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Goettsch B, Hilton-Taylor C, Cruz-Piñón G, Duffy JP, Frances A, Hernández HM, Inger R, Pollock C, Schipper J, Superina M, Taylor NP, Tognelli M, Abba AM, Arias S, Arreola-Nava HJ, Baker MA, Bárcenas RT, Barrios D, Braun P, Butterworth CA, Búrquez A, Caceres F, Chazaro-Basañez M, Corral-Díaz R, Del Valle Perea M, Demaio PH, Duarte de Barros WA, Durán R, Yancas LF, Felger RS, Fitz-Maurice B, Fitz-Maurice WA, Gann G, Gómez-Hinostrosa C, Gonzales-Torres LR, Patrick Griffith M, Guerrero PC, Hammel B, Heil KD, Hernández-Oria JG, Hoffmann M, Ishihara MI, Kiesling R, Larocca J, León-de la Luz JL, Loaiza S CR, Lowry M, Machado MC, Majure LC, Ávalos JGM, Martorell C, Maschinski J, Méndez E, Mittermeier RA, Nassar JM, Negrón-Ortiz V, Oakley LJ, Ortega-Baes P, Ferreira ABP, Pinkava DJ, Porter JM, Puente-Martinez R, Gamarra JR, Pérez PS, Martínez ES, Smith M, Manuel Sotomayor M Del C J, Stuart SN, Muñoz JLT, Terrazas T, Terry M, Trevisson M, Valverde T, Van Devender TR, Véliz-Pérez ME, Walter HE, Wyatt SA, Zappi D, Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado J, Gaston KJ. High proportion of cactus species threatened with extinction. Nat Plants 2015; 1:15142. [PMID: 27251394 DOI: 10.1038/nplants.2015.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A high proportion of plant species is predicted to be threatened with extinction in the near future. However, the threat status of only a small number has been evaluated compared with key animal groups, rendering the magnitude and nature of the risks plants face unclear. Here we report the results of a global species assessment for the largest plant taxon evaluated to date under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, the iconic Cactaceae (cacti). We show that cacti are among the most threatened taxonomic groups assessed to date, with 31% of the 1,478 evaluated species threatened, demonstrating the high anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity in arid lands. The distribution of threatened species and the predominant threatening processes and drivers are different to those described for other taxa. The most significant threat processes comprise land conversion to agriculture and aquaculture, collection as biological resources, and residential and commercial development. The dominant drivers of extinction risk are the unscrupulous collection of live plants and seeds for horticultural trade and private ornamental collections, smallholder livestock ranching and smallholder annual agriculture. Our findings demonstrate that global species assessments are readily achievable for major groups of plants with relatively moderate resources, and highlight different conservation priorities and actions to those derived from species assessments of key animal groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Goettsch
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Species Programme, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, UK
| | - Craig Hilton-Taylor
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Species Programme, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, UK
| | - Gabriela Cruz-Piñón
- Departamento Académico de Biología Marina Carretera al Sur Km 5.5, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur, Col. El Mezquitito, La Paz, BCS C.P. 23080, Mexico
| | - James P Duffy
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Anne Frances
- NatureServe, 4600 N. Fairfax Dr., 7th Floor, Arlington, Virginia 22203, USA
| | - Héctor M Hernández
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Richard Inger
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Caroline Pollock
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Global Species Programme, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, UK
| | - Jan Schipper
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
- Conservation &Science Department, Phoenix Zoo, 455 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, Arizona 85008, USA
| | - Mariella Superina
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología de la Fauna Silvestre, IMBECU, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Avda. Dr. Adrián Ruiz Leal, S/N°, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Nigel P Taylor
- Singapore Botanic Gardens and National Parks Board, 1 Cluny Road, Singapore 259569, Singapore
| | - Marcelo Tognelli
- International Union for Conservation of Nature-Conservation International, Biodiversity Assessment Unit, Betty &Gordon Moore Center for Science &Oceans, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Suite 500, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
| | - Agustín M Abba
- División Zoología Vertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, CONICET, Paseo del Bosque s/n, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Salvador Arias
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Hilda J Arreola-Nava
- Instituto de Botánica del Departamento de Botánica y Zoología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, km. 15.5 carr. a Nogales, Zapopan, Jalisco C.P. 45110, Mexico
| | - Marc A Baker
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Rolando T Bárcenas
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular y Ecología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Campus Aeropuerto, Carretera a Chichimequillas km. 2.5, Querétaro, Querétaro C.P. 76140, Mexico
| | - Duniel Barrios
- Jardín Botánico Nacional, Universidad de La Habana, Carretera El Rocío Km 3 1/2 Calabazar, Boyeros, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | - Charles A Butterworth
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, PO Box 874501, Tempe, Arizona 85287-4501, USA
| | - Alberto Búrquez
- Unidad Hermosillo, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 1354, Hermosillo, Sonora C.P. 83000, México
| | - Fátima Caceres
- Herbarium arequipense HUSA, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín, Av. Daniel Alcides Carrión s/n, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Miguel Chazaro-Basañez
- Facultad de Biología, Universidad Veracruzana, Zona Universitaria, Xalapa, Veracruz C.P. 91000, Mexico
| | - Rafael Corral-Díaz
- Pulsar Group, LLC, Environmental Consulting and Services, 565 Bluff Canyon Circle, El Paso, TX 79912, USA
| | - Mario Del Valle Perea
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UNCA, Avenida General Belgrano 300, San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Demaio
- Temperate South American Plants, Specialist Group, IUCN, Colanchanga S/N, Río Ceballos, Córdoba 5111, Argentina
| | - Williams A Duarte de Barros
- Herbario MVM, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, 25 de Mayo 582, Casilla de Correo 399, Montevideo C.P. 11.000, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Durán
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 Col. Chuburná, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97200, México
| | - Luis Faúndez Yancas
- Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- BIOTA, Gestión y Consultorías Ambientales Ltda., Av. Miguel Claro 1224, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | - George Gann
- The Institute for Regional Conservation, Delray Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Carlos Gómez-Hinostrosa
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | | | | | - Pablo C Guerrero
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160C, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago 780-0024, Chile
| | - Barry Hammel
- Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, Missouri 23166-0299, USA
| | | | - José Guadalupe Hernández-Oria
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología Tropical, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Michael Hoffmann
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland CH-1196, Switzerland
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Mario Ishiki Ishihara
- El Colegio de La Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carr. Panamericana y Periférico Sur s/n, Barrio de María Auxiliadora, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas C.P. 29290, Mexico
| | | | - João Larocca
- Fundação Gaia-Estrada Capão da Fonte, s/n°, Caixa Postal: 353, Cep: 96690-000, Pantano, Grande/RS, Brazil
| | - José Luis León-de la Luz
- Herbarium HCIB, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Apdo. postal 128, La Paz, Baja California Sur C.P. 23000, Mexico
| | - Christian R Loaiza S
- Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana "Benjamín Carrión", Núcleo de Loja/Sección de Ciencias Naturales y Ecología, Colón 13 - 12 y Bernardo Valdivieso, Loja, Ecuador
| | - Martin Lowry
- International Organization for Succulent Plant Study, 83, Seaton Road, Hessle, Hull, UK
| | - Marlon C Machado
- Herbario HUEFS, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Bahia CEP 44036-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas C Majure
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85281, USA
| | - José Guadalupe Martínez Ávalos
- Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Calle División del Golfo No 356, Col. Libertad, Cd. Victoria, Tamaulipas C.P 87019, México
| | - Carlos Martorell
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Joyce Maschinski
- Kushlan Tropical Science Institute, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, 10901 Old Cutler Rd., Coral Gables, Miami, Florida 33156, USA
| | - Eduardo Méndez
- Botánica y Fitosociología-IADIZA-CCT-CONICET-MENDOZA, Avda. Dr. Adrián Ruiz Leal, S/N°, Parque General San Martín, C.P. 5500, Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | | | - Jafet M Nassar
- Centro de Ecología, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Carretera Panamericana km 11, Apdo. 20632, Altos de Pipe, Miranda, Venezuela
| | - Vivian Negrón-Ortiz
- US Fish &Wildlife Service, 1601 Balboa, Ave., Panama City, Florida 32405, USA
- Department of Biology, Miami University, 501 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, USA
| | - Luis J Oakley
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, UNR, C.C. N° 14, S2125ZAA, Zavalla, Argentina
| | - Pablo Ortega-Baes
- LABIBO, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta-CONICET, Av. Bolivia 5150, Salta 4400, Argentina
| | - Ana Beatriz Pin Ferreira
- Asociación Etnobotánica Paraguaya, Dr. Hassler 6378 entre R.I.4 Curupayty y R.I. 2 Ytororó, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - Donald J Pinkava
- Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85281, USA
| | - J Mark Porter
- Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, 1500 N. College Ave., Claremont, California 91711, USA
| | | | - José Roque Gamarra
- Museo de Historia Natural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Patricio Saldivia Pérez
- BIOTA, Gestión y Consultorías Ambientales Ltda., Av. Miguel Claro 1224, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emiliano Sánchez Martínez
- Jardín Botánico Regional de Cadereyta "Ing. Manuel González de Cosío", Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Querétaro, Camino a la antigua Hacienda de Tovares sin número, Cadereyta de Montes, Querétaro C.P. 76500, Mexico
| | | | | | - Simon N Stuart
- International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland CH-1196, Switzerland
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Conservation International, 2011 Crystal Drive, Arlington, Virginia 22202, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
- Al Ain Zoo, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - José Luis Tapia Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130 Col. Chuburná, Mérida, Yucatán C.P. 97200, México
| | - Teresa Terrazas
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Martin Terry
- Sul Ross State University, Alpine, Texas 79832, USA
| | - Marcelo Trevisson
- Instituto Superior "Arturo U. Illia" (ISAUI), Olsacher 99, Villa Carlos Paz, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Teresa Valverde
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Deleg. Coyoacán, México, D.F. C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Thomas R Van Devender
- Sky Island Alliance, Inc, 300 E. University Blvd., Suite 270, Tucson, Arizona 85705, USA
| | - Mario Esteban Véliz-Pérez
- Herbario BIGU, Escuela de Biología, Facultad CC. QQ. y Farmacia, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Helmut E Walter
- The EXSIS project: cactaceae ex-situ &in-situ conservation, Casilla 175, Buin, Chile
| | - Sarah A Wyatt
- Global Environment Facility, 1818 H St NW P4-400, Washington, DC 20433, USA
| | - Daniela Zappi
- HLAA, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AB, UK
| | - J Alejandro Zavala-Hurtado
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ap. Postal 55-535, México, D.F. 09340, Mexico
| | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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