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Sinha S, Behera BK, Padhi SK, Sahoo S, Sahoo N, Biswal S, Sahoo P. Comparative evaluation of diagnostic methods for detection of Theileria spp. in cows. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3514-3518. [PMID: 36695009 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2168197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Theileriosis is a hemoprotozoan illness of cattle in tropical regions that poses a severe economic loss to dairy farmers in the form of production loss and mortality. We designed and optimized a multiplex real-time PCR by using Taq-Man® probe for detection and quantification of Theileria orientalis and Theileria annulata simultaneously by targeting 18 s rRna and MPSP (surface merozoite protein) genes, respectively. Fifty-five EDTA blood samples from clinically Theileria-suspected cows of three Theileria-endemic districts of Odisha were processed using acridine dye based fluorescent microscopy, Giemsa staining, and PCR. PCR revealed T. annulata and T. orientalis in 11/42 (26.11%) and 24/42 (57.14%) cases, respectively. Mixed infection due to both the Theileria spp. was recorded in 7/42 (16.66%). On comparison with gold standard test (PCR), the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were 92.72, 95.12, and 85.71% for Giemsa staining and 96.36, 97.56, and 92.85% for acridine orange dye. Multiplex real time PCR using Taq-Man probe detected two species of T. annulata and T. orientalis simultaneously. Acridine dye based fluorescent microscopy is comparatively easy and rapid method in detection of Thelieria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraddha Sinha
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Behera
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soumesh K Padhi
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sonali Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Niranjana Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sangram Biswal
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Priyadarshini Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
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Das A, Behera BK, Acharya S, Paria P, Chakraborty HJ, Parida PK, Das BK. Genetic diversity and multiple antibiotic resistance index study of bacterial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from diseased Indian major carps. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 64:875-887. [PMID: 31020632 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intensive fish farming systems have led to increase in disease incidence, due to higher stocking density, high organic matter levels, and poor quality of the aquatic environment. Diseased fish samples showing hemorrhages and reddish lesions were collected from different freshwater fish farms located at three different districts of West Bengal, India (Burdwan, North 24 Parganas, and Nadia). The present study was conducted to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten different Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from different infected freshwater fish samples based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Primarily, Klebsiella-specific media was used for the isolation and characterization of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Further, through a biochemical test, all the strains were confirmed as K. pneumoniae. PCR analysis of 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (PCR ribotyping) was carried out to study the species variation within different Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. For all the isolates, a conserved PCR ribotype pattern was observed while differing from other bacterial species. Phylogenetic study showed the high degree of homology with diverse source of other strains. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) values of the present study for the isolates were found to be 0.468. MAR value above 0.2 indicates that the source of isolation was highly contaminated with antibiotics. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the present study revealed the genetic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from the different diseased fish farms of West Bengal. All the strains were found to be hypermucoviscous and multidrug-resistant, thus making it pathogenic towards the host organisms. Further, the study revealed a high prevalence of K. pneumoniae in aquaculture farms, representing a risk towards successful aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.,Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - B K Behera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India.
| | - S Acharya
- Department of Zoology, Vidyasagar University, Medinipur, West Bengal, 721102, India
| | - P Paria
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - H J Chakraborty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - P K Parida
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
| | - B K Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700120, India
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Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to examine the carrier status of theileriosis among apparently healthy cross-bred jersey cattle population of Odisha using conventional blood smear examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: A total of 34 apparently healthy cross-bred Jersey lactating cows were considered in this study. Blood samples were subjected to microscopic examination after staining with Giemsa stain and PCR based molecular diagnosis using two sets of primer, i.e., N516/N517 and TorF1/TorF2 specific for Theileria annulata and Theileriaorientalis, respectively. Results: Examination of blood samples revealed presence of theileria parasites to a magnitude of 20.59% for T. annulata, 8.82% for T. orientalis, and 2.94% for both. Conclusion: Molecular diagnosis was found to be much more sensitive than conventional method for diagnosis of theileriosis. T. annulata was found to be the predominant species affecting the exotic cattle. T. orientalis was detected in apparently healthy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjana Sahoo
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Bikash Kumar Behera
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Khuntia
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Manojita Dash
- Centre for Wildlife Health, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751003, Odisha, India
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Roy S, Chakraborty HJ, Kumar V, Behera BK, Rana RS, Babu G. In Silico Structural Studies and Molecular Docking Analysis of Delta6-desaturase in HUFA Biosynthetic Pathway. Anim Biotechnol 2017; 29:161-173. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2017.1332639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R S Rana
- ICAR - Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan I, New Delhi, India
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Roy S, Kumar V, Kumar V, Behera BK. Acute Phase Proteins and their Potential Role as an Indicator for Fish Health and in Diagnosis of Fish Diseases. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 24:78-89. [PMID: 27903234 DOI: 10.2174/0929866524666161121142221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The acute phase proteins are biochemically and functionally unrelated protein predominantly synthesized in the liver. The local inflammatory cells i.e. macrophages and neutrophils secretes various cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 (interleukins) and TNF-α into bloodstream in response to injury and tissue damage, which stimulate hepatocytes to produce protein and release them into the circulation; these proteins are called as acute phase protein (e.g. C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), metal binding protein, lysozyme, lectin, etc.). The acute phase proteins are involved in variety of defence related activities e.g., inactivation of proteolytic enzymes, preventing the distribution of infectious agents (i.e. either by destruction of microorganism or making microbial cell suitable for cell response by modifying surface targets) and restoration of damage tissue and healthy condition. A number of well-known acute phase proteins have disease prognosis importance and change in the APPs level reflects the presence and intensity of inflammation during infection or injury. Further studies are still necessary to develop our knowledge in diagnostic importance of different acute phase proteins in fish and more efforts are needed to differentiate the APPs levels in case of viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, 700120, India
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Behera BK, Sharma CG, Singh SK, Kumar H, Chaudhari RK, Mahla AS, Das GK, Krishnaswamy N. Relationship between endometritis and oxidative stress in the follicular fluid and luteal function in the buffalo. Reprod Domest Anim 2016; 51:844-7. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- BK Behera
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - CG Sharma
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - SK Singh
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - H Kumar
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - RK Chaudhari
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - AS Mahla
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - GK Das
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- Animal Reproduction Division; ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute; Izatnagar India
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Behera BK, Singh NS, Paria P, Sahoo AK, Panda D, Meena DK, Das P, Pakrashi S, Biswas DK, Sharma AP. Population genetic structure of Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha inferred from variation in mitochondrial DNA sequences. J Environ Biol 2015; 36:1193-1197. [PMID: 26521565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha, is a commercially important anadromous fish representing major catch in Indo-pacific region. The present study evaluated partial Cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene sequence of mtDNA in T. ilisha for determining genetic variation from Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea origins. The genomic DNA extracted from T. ilisha samples representing two distant rivers in the Indian subcontinent, the Bhagirathi (lower stretch of Ganges) and the Tapi was analyzed. Sequencing of 307 bp mtDNA Cytochrome b gene fragment revealed the presence of 5 haplotypes, with high haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.9048 with variance 0.103 and low nucleotide diversity (π) of 0.14301. Three population specific haplotypes were observed in river Ganga and two haplotypes in river Tapi. Neighbour-joining tree based on Cytochrome b gene sequences of T. ilisha showed that population from Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea origins belonged to two distinct clusters.
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C De B, Meena DK, Behera BK, Das P, Das Mohapatra PK, Sharma AP. Probiotics in fish and shellfish culture: immunomodulatory and ecophysiological responses. Fish Physiol Biochem 2014; 40:921-971. [PMID: 24419543 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9897-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is emerging as one of the most viable and promising enterprises for keeping pace with the surging need for animal protein, providing nutritional and food security to humans, particularly those residing in regions where livestock is relatively scarce. With every step toward intensification of aquaculture practices, there is an increase in the stress level in the animal as well as the environment. Hence, disease outbreak is being increasingly recognized as one of the most important constraints to aquaculture production in many countries, including India. Conventionally, the disease control in aquaculture has relied on the use of chemical compounds and antibiotics. The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is one of the key factors for health management in aquaculture. Consequently, with the emerging need for environmentally friendly aquaculture, the use of alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters in fish nutrition is now widely accepted. In recent years, probiotics have taken center stage and are being used as an unconventional approach that has numerous beneficial effects in fish and shellfish culture: improved activity of gastrointestinal microbiota and enhanced immune status, disease resistance, survival, feed utilization and growth performance. As natural products, probiotics have much potential to increase the efficiency and sustainability of aquaculture production. Therefore, comprehensive research to fully characterize the intestinal microbiota of prominent fish species, mechanisms of action of probiotics and their effects on the intestinal ecosystem, immunity, fish health and performance is reasonable. This review highlights the classifications and applications of probiotics in aquaculture. The review also summarizes the advancement and research highlights of the probiotic status and mode of action, which are of great significance from an ecofriendly, sustainable, intensive aquaculture point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhan C De
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, 700120, West Bengal, India
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Rao AR, Dash M, Sahu TK, Behera BK, Mohapatra T. Detection of novel key residues of MnSOD enzyme and its role in salinity management across species. J Genet 2014; 93:e8-e16. [PMID: 24823309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A R Rao
- Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012, India.
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Meena DK, Das P, Kumar S, Mandal SC, Prusty AK, Singh SK, Akhtar MS, Behera BK, Kumar K, Pal AK, Mukherjee SC. Beta-glucan: an ideal immunostimulant in aquaculture (a review). Fish Physiol Biochem 2013; 39:431-57. [PMID: 22965949 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The major hindrance in the development and sustainability of aquaculture industry is the occurrence of various diseases in the farming systems. Today, preventive and management measures are central concern to overcome such outbreak of diseases. Immunostimulants are considered as an effective tool for enhancing immune status of cultured organisms. Among different immunostimulants used in aquaculture practices, β-glucan is one of the promising immunostimulant, which is a homopolysaccharide of glucose molecule linked by the glycoside bond. It forms the major constituents of cell wall of some plants, fungi, bacteria, mushroom, yeast, and seaweeds. Major attention on β-glucan was captivated with the gain in knowledge on its receptors and the mechanism of action. The receptor present inside the animal body recognizes and binds to β-glucan, which in turn renders the animal with high resistance and enhanced immune response. This review highlights β-glucan as an immunostimulant, its effective dosages, and route of administration and furthermore provides an outline on role of β-glucan in enhancing growth, survival, and protection against infectious pathogens pertaining to fishes and shellfishes. Study also summarizes the effect of β-glucan on its receptors, recognition of proteins, immune-related enzymes, immune-related gene expression and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Meena
- Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barracklpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
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Behera BK, Puri GD, Ghai B. Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with fentanyl and bupivacaine provides better analgesia than intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia for early thoracotomy pain. J Postgrad Med 2009; 54:86-90. [PMID: 18480522 DOI: 10.4103/0022-3859.40772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IVPCA) and patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA) were studied in terms of analgesic efficacy, respiratory function and side effects after thoracic surgery for 24h. PCEA using fentanyl and bupivacaine as compared to IVPCA using morphine provides better pain relief both at rest and during coughing and is associated with fewer side effects. AIMS To compare IVPCA and PCEA in terms of analgesic efficacy, respiratory function and side effects after thoracic surgery. SETTINGS AND DESIGN Tertiary care teaching hospital. Prospective, randomized and open study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty ASA-I or II patients undergoing thoracotomy were assigned randomly to receive either IVPCA using morphine or PCEA using fentanyl and bupivacaine combination postoperatively. No background infusion was administered in either group. Postoperative evaluation included pain intensity both at rest and during coughing, degree of sedation, arterial blood gas, forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), presence of side effects such as nausea/vomiting and pruritus at 0, 2, 8, 12 and 24h. The primary outcome of the study was the percentage of patients with analgesia failure defined as VAS>30 despite three consecutive PCA boluses requiring rescue analgesia with intravenous fentanyl. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Data were analyzed using t -test, chi2 test and Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS Significantly less number of patients required rescue analgesia in PCEA group ( P< 0.05). Pain relief was better both at rest and during coughing ( P< 0.05) in PCEA group as compared to IVPCA. Patients in the PCEA group were less sedated and had fewer incidences of side effects, i.e. nausea/vomiting and pruritus. Postoperative FVC and PEFR were reduced significantly compared to baseline only in IVPCA group ( P< 0.05). CONCLUSION After thoracic surgery, PCEA using fentanyl and bupivacaine as compared to IVPCA using morphine provides better pain relief both at rest and during coughing and associated with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Behera
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh - 160 012, India
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Kushwaha V, Bhowmick A, Behera BK, Ray AR. Sustained release of antimicrobial drugs from polyvinylalcohol and gum arabica blend matrix. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1998; 26:159-72. [PMID: 9564434 DOI: 10.3109/10731199809119774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers are widely used in biomedical applications. Polymer blends have recently paved their way in this field. An attempt to prepare blend of synthetic polymer polyvinylalcohol and natural macromolecule gum arabica is made in this paper. Characterization of these blends by NMR, DSC and viscoelastic studies reveal preparation of a blend composition with synergistic properties. The blend composition with synergistic properties was used to release various antimicrobial drugs. The duration and release of the drug depends on the amount of drug loaded in the matrix and solubility of the drug in the matrix and release medium. The advantage of this system is that the release kinetics of the drug from the system can be tailored by adjusting plasticizer, homopolymer and crosslinker composition depending on the drug to be released.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kushwaha
- Centre of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Abstract
Sustained release of ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) from gum arabica pellets has been achieved for 7 h. Release is further sustained for 12 to 600 h by coating the pellets with polyvinyl acetate and ethylene vinyl acetate, respectively. An increase in the amount of gum arabica in the pellets decreases the rate of release due to the gelling property of gum arabica. The gel layer acts as a barrier and retards the rate of diffusion of FeSO4 through the pellet. In coated pellets, an increase in thickness of membrane helps to sustain the release of FeSO4 for a longer duration. Thus, the release of FeSO4 can be sustained for the required duration by adjusting the amount of gum arabica in the pellet and the composition and thickness of polymeric coat. The mechanism of release accordingly varies from Fickian to zero-order and super case II transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Batra
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Hauz Khas, New Delhi
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Behera BK, Misra BN. Analysis of the effect of industrial effluent on pigments, proteins, nucleic acids, and the 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol Hill reaction of rice seedlings. Environ Res 1983; 31:381-389. [PMID: 6192989 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(83)90016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of an industrial effluent on cellular macromolecular composition and indophenol photochemical activity of isolated chloroplasts of rice (Orvza sativa L. C. V. Mushoori) seedlings have been investigated. Each experiment consisted of two parts. One was the effect of various concentrations and the other was the time-dependent changes induced by the undiluted effluent. The total pigments, proteins, and nucleic acids of rice seedlings declined with an increase in effluent concentration and the time of incubation. The loss in contents of macromolecules like deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and protein was relatively more marked in the root than in the shoot. RNA and chlorophyll (Chl) contents of the seedlings were found most susceptible to effluent stress. Loss in Hill reaction activity measured as photoreduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) of isolated chloroplasts could be correlated in a general way with the loss of pigments, proteins and nucleic acids. Diphenyl carbazide- and Mn2+-induced restoration of loss in DCPIP photoreduction suggests that the damage of oxygen evolving systems is the initial site of action of the effluent.
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