of the free radical phase are present. Furthermore, an outlook is given on how PEDRI can help in observations of the local interplay among contaminants, water and nonaqueous liquid phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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23
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Nestle N, Walaszek B, Nolte M. Reduced apparent longitudinal relaxation times in slice-selective experiments in strong magnetic field gradients. J Magn Reson 2004; 168:46-52. [PMID: 15082248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2004.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2003] [Revised: 01/23/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to transverse nuclear magnetizations, longitudinal spin magnetizations are usually considered as insensitive to magnetic field gradients. While this assumption is valid for homogeneously excited samples, the apparent longitudinal spin relaxation behavior of thin magnetization slices in high magnetic fields is strongly modified by diffusion. In this contribution, we present the results of theoretical and experimental studies on this effect. Furthermore, possible applications and the impact on different types of NMR techniques using strong magnetic field gradients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institut für Festkörperphysik, TU Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 6, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany.
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24
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Nestle N, Wunderlich A, Nüssle-Kügele K. In vivo observation of oxygen-supersaturated water in the human mouth and stomach. Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 22:551-6. [PMID: 15120175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2004.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a rising number of different table waters supersaturated with oxygen have hit the market with claims of both positive health effects and an increase in athletic performance. A scientific validation of these claims needs additional knowledge on the fate of the oxygen supersaturation in the human digestive tract. Taking advantage of the fact that molecular oxygen is paramagnetic, MRI can be applied to observe the behavior of oxygen-supersaturated water after oral uptake. In this contribution we report results obtained on several healthy volunteers. On the basis of these results we can conclude that oral uptake of oxygen-supersaturated drinking water with a low content in CO(2) leads to a considerable increase in the oxygenation in the lumen of the oral cavity and of the stomach. Comparing the observed contrast changes with those brought about by conventional contrast agents, even the highly oxygen-supersaturated waters still perform rather poorly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, München, Germany.
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25
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Nestle N, Galvosas P, Zimmermann C, Stallmach F, Kärger J. Direct investigation of the fate of NAPL contaminations in a hydrating cement matrix by means of magnetic resonance techniques. Environ Sci Technol 2004; 38:880-885. [PMID: 14968877 DOI: 10.1021/es034444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of nonwatery solvent phases in hydrating cement pastes is of great interest in the context of solidification of wastes containing such phases. In a recent study, the influence of various solvents on the hydration kinetics of cement was studied. In this paper, we present results on the changes in the behavior of the solvent phases themselves during setting of the cement pastes. The methods used in the studies were NMR relaxometry and pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusometry. To study selectively the behavior of the non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) phases, heavy water was used in the preparation of the cement pastes. The experimental results are in good agreement with the observations from earlier studies concerning the behavior of toluene in hydrating cement. For aliphatic solvents (cyclooctane, n-hexanol), indications for surprisingly large networks of connected droplets in the cement matrices are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Universität Leipzig, Abteilung Grenzflächenphysik, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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26
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Abstract
NMR relaxometry has been applied to study hydrating cements for about 25 years now. The most important advantage over other experimental approaches is the possibility to conduct non-destructive measurements with a time resolution of minutes. NMR relaxometry data thus can help to identify details in the time course of cement hydration that possibly would be overlooked in other experiments with lower temporal resolution. Time-resolved information on cement hydration kinetics can provide interesting insights into the impact of oxidic additive materials on cement hydration. For PbO, a very strong delay was observed which then was systematically studied. An explanation for this delay is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstrasse 6, D-64289, Germany.
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27
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Nestle N, Wunderlich A, Niessner R, Baumann T. Spatial and temporal observations of adsorption and remobilization of heavy metal ions in a sandy aquifer matrix using Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Environ Sci Technol 2003; 37:3972-3977. [PMID: 12967121 DOI: 10.1021/es026250s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of the transport and matrix interactions of heavy metal ions in the subsurface environment under natural conditions is an important field of research in environmental science and technology. Most commonly, column tests are used for a first assessment of the transport behavior. Classical column tests fall short with regard to the spatial and temporal resolution; however, these detailed data are needed for proper upscaling. Hence, providing spatially and temporally resolved data on the distribution of environmentally relevant concentrations of heavy metal ions in a water-wet aquifer matrix poses a major challenge to analytical chemistry. In this contribution, we present the results of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies in which submilligram quantities of heavy metal ions where either fed conventially through the column or locally injected into saturated sand packings. The subsequent transport and mobilization was monitored at a high spatial and temporal resolution. The results from a local injection show that the test design of column tests has not yet come to an end and that column tests under MRI-control may be used as a model system for, e.g., remediation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
In recent years, a rising number of different table waters supersaturated with oxygen have hit the market with claims of both positive health effects and an increase in athletic performance. In addition to research on the correctness of these claims and their possible physiological reasons, the appearance of oxygen supersaturation as a marketing promise also creates a need for appropriate analytical techniques allowing a rapid and reliable determination of oxygen contents in such waters. Here, we present NMR relaxometry as a possible analytical tool for such studies. NMR relaxation in oxygen supersaturated water is not only of interest in the context of monitoring the oxygen content in such drinking water products, but also might offer some interesting possibilities in medical and environmental science MRI applications. As a contact-less measuring method, NMR relaxometry avoids disturbance of the measurement due to outgassing. The method was applied in the concentration range from 10 mg l(-1) to over 100 mg l(-1) dissolved oxygen. In addition to freshly sampled drinking waters, also oxygen losses during storage of the water in open drinking vials was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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29
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Abstract
Municipal solid waste is incinerated to reduce its volume, toxicity and reactivity. Several studies have shown that the resulting bottom ash has a high exothermic capacity. Temperature measurements in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash landfills have found temperatures up to 90 degrees C. Such high temperatures may affect the stability of the landfill's flexible polymer membrane liner (FML) and may also lead to an accelerated desiccation of the clay barrier. The purpose of this study was to gain detailed knowledge of temperature development under several disposal conditions in relation to the rate of ash disposal, the variation of layer thickness, and the environmental conditions in a modern landfill. Based on this knowledge, a simulation was developed to predict temperature development. Temperature development was simulated using several storage periods prior to the deposition and several modes of emplacement. Both the storage time and the mode of emplacement have a significant influence on the temperature development at the sensitive base of the landfill. Without a preliminary storage of the fresh quenched bottom ash, high temperatures at the bottom of a landfill cannot be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Klein
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
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30
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Abstract
The oxygen content of groundwater is a crucial property for many geochemical and biogeochemical processes including environmental remediation measures. In this contribution, we present results of a direct MRI observation of the propagation of a locally administered oxygen supersaturation through a water saturated sediment column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany.
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31
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Abstract
In this contribution, we report results from MRI studies of the propagation of heavy metal ions through columns packed with sandy aquifer materials. Both sorption of low concentrations of heavy metal ions from water flowing through the column and the formation of sorption traces produced from initially localized higher concentrations of heavy metal ions, and the remobilisation of adsorbed ions with time and changing hydrochemical conditions were studied. Multislice spin-echo and FLASH techniques were used for the imaging experiments. Advantages and problems of the different imaging protocols for the study of aquifer materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technische Universität München, Marchioninistrasse 17, D-81377 München, Germany.
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32
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Abstract
In this contribution, it is demonstrated that inner magnetic field gradients can seriously affect the results of stimulated echo PFG NMR experiments on plant-based materials even if there is no notable content of paramagnetic substances. Such effects could be observed both in experiments on water in pharmaceutical grade cellulose powder materials and on eggplant fruit tissue. In both cases, it was observed that the effects of internal magnetic field gradients led to different relative values of the diffusion coefficient compared to values obtained with a gradient-compensating pulse sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Universität Leipzig, Abteilung Grenzflächenphysik, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Nestle
- Technical University of Munich, Institute for Hydrochemistry, Germany.
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Nestle N, Zimmermann C, Dakkouri M, Niessner R. Action and distribution of organic solvent contaminations in hydrating cement: time-resolved insights into solidification of organic waste. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:4953-4956. [PMID: 11775178 DOI: 10.1021/es015528y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cementitious materials are widely used as binders both in construction and in environmental technology (e.g., for stabilization and solidification). When dealing with materials contaminated with organic solvents, it is important to have an idea about the interaction between the solvents and the hydrating cement. Here, we introduce nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry experiments as a way to study both the influence of organic model contaminants on the hydration kinetics of cement and the distribution of the contaminant in the cement matrix during the first hours and days of hydration. All solvents were found to lead to some delay in the hydration kinetics. While nonpolar compounds only lead to a minor delay and qualitatively to the same hydrating kinetics as in an uncontaminated cement mixture, the polar solvents lead to much more pronounced delays in the hydration kinetics. For toluene contents in the low percent range, there was no indication for the formation of macroscopic liquid pockets in the hydrating cement paste. The findings are consistent with recent results on the distribution of toluene in fully hydrated concrete samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nestle
- Institut für Wasserchemie, TU München, Germany.
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35
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Nestle N, Galvosas P, Geier O, Dakkouri M, Zimmermann C, Kärger J. NMR studies of water diffusion and relaxation in hydrating slag-based construction materials. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19:547-8. [PMID: 11445353 DOI: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The NMR relaxation properties of hydrating blast-furnace slag cements have recently been shown to be dominated by the effect of water self-diffusion in internal magnetic field gradients in the pastes. While this was suggested on the basis of NMR relaxometry and magnetic susceptibility data, we report here the results from first direct studies of the water self-diffusion in the hydrating paste using a specialized PFG sequence and very intensive magnetic field gradient pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nestle
- University of Leipzig, Department of Interface Physics, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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36
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Vasenkov S, Galvosas P, Geier O, Nestle N, Stallmach F, Kärger J. Determination of genuine diffusivities in heterogeneous media using stimulated echo pulsed field gradient NMR. J Magn Reson 2001; 149:228-233. [PMID: 11318621 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR diffusion measurements in heterogeneous media may lead to erroneous results due to the disturbing influence of internal magnetic field gradients. Here, we present a simple theoretical model which allows one to interpret data obtained by stimulated spin echo PFG NMR in the presence of spatially varying internal field gradients. Using the results of this theory, the genuine self-diffusion coefficients in heterogeneous media may be extrapolated from the dependence of the apparent diffusivities on the dephasing time of the simulated echo PFG NMR sequence. Experimental evidence that such extrapolation yields satisfactory results for self-diffusion of hexadecane in natural sediments (sand) and of n-octanol in doped MgO pastes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vasenkov
- Fakultät für Physik und Geowissenschaften, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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37
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Garbarczyk M, Grinberg F, Nestle N, Kuhn W. A novel approach to the determination of the crosslink density in rubber materials with the dipolar correlation effect in low magnetic fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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40
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Abstract
Susceptibility NMR microimaging is introduced as a new method for quantitative mapping of the paramagnetic-ion concentration in ion exchange materials such as alginate biosorbents. Sharp ion intrusion fronts are observed, suggesting nonFickian diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nestle
- Universität Ulm, Sektion Kernresonanzspektroskopie, Germany
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