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Meier P, Clement P, Altenried S, Reina G, Ren Q, Züst R, Enger O, Choi F, Nestle N, Deisenroth T, Neubauer P, Wick P. Quaternary ammonium-based coating of textiles is effective against bacteria and viruses with a low risk to human health. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20556. [PMID: 37996620 PMCID: PMC10667359 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
While the global healthcare system is slowly recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, new multi-drug-resistant pathogens are emerging as the next threat. To tackle these challenges there is a need for safe and sustainable antiviral and antibacterial functionalized materials. Here we develop an 'easy-to-apply' procedure for the surface functionalization of textiles, rendering them antiviral and antibacterial and assessing the performance of these textiles. A metal-free quaternary ammonium-based coating was applied homogeneously and non-covalently to hospital curtains. Abrasion, durability testing, and aging resulted in little change in the performance of the treated textile. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative antibacterial assays on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumanii revealed excellent antibacterial activity with a CFU reduction of 98-100% within only 4 h of exposure. The treated curtain was aged 6 months before testing. Similarly, the antiviral activity tested according to ISO-18184 with murine hepatitis virus (MHV) showed > 99% viral reduction with the functionalized curtain. Also, the released active compounds of the coating 24 ± 5 µg mL-1 revealed no acute in vitro skin toxicity (IC50: 95 µg mL-1) and skin sensitization. This study emphasizes the potential of safe and sustainable metal-free textile coatings for the rapid antiviral and antibacterial functionalization of textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Meier
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Clement
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Altenried
- Biointerfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Reina
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Qun Ren
- Biointerfaces Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Roland Züst
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, 3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Enger
- Technology Scouting & Incubation, BASF Schweiz AG, 4005, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Francis Choi
- BASF Corporation, 1609 Biddle Avenue, Wyandotte, MI, 48192, USA
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- Formulation Research, BASF Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, NY, 10591, USA
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, TU Berlin, 13355, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Wick
- Particles-Biology Interactions Laboratory, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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2
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Whitehead KA, Lynch S, Amin M, Deisenroth T, Liauw CM, Verran J. Effects of Cationic and Anionic Surfaces on the Perpendicular and Lateral Forces and Binding of Aspergillus niger Conidia. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2932. [PMID: 37999286 PMCID: PMC10674310 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The binding of conidia to surfaces is a prerequisite for biofouling by fungal species. In this study, Aspergillus niger subtypes 1957 and 1988 were used which produced differently shaped conidia (round or spikey respectively). Test surfaces were characterised for their surface topography, wettability, and hardness. Conidial assays included perpendicular and lateral force measurements, as well as attachment, adhesion and retention assays. Anionic surfaces were less rough (Ra 2.4 nm), less wettable (54°) and harder (0.72 GPa) than cationic surfaces (Ra 5.4 nm, 36° and 0.5 GPa, respectively). Perpendicular and lateral force assays demonstrated that both types of conidia adhered with more force to the anionic surfaces and were influenced by surface wettability. Following the binding assays, fewer A. niger 1957 and A. niger 1988 conidia bound to the anionic surface. However, surface wettability affected the density and dispersion of the conidia on the coatings, whilst clustering was affected by their spore shapes. This work demonstrated that anionic surfaces were more repulsive to A. niger 1998 spores than cationic surfaces were, but once attached, the conidia bound more firmly to the anionic surfaces. This work informs on the importance of understanding how conidia become tightly bound to surfaces, which can be used to prevent biofouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (M.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Department of Computing and Mathematics, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - Mohsin Amin
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (M.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- BASF Corporation (Formerly Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc.), Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA;
| | - Christopher M. Liauw
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (M.A.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Joanna Verran
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St., Manchester M1 5GD, UK; (M.A.); (C.M.L.)
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3
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Davachi S, Mokhtare A, Torabi H, Enayati M, Deisenroth T, Van Pho T, Qu L, Tücking KS, Abbaspourrad A. Screening the Degradation of Polymer Microparticles on a Chip. ACS Omega 2023; 8:1710-1722. [PMID: 36643556 PMCID: PMC9835179 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic degradation of polymers has advantages over standard degradation methods, such as soil burial and weathering, which are time-consuming and cannot provide time-resolved observations. We have developed a microfluidic device to study the degradation of single microparticles. The enzymatic degradation of poly (1,4-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) microparticles was studied using Novozym 51032 cutinase. PBAT microparticles were prepared via an oil-in-water emulsion solvent removal method, and their morphology and chemical composition were characterized. Then, microparticles with varying diameters of 30-60 μm were loaded into the microfluidic chip. Enzyme solutions at different concentrations were introduced to the device, and changes in the size and transparency of PBAT microparticles were observed over time. The physicochemical properties of degraded products were analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The degradation process was also performed in bulk, and the results were compared to those of the microfluidic method. Our analysis confirms that the degradation process in both bulk and microfluidic methods was similar. In both cases, degradation takes place on aliphatic and soft segments of PBAT. Our findings serve as a proof of concept for a microfluidic method for easy and time-resolved degradation analysis, with degradation results comparable to those of conventional bulk methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed
Mohammad Davachi
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amir Mokhtare
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hooman Torabi
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Mojtaba Enayati
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- BASF
Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United
States
| | - Toan Van Pho
- BASF
Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United
States
| | - Liangliang Qu
- BASF
Corporation, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York 10591, United
States
| | | | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department
of Food Science, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Cornell University, Stocking Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Whitehead KA, Deisenroth T, Preuss A, Liauw CM, Verran J. Lateral force removal of fungal spores to demonstrate how surface properties affect fungal spore retention. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2022; 380:20210344. [PMID: 35909364 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biofouling on polymer surfaces can lead to their biodeterioration. This may result in deterioration of the surface, leading to cracking and fracturing. Fungal spores from Aspergillus niger 1957, Aspergillus niger 1988 and Aureobasidium pullulans were tested to determine their strength of attachment on three surfaces, p(γ-MPS-co-MMA), p(γ-MPS-co-LMA) and spin-coated poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMAsc), using lateral force measurements. The results demonstrate that A. niger 1957 and A. niger 1988 spores were most easily removed from the p(γ-MPS-co-MMA) surface, which was the surface with the highest Ra value. The A. niger 1957 and A. pullulans spores were most difficult to remove from the PMMAsc surface, which was the hardest surface. A. niger 1988 spores were the most difficult to remove from p(γ-MPS-co-LMA), the most hydrophobic surface. The results with A. pullulans were difficult to elucidate since the spores bound to all three surfaces and were removed with similar rates of force. The lateral force results demonstrate that spore attachment to a surface is a multi-factorial process, and independent surface and microbial factors influence spore binding. Thus, each environmental scenario needs to be considered on an individual basis, since a solution to one biofouling issue will probably not translate across to other systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nanocracks in nature and industry'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- BASF Corporation (Formerly Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc.), Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Andrea Preuss
- BASF Corporation (Formerly Ciba Speciality Chemicals Inc.), Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | | | - Joanna Verran
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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5
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Chen Z, Kheiri S, Gevorkian A, Young EWK, Andre V, Deisenroth T, Kumacheva E. Microfluidic arrays of dermal spheroids: a screening platform for active ingredients of skincare products. Lab Chip 2021; 21:3952-3962. [PMID: 34636823 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00619c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organotypic micrometre-size 3D aggregates of skin cells (multicellular spheroids) have emerged as a promising in vitro model that can be utilized as an alternative of animal models to test active ingredients (AIs) of skincare products; however, a reliable dermal spheroid-based microfluidic (MF) model with a goal of in vitro AI screening is yet to be developed. Here, we report a MF platform for the growth of massive arrays of dermal fibroblast spheroids (DFSs) in a biomimetic hydrogel under close-to-physiological flow conditions and with the capability of screening AIs for skincare products. The DFSs formed after two days of on-chip culture and, in a case study, were used in a time-efficient manner for screening the effect of vitamin C on the synthesis of collagen type I and fibronectin. The computational simulation showed that the uptake of vitamin C was dominated by the advection flux. The results of screening the benchmark AI, vitamin C, proved that DFSs can serve as a reliable in vitro dermal model. The proposed DFS-based MF platform offers a high screening capacity for AIs of skincare products, as well as drug discovery and development in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Sina Kheiri
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Albert Gevorkian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Edmond W K Young
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Valerie Andre
- BASF Beauty Care Solutions France S.A.S, 32, rue Saint Jean de Dieu, 69007, Lyon, France
| | - Ted Deisenroth
- BASF Advanced Formulation Research North America, 500 White Plains Road, Tarrytown, New York, 10591, USA
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
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6
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Whitehead KA, Liauw CM, Lynch S, El Mohtadi M, Amin M, Preuss A, Deisenroth T, Verran J. Diverse surface properties reveal that substratum roughness affects fungal spore binding. iScience 2021; 24:102333. [PMID: 33898943 PMCID: PMC8054156 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding to surfaces by fungal spores is a prerequisite to biofilm formation. The interactions of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), glass, and silicon with three fungal spores, of differing shapes and sizes (Aspergillus niger 1957, Aspergillus niger 1988, and Aureobasidium pullulans), were investigated. A multifractal analysis was conducted to provide quantitative measures of density, dispersion, and clustering of spores on the surfaces. The PTFE, glass, and silicon surfaces presented a range of surface topographies and wettabilities. PTFE was the roughest and most non-wettable surface, whereas silicon was the opposite in terms of both these aspects. The A. niger species were more non-wettable than A. pullulans. Overall, A. niger 1957 attached in higher numbers to PTFE, whereas A. niger 1988 and A. pullulans bound in highest numbers to glass. The results of this work demonstrated that the overall substratum surface roughness influenced spore binding rather than the physicochemical or chemical properties of surfaces or spores. Multifractal analysis gave measures of density, dispersion, and clustering of spores A. niger 1957 attached in higher numbers to PTFE A. niger 1988 and A. pullulans bound in highest numbers to glass Substratum surface roughness influenced spore binding
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK
| | - Christopher M Liauw
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK
| | - Mohamed El Mohtadi
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, L394QP, UK
| | - Mohsin Amin
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK
| | | | | | - Joanna Verran
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15GD, UK
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Amin M, Preuss A, Deisenroth T, Liauw CM, Verran J, Whitehead KA. Use of spherical particles to understand conidial attachment to surfaces using atomic force microscopy. iScience 2021; 24:101962. [PMID: 33490889 PMCID: PMC7808926 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of particles and spores to surfaces is a natural phenomenon which is a prerequisite for biofilm formation. Perpendicular force measurements were carried out using atomic force microscopy cantilevers modified with a polystyrene or glass sphere. The attachment of the spheres was tested against glass, PVAc, p(γ-MPSco-MMA), p(γ-MPS-co-LMA), PMMAsc, and silicon surfaces. The polystyrene spheres demonstrated less varied force and strength of attachment measurement to the surfaces than the glass spheres. The force of attachment of the polystyrene spheres was also influenced by mobility of the co-polymer surfaces. Surface wettability did not affect the force of polystyrene or glass sphere attachment. The force measurements of the non-biological spheres were similar to those seen in biological systems with fungal conidia, and this was due to their size, shape, and binding energies. The use of non-biological systems may present an insight into understanding the fundamentals of more complex biological processes. The attachment of fungal spores to surfaces is not well understood Force measurements of non-biological spheres were similar to those of biological systems Non-biological systems may be used to represent biological systems The results were due to the size of the spheres/spores and their binding energies
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Amin
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | | | | | - Christopher M Liauw
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Joanna Verran
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Kathryn A Whitehead
- Microbiology at Interfaces, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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A. Whitehead K, M. Liauw C, S. T. Wilson-Nieuwenhuis J, J. Slate A, Deisenroth T, Preuss A, Verran J. The effect of the surface properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) on the attachment, adhesion and retention of fungal conidia. AIMS Bioengineering 2020. [DOI: 10.3934/bioeng.2020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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9
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Whitehead KA, Deisenroth T, Preuss A, Liauw CM, Verran J. The effect of surface properties on the strength of attachment of fungal spores using AFM perpendicular force measurements. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 82:483-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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