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Bols ML, Ma J, Rammal F, Plessers D, Wu X, Navarro-Jaén S, Heyer AJ, Sels BF, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA. In Situ UV-Vis-NIR Absorption Spectroscopy and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2352-2418. [PMID: 38408190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
This review highlights in situ UV-vis-NIR range absorption spectroscopy in catalysis. A variety of experimental techniques identifying reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and structural properties are discussed. Stopped flow techniques, use of laser pulses, and use of experimental perturbations are demonstrated for in situ studies of enzymatic, homogeneous, heterogeneous, and photocatalysis. They access different time scales and are applicable to different reaction systems and catalyst types. In photocatalysis, femto- and nanosecond resolved measurements through transient absorption are discussed for tracking excited states. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopies for structural characterization are demonstrated especially for Cu and Fe exchanged zeolites and metalloenzymes. This requires combining different spectroscopies. Combining magnetic circular dichroism and resonance Raman spectroscopy is especially powerful. A multitude of phenomena can be tracked on transition metal catalysts on various supports, including changes in oxidation state, adsorptions, reactions, support interactions, surface plasmon resonances, and band gaps. Measurements of oxidation states, oxygen vacancies, and band gaps are shown on heterogeneous catalysts, especially for electrocatalysis. UV-vis-NIR absorption is burdened by broad absorption bands. Advanced analysis techniques enable the tracking of coking reactions on acid zeolites despite convoluted spectra. The value of UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy to catalyst characterization and mechanistic investigation is clear but could be expanded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), University of Ghent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xuejiao Wu
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sara Navarro-Jaén
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Heyer AJ, Plessers D, Ma J, Snyder BER, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Solomon EI. Magnetic Exchange Coupling in Zeolite Copper Dimers and Its Contribution to Methane Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6061-6071. [PMID: 38385349 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The highly reactive binuclear [Cu2O]2+ active site in copper zeolites activates the inert C-H bond of methane at low temperatures, offering a potential solution to reduce methane flaring and mitigate atmospheric methane levels. While substantial progress has been made in understanding the activation of methane by this core, one critical aspect, the active site's spin, has remained undetermined. In this study, we use variable-temperature, variable-field magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy to define the ground state spin of the [Cu2O]2+ active sites in Cu-CHA and Cu-MFI. This novel approach allows for site-selective determination of the magnetic exchange coupling between the two copper centers of specific [Cu2O]2+ cores in a heterogeneous mixture, circumventing the drawbacks of bulk magnetic techniques. These experimental findings are coupled to density functional theory calculations to elucidate magnetostructural correlations in copper zeolites that are different from those of homogeneous binuclear Cu(II) complexes. The different spin states for the [Cu2O]2+ cores have different reactivities governed by how methane approaches the active site. This introduces a new understanding of zeolite topological control on active site reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Benjamin E R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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3
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Wu X, Smet E, Brandi F, Raikwar D, Zhang Z, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Advancements and Perspectives toward Lignin Valorization via O-Demethylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317257. [PMID: 38128012 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Lignin represents the largest aromatic carbon resource in plants, holding significant promise as a renewable feedstock for bioaromatics and other cyclic hydrocarbons in the context of the circular bioeconomy. However, the methoxy groups of aryl methyl ethers, abundantly found in technical lignins and lignin-derived chemicals, limit their pertinent chemical reactivity and broader applicability. Unlocking the phenolic hydroxyl functionality through O-demethylation (ODM) has emerged as a valuable approach to mitigate this need and enables further applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the progress in the valorization of technical lignin and lignin-derived chemicals via ODM, both catalytic and non-catalytic reactions. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the properties and potential applications of the O-demethylated products is presented, accompanied by a systematic overview of available ODM reactions. This review primarily focuses on enhancing the phenolic hydroxyl content in lignin-derived species through ODM, showcasing its potential in the catalytic funneling of lignin and value-added applications. A comprehensive synopsis and future outlook are included in the concluding section of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ewoud Smet
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Francesco Brandi
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deepak Raikwar
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhenlei Zhang
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Ma Y, Conroy S, Shaw A, Alliati IM, Sels BF, Zhang X, Tu X. Plasma-Enabled Selective Synthesis of Biobased Phenolics from Lignin-Derived Feedstock. JACS Au 2023; 3:3101-3110. [PMID: 38034967 PMCID: PMC10685411 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Converting abundant biomass-derived feedstocks into value-added platform chemicals has attracted increasing interest in biorefinery; however, the rigorous operating conditions that are required limit the commercialization of these processes. Nonthermal plasma-based electrification using intermittent renewable energy is an emerging alternative for sustainable next-generation chemical synthesis under mild conditions. Here, we report a hydrogen-free tunable plasma process for the selective conversion of lignin-derived anisole into phenolics with a high selectivity of 86.9% and an anisole conversion of 45.6% at 150 °C. The selectivity to alkylated chemicals can be tuned through control of the plasma alkylation process by changing specific energy input. The combined experimental and computational results reveal that the plasma generated H and CH3 radicals exhibit a "catalytic effect" that reduces the activation energy of the transalkylation reactions, enabling the selective anisole conversion at low temperatures. This work opens the way for the sustainable and selective production of phenolic chemicals from biomass-derived feedstocks under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Ma
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Stuart Conroy
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
| | - Alexander Shaw
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Ignacio M. Alliati
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center
for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department
of Chemical and Process Engineering, University
of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, U.K.
- School
of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Xin Tu
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, U.K.
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5
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Calderon-Ardila S, Rammal F, Peeters E, Van Waeyenberg J, Péruch O, Morvan D, Bellière-Baca V, Dusselier M, Sels BF. From tetroses to methionine hydroxy analogues through Sn (IV) Lewis acid catalysis using methanethiol as sulphur feedstock. Catal Today 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2023.114137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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6
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Brienza F, Van Aelst K, Devred F, Magnin D, Sels BF, Gerin P, Cybulska I, Debecker DP. Toward a Hydrogen-Free Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Wheat Straw Biomass. ChemSusChem 2023:e202300103. [PMID: 36916487 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulosic biomass is an attractive method for the conversion of lignin toward valuable low-molecular weight aromatics. A limitation to the upscaling of such technology is represented by the use ofpressurized hydrogen gas. Here, the role of hydrogen gas within the RCF of wheat straw biomass is investigated. The use of H2 is shown to enhance lignin depolymerization, by virtue of an improved hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of lignin fragments, with a yield of phenolic monomers that increased from ca. 12 wt % of acid-insoluble lignin in the initial biomass under inert atmosphere to up to ca. 25 wt % under H2 (in methanol, at 250 °C, with Ru/C). The adoption of methanol, ethanol or isopropanol as hydrogen-donor solvents was also investigated in the absence of H2 . Ethanol was found to give the highest yield of monophenolic compounds (up to ≈20 wt %) owing to a better balance between solvolysis, hydrogenolysis, and hydrogenation of lignin. Nevertheless, a substantial loss of the carbohydrate fraction was observed. The use of a lower temperature (200 °C) in combination with H3 PO4 resulted in an improved recovery of cellulose in the pulp and in the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin, with the formation of monosaccharides (≈14 wt % of polysaccharides in the initial biomass) and phenolic monomers (up to 18 wt %, in the absence of H2 ). Overall, a tradeoff exists between the removal of H2 from the process and the production of low-molecular weight phenolics during RCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Brienza
- Applied Microbiology Division, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - François Devred
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Delphine Magnin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Gerin
- Applied Microbiology Division, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Iwona Cybulska
- Applied Microbiology Division, Earth and Life Institute (ELI), UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 2, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
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7
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Sun P, Liu C, Wang H, Liao Y, Li X, Liu Q, Sels BF, Wang C. Rational Positioning of Metal Ions to Stabilize Open Tin Sites in Beta Zeolite for Catalytic Conversion of Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215737. [PMID: 36478093 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Via hydrothermal synthesis of Sn-Al gels, mild dealumination and ion exchange, a bimetallic Sn-Ni-Beta catalyst was prepared which can convert glucose to methyl lactate (MLA) and methyl vinyl glycolate (MVG) in methanol at yields of 71.2 % and 10.2 %, respectively. Results from solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, spectroscopic analysis, probe-temperature-programmed desorption, and density functional theory calculations conclusively reveal that the openness of the Sn sites, such as by the formation of [(SiO)3 -Sn-OH] entities, is governed by an adjacent metal cation such as Ni2+ , Co2+ , and Mn2+ . This relies on the low structure-defective pore channel, provided by the current synthesis scheme, and the specific silica hydroxyl anchor point is associated with the incorporation of Sn for additional and precise metal ion localization. The presence of metal cations significantly improved the catalytic performance of Sn-Ni-Beta for glucose isomerization and conversion to MLA of sugar compared with Sn-Beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyao Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 155 Yangqiao Road West, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuhe Liao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qiying Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Chenguang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.2, Nengyuan Road, Wushan, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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8
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Plessers D, Heyer AJ, Rhoda HM, Bols ML, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF. Tuning Copper Active Site Composition in Cu-MOR through Co-Cation Modification for Methane Activation. ACS Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J. Heyer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Hannah M. Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Max L. Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
| | - Robert A. Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Sun P, Liu C, Wang H, Liao Y, Li X, Liu Q, Sels BF, Wang C. Rational Positioning of Metal Ions to Stabilize Open Tin Sites in Beta Zeolite for Catalytic Conversion of Sugars. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202215737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengyao Sun
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development CHINA
| | - Chong Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry CHINA
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development CHINA
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development CHINA
| | - Xuning Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics State Key Laboratory of Catalysis CHINA
| | - Qiying Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development CHINA
| | - Bert F. Sels
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Leuven Chem&Tech BELGIUM
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy No.2,Nengyuan Rd,Wushan,Tianhe District 510640 Guangzhou CHINA
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10
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Heyer AJ, Plessers D, Braun A, Rhoda HM, Bols ML, Hedman B, Hodgson KO, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Solomon EI. Methane Activation by a Mononuclear Copper Active Site in the Zeolite Mordenite: Effect of Metal Nuclearity on Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19305-19316. [PMID: 36219763 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The direct conversion of methane to methanol would have a wide reaching environmental and industrial impact. Copper-containing zeolites can perform this reaction at low temperatures and pressures at a previously defined O2-activated [Cu2O]2+ site. However, after autoreduction of the copper-containing zeolite mordenite and removal of the [Cu2O]2+ active site, the zeolite is still methane reactive. In this study, we use diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism, resonance Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to unambiguously define a mononuclear [CuOH]+ as the CH4 reactive active site of the autoreduced zeolite. The rigorous identification of a mononuclear active site allows a reactivity comparison to the previously defined [Cu2O]2+ active site. We perform kinetic experiments to compare the reactivity of the [CuOH]+ and [Cu2O]2+ sites and find that the binuclear site is significantly more reactive. From the analysis of density functional theory calculations, we elucidate that this increased reactivity is a direct result of stabilization of the [Cu2OH]2+ H-atom abstraction product by electron delocalization over the two Cu cations via the bridging ligand. This significant increase in reactivity from electron delocalization over a binuclear active site provides new insights for the design of highly reactive oxidative catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, LeuvenB-3001, Belgium
| | - Augustin Braun
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, LeuvenB-3001, Belgium
| | - Britt Hedman
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
| | - Keith O Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, LeuvenB-3001, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, LeuvenB-3001, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States.,Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California94025, United States
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11
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Ruijten D, Narmon T, De Weer H, van der Zweep R, Poleunis C, Debecker DP, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Hydrogen Borrowing: towards Aliphatic Tertiary Amines from Lignin Model Compounds Using a Supported Copper Catalyst. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200868. [PMID: 35900053 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Upcoming biorefineries, such as lignin-first provide renewable aromatics containing unique aliphatic alcohols. In this context, a Cu-ZrO2 catalyzed hydrogen borrowing approach was established to yield tertiary amine from the lignin model monomer 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanol and the actual lignin-derived monomers, (3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-propanol and dihydroconiferyl alcohol), with dimethylamine. Various industrial metal catalysts were evaluated, resulting in nearly quantitative mass balances for most catalysts. Identified intermediates, side and reaction products were placed into a corresponding reaction network, supported by kinetic evolution experiments. Cu-ZrO2 was selected as most suitable catalyst combining high alcohol conversion with respectable aliphatic tertiary amine selectivity. Low pressure H2 was key for high catalyst activity and tertiary amine selectivity, mainly by hindering undesired reactant dimethylamine disproportionation and alcohol amidation. Besides dimethylamine model, diverse secondary amine reactants were tested with moderate to high tertiary amine yields. As most active catalytic site, highly dispersed Cu species in strong contact with ZrO2 is suggested. ToF-SIMS, N2 O chemisorption, TGA and XPS of spent Cu-ZrO2 revealed that imperfect amine product desorption and declining surface Cu lowered the catalytic activity upon catalyst reuse, while thermal reduction readily restored the initial activity and selectivity demonstrating catalyst reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Ruijten
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Thomas Narmon
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hanne De Weer
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Robbe van der Zweep
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Claude Poleunis
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien P Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), 1348, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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12
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Zhou C, Khalil I, Rammal F, Dusselier M, Kumar P, Lacroix M, Makshina E, Liao Y, Sels BF. A Critical Revisit of Zeolites for CO 2 Desorption in Primary Amine Solution Argues Its Genuine Catalytic Function. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Fatima Rammal
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Parveen Kumar
- TotalEnergies OneTech Belgium, Zone industrielle C, 7181 Feluy, Belgium
| | - Maxime Lacroix
- Total Research & Technology, Gonfreville BP 27, 76700 Harfleur, France
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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13
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Peeters E, Calderon-Ardila S, Hermans I, Dusselier M, Sels BF. Toward Industrially Relevant Sn-BETA Zeolites: Synthesis, Activity, Stability, and Regeneration. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peeters
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergio Calderon-Ardila
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Turkin AA, Makshina EV, Sels BF. Catalytic Hydroconversion of 5-HMF to Value-Added Chemicals: Insights into the Role of Catalyst Properties and Feedstock Purity. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202200412. [PMID: 35348300 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is an important bio-derived platform molecule that is generally obtained from hexoses via acid-catalyzed dehydration. It can be effectively transformed into a variety of value-added derivatives, thus being an ideal candidate for fossil replacement. Both HMF oxidation and hydrogenation processes enable the synthesis of numerous chemicals, monomers for polymerization, and biofuel precursors. This Review summarizes the most recent advances in heterogeneous catalytic hydroconversion of HMF into valuable chemicals with strong focus on 2,5-bishydroxymethyl furan (BHMF), 2,5-bishydroxymethyltetrahydrofuran (BHMTHF), and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran (DMTHF). In addition, multifunctional catalytic systems that enable a tunable production of various HMF derived intermediates are discussed. Within this chemistry, the surprising impact of HMF purity on the catalytic performance, such as selectivity and activity, during its upgrading is highlighted. Lastly, the remaining challenges in the field of HMF hydroconversion to the mentioned chemicals are summarized and discussed, taking into account the knowledge gain of catalyst properties and feedstock purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei A Turkin
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina V Makshina
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Wu X, Liao Y, Bomon J, Tian G, Bai ST, Van Aelst K, Zhang Q, Vermandel W, Wambacq B, Maes BUW, Yu J, Sels BF. Lignin-First Monomers to Catechol: Rational Cleavage of C-O and C-C Bonds over Zeolites. ChemSusChem 2022; 15:e202102248. [PMID: 34927813 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A catalytic route is developed to synthesize bio-renewable catechol from softwood-derived lignin-first monomers. This process concept consists of two steps: 1) O-demethylation of 4-n-propylguaiacol (4-PG) over acidic beta zeolites in hot pressurized liquid water delivering 4-n-propylcatechol (4-PC); 2) gas-phase C-dealkylation of 4-PC providing catechol and propylene over acidic ZSM-5 zeolites in the presence of water. With large pore sized beta-19 zeolite as catalyst, 4-PC is formed with more than 93 % selectivity at nearly full conversion of 4-PG. The acid-catalyzed C-dealkylation over ZSM-5 zeolite with medium pore size gives a catechol yield of 75 %. Overall, around 70 % catechol yield is obtained from pure 4-PG, or 56 % when starting from crude 4-PG monomers obtained from softwood by lignin-first RCF biorefinery. The selective cleavage of functional groups from biobased platform molecules through a green and sustainable process highlights the potential to shift feedstock from fossil oil to biomass, providing drop ins for the chemicals industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wu
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
| | - Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Guilong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Shao-Tao Bai
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Walter Vermandel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ben Wambacq
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, 2020, Belgium
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry; International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
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16
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Jedrzejczyk MA, Madelat N, Wouters B, Smeets H, Wolters M, Stepanova SA, Vangeel T, Van Aelst K, Van den Bosch S, Van Aelst J, Polizzi V, Servaes K, Vanbroekhoven K, Lagrain B, Sels BF, Terryn H, Bernaerts KV. Preparation of Renewable Thiol‐yne “Click” Networks Based on Fractionated Lignin for Anticorrosive Protective Films Applications. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika A. Jedrzejczyk
- Maastricht University Faculty of Science and Engineering Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group Brightlands Chemelot Campus Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Negin Madelat
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Benny Wouters
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Hans Smeets
- Zuyd University of Applied Science Research Centre Material Sciences Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6419 DJ Heerlen The Netherlands
| | - Maartje Wolters
- Zuyd University of Applied Science Research Centre Material Sciences Nieuw Eyckholt 300, 6419 DJ Heerlen The Netherlands
| | - Svetlana A. Stepanova
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Joost Van Aelst
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Viviana Polizzi
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research – VITO Separation and Conversion Technology Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Kelly Servaes
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research – VITO Separation and Conversion Technology Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Karolien Vanbroekhoven
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research – VITO Separation and Conversion Technology Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Bert Lagrain
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- KU Leuven Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Herman Terryn
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Katrien V. Bernaerts
- Maastricht University Faculty of Science and Engineering Aachen‐Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM) Sustainable Polymer Synthesis Group Brightlands Chemelot Campus Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
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17
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Rhoda HM, Heyer AJ, Snyder BER, Plessers D, Bols ML, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Solomon EI. Second-Sphere Lattice Effects in Copper and Iron Zeolite Catalysis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:12207-12243. [PMID: 35077641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-exchanged zeolites perform remarkable chemical reactions from low-temperature methane to methanol oxidation to selective reduction of NOx pollutants. As with metalloenzymes, metallozeolites have impressive reactivities that are controlled in part by interactions outside the immediate coordination sphere. These second-sphere effects include activating a metal site through enforcing an "entatic" state, controlling binding and access to the metal site with pockets and channels, and directing radical rebound vs cage escape. This review explores these effects with emphasis placed on but not limited to the selective oxidation of methane to methanol with a focus on copper and iron active sites, although other transition-metal-ion zeolite reactions are also explored. While the actual active-site geometric and electronic structures are different in the copper and iron metallozeolites compared to the metalloenzymes, their second-sphere interactions with the lattice or the protein environments are found to have strong parallels that contribute to their high activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Benjamin E R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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18
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Calderon-Ardila S, Matthijssen J, Van Huffel B, Péruch O, Morvan D, Bellière-Baca V, Dusselier M, Sels BF. Establishing the reaction pathways of the catalytic conversion of erythrulose to sulphides of alpha‐hydroxy thioesters and esters. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Calderon-Ardila
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Bioscience engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven BELGIUM
| | - Joost Matthijssen
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Bioscience Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven BELGIUM
| | - Bart Van Huffel
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Chemistry Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven BELGIUM
| | - Olivier Péruch
- Adisseo France SAS Research and development Antony Parc 2, 10 Place du Général de Gaulle 92160 Antony FRANCE
| | - Didier Morvan
- Adisseo France SAS Research and development Antony Parc 2, 10 Place du Général de Gaulle 92160 Antony FRANCE
| | - Virginie Bellière-Baca
- Adisseo France SAS Research and development Antony Parc 2, 10 Place du Général de Gaulle 92160 Antony FRANCE
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Bioscience engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven BELGIUM
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee BELGIUM
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19
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Wu X, Xie S, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Sels BF, Wang Y. Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts for Lignocellulose Valorization. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007129. [PMID: 34117812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal sulfides are an extraordinarily vital class of semiconductors with a wide range of applications in the photocatalytic field. A great number of recent advances in photocatalytic transformations of lignocellulosic biomass, the largest renewable carbon resource, into high-quality fuels and value-added chemicals has been achieved over metal sulfide semiconductors. Herein, the progress and breakthroughs in metal-sulfide-based photocatalytic systems for lignocellulose valorization with an emphasis on selective depolymerization of lignin and oxidative coupling of some important bioplatforms are highligted. The key issues that control reaction pathways and mechanisms are carefully examined. The functions of metal sulfides in the elementary reactions, including CO-bond cleavage, selective oxidations, CC coupling, and CH activation, are discussed to offer insights to guide the rational design of active and selective photocatalysts for sustainable chemistry. The prospects of sulfide photocatalysts in biomass valorization are also analyzed and briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Shunji Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Haikun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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20
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Bartholomeeusen E, De Cremer G, Kennes K, Hammond C, Hermans I, Lu JB, Schryvers D, Jacobs PA, Roeffaers MBJ, Hofkens J, Sels BF, Coutino-Gonzalez E. Optical encoding of luminescent carbon nanodots in confined spaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11952-11955. [PMID: 34699581 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04777a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stable emissive carbon nanodots were generated in zeolite crystals using near infrared photon irradiation gradually converting the occluded organic template, originally used to synthesize the zeolite crystals, into discrete luminescent species consisting of nano-sized carbogenic fluorophores, as ascertained using Raman microscopy, and steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Photoactivation in a confocal laser fluorescence microscope allows 3D resolved writing of luminescent carbon nanodot patterns inside zeolites providing a cost-effective and non-toxic alternative to previously reported metal-based nanoclusters confined in zeolites, and opens up opportunities in bio-labelling and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Bartholomeeusen
- Chem&Tech - Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gert De Cremer
- DSM Protective Materials, PO Box 1163, 6160BD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Kennes
- Chem & Tech - Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ceri Hammond
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Av., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jiang-Bo Lu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China.,EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Pierre A Jacobs
- Chem&Tech - Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Chem & Tech - Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Chem&Tech - Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Coutino-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C. Loma del Bosque 115, Colonia Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato 37150, Mexico.
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21
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Sudarsanam P, Gupta NK, Mallesham B, Singh N, Kalbande PN, Reddy BM, Sels BF. Supported MoO x and WO x Solid Acids for Biomass Valorization: Interplay of Coordination Chemistry, Acidity, and Catalysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Putla Sudarsanam
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Navneet Kumar Gupta
- Technical University of Darmstadt, Department of Chemistry, Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Baithy Mallesham
- Chemical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, India
| | - Nittan Singh
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Pavan Narayan Kalbande
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Benjaram M. Reddy
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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22
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Bols ML, Devos J, Rhoda HM, Plessers D, Solomon EI, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Dusselier M. Selective Formation of α-Fe(II) Sites on Fe-Zeolites through One-Pot Synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16243-16255. [PMID: 34570975 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
α-Fe(II) active sites in iron zeolites catalyze N2O decomposition and form highly reactive α-O that selectively oxidizes unreactive hydrocarbons, such as methane. How these α-Fe(II) sites are formed remains unclear. Here different methods of iron introduction into zeolites are compared to derive the limiting factors of Fe speciation to α-Fe(II). Postsynthetic iron introduction procedures on small pore zeolites suffer from limited iron diffusion and dispersion leading to iron oxides. In contrast, by introducing Fe(III) in the hydrothermal synthesis mixture of the zeolite (one-pot synthesis) and the right treatment, crystalline CHA can be prepared with >1.6 wt % Fe, of which >70% is α-Fe(II). The effect of iron on the crystallization is investigated, and the intermediate Fe species are tracked using UV-vis-NIR, FT-IR, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. These data are supplemented with online mass spectrometry in each step, with reactivity tests in α-O formation and with methanol yields in stoichiometric methane activation at room temperature and pressure. We recover up to 134 μmol methanol per gram in a single cycle through H2O/CH3CN extraction and 183 μmol/g through steam desorption, a record yield for iron zeolites. A general scheme is proposed for iron speciation in zeolites through the steps of drying, calcination, and activation. The formation of two cohorts of α-Fe(II) is discovered, one before and one after high temperature activation. We propose the latter cohort depends on the reshuffling of aluminum in the zeolite lattice to accommodate thermodynamically favored α-Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Julien Devos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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23
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Bartling AW, Stone ML, Hanes RJ, Bhatt A, Zhang Y, Biddy MJ, Davis R, Kruger JS, Thornburg NE, Luterbacher JS, Rinaldi R, Samec JSM, Sels BF, Román-Leshkov Y, Beckham GT. Techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment of a biorefinery utilizing reductive catalytic fractionation. Energy Environ Sci 2021; 14:4147-4168. [PMID: 36324336 PMCID: PMC9562980 DOI: 10.1039/d1ee01642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is a promising approach to fractionate lignocellulose and convert lignin to a narrow product slate. To guide research towards commercialization, cost and sustainability must be considered. Here we report a techno-economic analysis (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), and air emission analysis of the RCF process, wherein biomass carbohydrates are converted to ethanol and the RCF oil is the lignin-derived product. The base-case process, using a feedstock supply of 2000 dry metric tons per day, methanol as a solvent, and H2 gas as a hydrogen source, predicts a minimum selling price (MSP) of crude RCF oil of $1.13 per kg when ethanol is sold at $2.50 per gallon of gasoline-equivalent ($0.66 per liter of gasoline-equivalent). We estimate that the RCF process accounts for 57% of biorefinery installed capital costs, 77% of positive life cycle global warming potential (GWP) (excluding carbon uptake), and 43% of positive cumulative energy demand (CED). Of $563.7 MM total installed capital costs, the RCF area accounts for $323.5 MM, driven by high-pressure reactors. Solvent recycle and water removal via distillation incur a process heat demand equivalent to 73% of the biomass energy content, and accounts for 35% of total operating costs. In contrast, H2 cost and catalyst recycle are relatively minor contributors to operating costs and environmental impacts. In the carbohydrate-rich pulps, polysaccharide retention is predicted not to substantially affect the RCF oil MSP. Analysis of cases using different solvents and hemicellulose as an in situ hydrogen donor reveals that reducing reactor pressure and the use of low vapor pressure solvents could reduce both capital costs and environmental impacts. Processes that reduce the energy demand for solvent separation also improve GWP, CED, and air emissions. Additionally, despite requiring natural gas imports, converting lignin as a biorefinery co-product could significantly reduce non-greenhouse gas air emissions compared to burning lignin. Overall, this study suggests that research should prioritize ways to lower RCF operating pressure to reduce capital expenses associated with high-pressure reactors, minimize solvent loading to reduce reactor size and energy required for solvent recovery, implement condensed-phase separations for solvent recovery, and utilize the entirety of RCF oil to maximize value-added product revenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartling
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Michael L Stone
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Rebecca J Hanes
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Arpit Bhatt
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Mary J Biddy
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation Oak Ridge TN 37830 USA
| | - Ryan Davis
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Jacob S Kruger
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Nicholas E Thornburg
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
| | - Jeremy S Luterbacher
- Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Roberto Rinaldi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Joseph S M Samec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Yuriy Román-Leshkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-Up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden CO 80401 USA
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24
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Snyder BER, Bols ML, Rhoda HM, Plessers D, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Solomon EI. Cage effects control the mechanism of methane hydroxylation in zeolites. Science 2021; 373:327-331. [PMID: 34437151 PMCID: PMC10353845 DOI: 10.1126/science.abd5803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Catalytic conversion of methane to methanol remains an economically tantalizing but fundamentally challenging goal. Current technologies based on zeolites deactivate too rapidly for practical application. We found that similar active sites hosted in different zeolite lattices can exhibit markedly different reactivity with methane, depending on the size of the zeolite pore apertures. Whereas zeolite with large pore apertures deactivates completely after a single turnover, 40% of active sites in zeolite with small pore apertures are regenerated, enabling a catalytic cycle. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of reaction intermediates and density functional theory calculations show that hindered diffusion through small pore apertures disfavors premature release of CH3 radicals from the active site after C-H activation, thereby promoting radical recombination to form methanol rather than deactivated Fe-OCH3 centers elsewhere in the lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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25
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Turkin A, Eyley S, Preegel G, Thielemans W, Makshina E, Sels BF. How Trace Impurities Can Strongly Affect the Hydroconversion of Biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural? ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksei Turkin
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Gert Preegel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Van Aelst K, Van Sinay E, Vangeel T, Zhang Y, Renders T, Van den Bosch S, Van Aelst J, Sels BF. Low molecular weight and highly functional RCF lignin products as a full bisphenol a replacer in bio-based epoxy resins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5642-5645. [PMID: 33972957 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02263f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present a full lignocellulose-to-chemicals valorization chain, wherein low molecular weight and highly functional lignin oligomers, obtained from reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) of pine wood, were used to fully replace bisphenol A (BPA) for synthesizing bio-based epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korneel Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Elien Van Sinay
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Yingtuan Zhang
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Tom Renders
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Joost Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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27
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Faveere WH, Van Praet S, Vermeeren B, Dumoleijn KNR, Moonen K, Taarning E, Sels BF. Toward Replacing Ethylene Oxide in a Sustainable World: Glycolaldehyde as a Bio‐Based C
2
Platform Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William H. Faveere
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Praet
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Benjamin Vermeeren
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | | | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company Pantserschipstraat 207 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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28
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Rhoda HM, Plessers D, Heyer AJ, Bols ML, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF, Solomon EI. Spectroscopic Definition of a Highly Reactive Site in Cu-CHA for Selective Methane Oxidation: Tuning a Mono-μ-Oxo Dicopper(II) Active Site for Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7531-7540. [PMID: 33970624 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using UV-vis and resonance Raman spectroscopy, we identify a [Cu2O]2+ active site in O2 and N2O activated Cu-CHA that reacts with methane to form methanol at low temperature. The Cu-O-Cu angle (120°) is smaller than that for the [Cu2O]2+ core on Cu-MFI (140°), and its coordination geometry to the zeolite lattice is different. Site-selective kinetics obtained by operando UV-vis show that the [Cu2O]2+ core on Cu-CHA is more reactive than the [Cu2O]2+ site in Cu-MFI. From DFT calculations, we find that the increased reactivity of Cu-CHA is a direct reflection of the strong [Cu2OH]2+ bond formed along the H atom abstraction reaction coordinate. A systematic evaluation of these [Cu2O]2+ cores reveals that the higher O-H bond strength in Cu-CHA is due to the relative orientation of the two planes of the coordinating bidentate O-Al-O T-sites that connect the [Cu2O]2+ core to the zeolite lattice. This work along with our earlier study ( J. Am. Chem. Soc, 2018, 140, 9236-9243) elucidates how zeolite lattice constraints can influence active site reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander J Heyer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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29
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Peeters E, Pomalaza G, Khalil I, Detaille A, Debecker DP, Douvalis AP, Dusselier M, Sels BF. Highly Dispersed Sn-beta Zeolites as Active Catalysts for Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation: The Role of Mobile, In Situ Sn(II)O Species in Solid-State Stannation. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Peeters
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Pomalaza
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim Khalil
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Detaille
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.09, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien P. Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.09, 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexios P. Douvalis
- Mössbauer Spectroscopy & Physics of Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute of Materials Science and Computing, University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Leuven Chem&Tech, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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30
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Bols ML, Snyder BER, Rhoda HM, Cnudde P, Fayad G, Schoonheydt RA, Van Speybroeck V, Solomon EI, Sels BF. Coordination and activation of nitrous oxide by iron zeolites. Nat Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-021-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Narmon AS, Dewaele A, Bruyninckx K, Sels BF, Van Puyvelde P, Dusselier M. Boosting PLA melt strength by controlling the chirality of co-monomer incorporation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5672-5681. [PMID: 34163778 PMCID: PMC8179584 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00040c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based and degradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) have become prominent. In spite of encouraging features, PLA has a low melt strength and melt elasticity, resulting in processing and application limitations that diminish its substitution potential vis-a-vis classic plastics. Here, we demonstrate a large increase in zero shear viscosity, melt elasticity, elongational viscosity and melt strength by random co-polymerization of lactide with small amounts, viz. 0.4-10 mol%, of diethylglycolide of opposite chiral nature. These enantiomerically pure monomers can be synthesized using one-step zeolite catalysis. Screening of the ester linkages in the final PLA chains by the ethyl side groups is suggested to create an expanding effect on the polymer coils in molten state by weakening of chain-chain interactions. This effect is suspected to increase the radius of gyration, enabling more chain entanglements and consequently increasing the melt strength. A stronger melt could enable access to more cost-competitive and sustainable PLA-based biomaterials with a broader application window. Amongst others, blow molding of bottles, film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming could be facilitated by PLA materials exhibiting a higher melt strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Sofie Narmon
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium https://dusselier-lab.org/
| | - Annelies Dewaele
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium https://dusselier-lab.org/
| | - Kevin Bruyninckx
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium https://dusselier-lab.org/
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium https://dusselier-lab.org/
| | - Peter Van Puyvelde
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soft Matter, Rheology and Technology, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium https://dusselier-lab.org/
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32
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Bai ST, De Smet G, Liao Y, Sun R, Zhou C, Beller M, Maes BUW, Sels BF. Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol under mild conditions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4259-4298. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the concepts, mechanisms, drawbacks and challenges of the state-of-the-art catalysis for CO2 to MeOH under mild conditions. Thoughtful guidelines and principles for future research are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Tao Bai
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Gilles De Smet
- Division of Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | | | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Division of Organic Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Antwerp
- B-2020 Antwerp
- Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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33
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Faveere WH, Van Praet S, Vermeeren B, Dumoleijn KNR, Moonen K, Taarning E, Sels BF. Toward Replacing Ethylene Oxide in a Sustainable World: Glycolaldehyde as a Bio-Based C 2 Platform Molecule. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:12204-12223. [PMID: 32833281 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fossil-based platform molecules such as ethylene and ethylene oxide currently serve as the primary feedstock for the C2 -based chemical industry. However, in the search for a more sustainable chemical industry, fossil-based resources may preferentially be replaced by renewable alternatives, provided there is realistic economic feasibility. This Review compares and critically discusses several production routes toward bio-based structural analogues of ethylene oxide and the required adaptations for their implementation in state-of-the-art C2 -based chemical processes. For example, glycolaldehyde, a structural analogue obtainable from carbohydrates by atom-economic retro-aldol reactions, may replace ethylene oxide's leading role. This alternative chemical route may not only allow the carbon footprint of conventional chemicals production to be lowered, but the introduction of a bio-based pathway may also contribute to safer production processes. Where possible, challenges, drawbacks, and prospects are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Faveere
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sofie Van Praet
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Vermeeren
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kim N R Dumoleijn
- Eastman Chemical Company, Pantserschipstraat 207, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company, Pantserschipstraat 207, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Esben Taarning
- Haldor Topsøe A/S, Nymøllevej 55, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Heverlee, Belgium
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34
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Kerstens D, Smeyers B, Van Waeyenberg J, Zhang Q, Yu J, Sels BF. State of the Art and Perspectives of Hierarchical Zeolites: Practical Overview of Synthesis Methods and Use in Catalysis. Adv Mater 2020; 32:e2004690. [PMID: 32969083 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microporous zeolites have proven to be of great importance in many chemical processes. Yet, they often suffer from diffusion limitations causing inefficient use of the available catalytically active sites. To address this problem, hierarchical zeolites have been developed, which extensively improve the catalytic performance. There is a multitude of recent literature describing synthesis of and catalysis with these hierarchical zeolites. This review attempts to organize and overview this literature (of the last 5 years), with emphasis on the most important advances with regard to synthesis and application of such zeolites. Special attention is paid to the most common and important 10- and 12-membered ring zeolites (MTT, TON, FER, MFI, MOR, FAU, and *BEA). In contrast to previous reviews, the research per zeolite topology is brought together and discussed here. This allows the reader to instantly find the best synthesis method in accordance to the desired zeolite properties. A summarizing graph is made available to enable the reader to select suitable synthesis procedures based on zeolite acidity and mesoporosity, the two most important tunable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Kerstens
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brent Smeyers
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Van Waeyenberg
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preperative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preperative Chemistry College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bert F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan, 200f, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Van Aelst K, Van Sinay E, Vangeel T, Cooreman E, Van den Bossche G, Renders T, Van Aelst J, Van den Bosch S, Sels BF. Reductive catalytic fractionation of pine wood: elucidating and quantifying the molecular structures in the lignin oil. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11498-11508. [PMID: 34094394 PMCID: PMC8162782 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04182c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In-depth structural analysis of biorefined lignin is imperative to understand its physicochemical properties, essential for its efficient valorization to renewable materials and chemicals. Up to now, research on Reductive Catalytic Fractionation (RCF) of lignocellulose biomass, an emerging biorefinery technology, has strongly focused on the formation, separation and quantitative analysis of the abundant lignin-derived phenolic monomers. However, detailed structural information on the linkages in RCF lignin oligomers, constituting up to 50 wt% of RCF lignin, and their quantification, is currently lacking. This study discloses new detailed insights into the pine wood RCF lignin oil's molecular structure through the combination of fractionation and systematic analysis, resulting in the first assignment of the major RCF-derived structural units in the 1H-13C HSQC NMR spectrum of the RCF oligomers. Specifically, β-5 γ-OH, β-5 ethyl, β-1 γ-OH, β-1 ethyl, β-β 2x γ-OH, β-β THF, and 5-5 inter-unit linkages were assigned unambiguously, resulting in the quantification of over 80% of the lignin inter-unit linkages and end-units. Detailed inspection of the native lignin inter-unit linkages and their conversion reveals the occurring hydrogenolysis chemistry and the unambiguous proof of absence of lignin fragment condensation during proper RCF processing. Overall, the study offers an advanced analytical toolbox for future RCF lignin conversion and lignin structural analysis research, and valuable insights for lignin oil valorization purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - E Van Sinay
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - T Vangeel
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - E Cooreman
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - G Van den Bossche
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - T Renders
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - J Van Aelst
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - S Van den Bosch
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - B F Sels
- Centre for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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36
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Cooreman E, Vangeel T, Van Aelst K, Van Aelst J, Lauwaert J, Thybaut JW, Van den Bosch S, Sels BF. Perspective on Overcoming Scale-Up Hurdles for the Reductive Catalytic Fractionation of Lignocellulose Biomass. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elias Cooreman
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lauwaert
- Industrial Catalysis and Adsorption Technology (INCAT), Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg 1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris W. Thybaut
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Back Cover: Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio‐Catechol (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 8/2020). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular ModelingGhent University Technologiepark 46 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and EngineeringKU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and EngineeringKU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic SynthesisDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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38
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Rücktitelbild: Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio‐Catechol (Angew. Chem. 8/2020). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling Ghent University Technologiepark 46 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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39
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Liao Y, Koelewijn SF, Van den Bossche G, Van Aelst J, Van den Bosch S, Renders T, Navare K, Nicolaï T, Van Aelst K, Maesen M, Matsushima H, Thevelein JM, Van Acker K, Lagrain B, Verboekend D, Sels BF. A sustainable wood biorefinery for low–carbon footprint chemicals production. Science 2020; 367:1385-1390. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The profitability and sustainability of future biorefineries are dependent on efficient feedstock use. Therefore, it is essential to valorize lignin when using wood. We have developed an integrated biorefinery that converts 78 weight % (wt %) of birch into xylochemicals. Reductive catalytic fractionation of the wood produces a carbohydrate pulp amenable to bioethanol production and a lignin oil. After extraction of the lignin oil, the crude, unseparated mixture of phenolic monomers is catalytically funneled into 20 wt % of phenol and 9 wt % of propylene (on the basis of lignin weight) by gas-phase hydroprocessing and dealkylation; the residual phenolic oligomers (30 wt %) are used in printing ink as replacements for controversial para-nonylphenol. A techno-economic analysis predicts an economically competitive production process, and a life-cycle assessment estimates a lower carbon dioxide footprint relative to that of fossil-based production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Steven-Friso Koelewijn
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Gil Van den Bossche
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Joost Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Sander Van den Bosch
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Tom Renders
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kranti Navare
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Nicolaï
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, and Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Korneel Van Aelst
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Maarten Maesen
- Lawter bvba, Ketenislaan 1C, Haven 1520, 9130 Kallo, Belgium
| | | | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, and Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Karel Van Acker
- Department of Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Center for Economics and Corporate Sustainability, KU Leuven, Warmoesberg 26, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bert Lagrain
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Danny Verboekend
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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40
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio‐Catechol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling Ghent University Technologiepark 46 9052 Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
| | | | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Bert U. W. Maes
- Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171 2020 Antwerp Belgium
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41
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Bomon J, Van Den Broeck E, Bal M, Liao Y, Sergeyev S, Van Speybroeck V, Sels BF, Maes BUW. Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Tandem Defunctionalization of Biorenewable Ferulic acid and Derivates into Bio-Catechol. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3063-3068. [PMID: 31765514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An efficient conversion of biorenewable ferulic acid into bio-catechol has been developed. The transformation comprises two consecutive defunctionalizations of the substrate, that is, C-O (demethylation) and C-C (de-2-carboxyvinylation) bond cleavage, occurring in one step. The process only requires heating of ferulic acid with HCl (or H2 SO4 ) as catalyst in pressurized hot water (250 °C, 50 bar N2 ). The versatility is shown on a variety of other (biorenewable) substrates yielding up to 84 % di- (catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone) and trihydroxybenzenes (pyrogallol, hydroxyquinol), in most cases just requiring simple extraction as work-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Bomon
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Van Den Broeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling, Ghent University, Technologiepark 46, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Mathias Bal
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sergey Sergeyev
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Bols ML, Rhoda HM, Snyder BER, Solomon EI, Pierloot K, Schoonheydt RA, Sels BF. Advances in the synthesis, characterisation, and mechanistic understanding of active sites in Fe-zeolites for redox catalysts. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14749-14757. [PMID: 33140781 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The recent research developments on the active sites in Fe-zeolites for redox catalysis are discussed. Building on the characterisation of the α-Fe/α-O active sites in the beta and chabazite zeolites, we demonstrate a bottom-up approach to successfully understand and develop Fe-zeolite catalysts. We use the room temperature benzene to phenol reaction as a relevant example. We then suggest how the spectroscopic identification of other monomeric and dimeric iron sites could be tackled. The challenges in the characterisation of active sites and intermediates in NOX selective catalytic reduction catalysts and further development of catalysts for mild partial methane oxidation are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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43
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Faveere W, Mihaylov T, Pelckmans M, Moonen K, Gillis-D’Hamers F, Bosschaerts R, Pierloot K, Sels BF. Glycolaldehyde as a Bio-Based C2 Platform Chemical: Catalytic Reductive Amination of Vicinal Hydroxyl Aldehydes. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Faveere
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tzvetan Mihaylov
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Pelckmans
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Moonen
- Eastman Chemical Company, Technologiepark 21, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Frederik Gillis-D’Hamers
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kristine Pierloot
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Sustainable Catalysis and Engineering (CSCE), Department M2S, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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44
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Sudarsanam P, Peeters E, Makshina EV, Parvulescu VI, Sels BF. Advances in porous and nanoscale catalysts for viable biomass conversion. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2366-2421. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00452h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid catalysts with unique porosity and nanoscale properties play a promising role for efficient valorization of biomass into sustainable advanced fuels and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putla Sudarsanam
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Elise Peeters
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Ekaterina V. Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - Vasile I. Parvulescu
- University of Bucharest
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Biochemistry and Catalysis
- Bucharest 030016
- Romania
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering
- Heverlee
- Belgium
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45
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Makshina EV, Canadell J, van Krieken J, Peeters E, Dusselier M, Sels BF. Bio‐Acrylates Production: Recent Catalytic Advances and Perspectives of the Use of Lactic Acid and Their Derivates. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Judit Canadell
- Central R&D Corbion Arkelsedijk 46 Gorinchem 4206 AC The Netherlands
| | - Jan van Krieken
- Central R&D Corbion Arkelsedijk 46 Gorinchem 4206 AC The Netherlands
| | - Elise Peeters
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Heverlee 3001 Belgium
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46
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De Clercq R, Makshina E, Sels BF, Dusselier M. Catalytic Gas-Phase Cyclization of Glycolate Esters: A Novel Route Toward Glycolide-Based Bioplastics. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rik De Clercq
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis; KU Leuven; Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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47
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Bols ML, Hallaert SD, Snyder BER, Devos J, Plessers D, Rhoda HM, Dusselier M, Schoonheydt RA, Pierloot K, Solomon EI, Sels BF. Spectroscopic Identification of the α-Fe/α-O Active Site in Fe-CHA Zeolite for the Low-Temperature Activation of the Methane C-H Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12021-12032. [PMID: 30169036 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of single-site α-Fe in the CHA zeolite topology is demonstrated. The site is shown to be active in oxygen atom abstraction from N2O to form a highly reactive α-O, capable of methane activation at room temperature to form methanol. The methanol product can subsequently be desorbed by online steaming at 200 °C. For the intermediate steps of the reaction cycle, the evolution of the Fe active site is monitored by UV-vis-NIR and Mössbauer spectroscopy. A B3LYP-DFT model of the α-Fe site in CHA is constructed, and the ligand field transitions are calculated by CASPT2. The model is experimentally substantiated by the preferential formation of α-Fe over other Fe species, the requirement of paired framework aluminum and a MeOH/Fe ratio indicating a mononuclear active site. The simple CHA topology is shown to mitigate the heterogeneity of iron speciation found on other Fe-zeolites, with Fe2O3 being the only identifiable phase other than α-Fe formed in Fe-CHA. The α-Fe site is formed in the d6r composite building unit, which occurs frequently across synthetic and natural zeolites. Finally, through a comparison between α-Fe in Fe-CHA and Fe-*BEA, the topology's 6MR geometry is found to influence the structure, the ligand field, and consequently the spectroscopy of the α-Fe site in a predictable manner. Variations in zeolite topology can thus be used to rationally tune the active site properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Bols
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Simon D Hallaert
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Benjamin E R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Julien Devos
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Dieter Plessers
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Hannah M Rhoda
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Robert A Schoonheydt
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Kristine Pierloot
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States.,Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2575 Sand Hill Road , Menlo Park , California 94025 , United States
| | - Bert F Sels
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
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48
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Ghadamyari M, Chaemchuen S, Zhou K, Dusselier M, Sels BF, Mousavi B, Verpoort F. One-step synthesis of stereo-pure l,l lactide from l-lactic acid. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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49
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Liao Y, Zhong R, Makshina E, d’Halluin M, van Limbergen Y, Verboekend D, Sels BF. Propylphenol to Phenol and Propylene over Acidic Zeolites: Role of Shape Selectivity and Presence of Steam. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe Liao
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ruyi Zhong
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Martin d’Halluin
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Yannick van Limbergen
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Danny Verboekend
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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50
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De Clercq R, Dusselier M, Poleunis C, Debecker DP, Giebeler L, Oswald S, Makshina E, Sels BF. Titania-Silica Catalysts for Lactide Production from Renewable Alkyl Lactates: Structure–Activity Relations. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rik De Clercq
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michiel Dusselier
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claude Poleunis
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Damien P. Debecker
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lars Giebeler
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden e.V., Helmholtzstraße 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Steffen Oswald
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden e.V., Helmholtzstraße 20, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Makshina
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F. Sels
- Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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