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Rubien-Thomas E, Berrian N, M Rapuano K, J Skalaban L, Cervera A, Nardos B, Cohen AO, Lowrey A, M Daumeyer N, Watts R, Camp NP, Hughes BL, Eberhardt JL, Taylor-Thompson KA, Fair DA, Richeson JA, Casey BJ. Uncertain threat is associated with greater impulsive actions and neural dissimilarity to Black versus White faces. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2023; 23:944-956. [PMID: 36732466 PMCID: PMC10390611 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01056-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Race is a social construct that contributes to group membership and heightens emotional arousal in intergroup contexts. Little is known about how emotional arousal, specifically uncertain threat, influences behavior and brain processes in response to race information. We investigated the effects of experimentally manipulated uncertain threat on impulsive actions to Black versus White faces in a community sample (n = 106) of Black and White adults. While undergoing fMRI, participants performed an emotional go/no-go task under three conditions of uncertainty: 1) anticipation of an uncertain threat (i.e., unpredictable loud aversive sound); 2) anticipation of an uncertain reward (i.e., unpredictable receipt of money); and 3) no anticipation of an uncertain event. Representational similarity analysis was used to examine the neural representations of race information across functional brain networks between conditions of uncertainty. Participants-regardless of their own race-showed greater impulsivity and neural dissimilarity in response to Black versus White faces across all functional brain networks in conditions of uncertain threat relative to other conditions. This pattern of greater neural dissimilarity under threat was enhanced in individuals with high implicit racial bias. Our results illustrate the distinct and important influence of uncertain threat on global differentiation in how race information is represented in the brain, which may contribute to racially biased behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nia Berrian
- Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Lena J Skalaban
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alessandra Cervera
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Binyam Nardos
- Departments of Occupational Therapy and Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Ariel Lowrey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Richard Watts
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas P Camp
- Department of Organizational Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brent L Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Damien A Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, New York, NY, USA.
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2
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Vazquez-Trejo V, Nardos B, Schlaggar BL, Fair DA, Miranda-Dominguez O. Use of connectotyping on task functional MRI data reveals dynamic network level cross talking during task performance. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951907. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Task-based functional MRI (fMRI) has greatly improved understanding of brain functioning, enabling the identification of brain areas associated with specific cognitive operations. Traditional analyses are limited to associating activation patterns in particular regions with specific cognitive operation, largely ignoring regional cross-talk or dynamic connectivity, which we propose is crucial for characterization of brain function in the context of task fMRI. We use connectotyping, which efficiently models functional brain connectivity to reveal the progression of temporal brain connectivity patterns in task fMRI. Connectotyping was employed on data from twenty-four participants (12 male, mean age 24.8 years, 2.57 std. dev) who performed a widely spaced event-related fMRI word vs. pseudoword decision task, where stimuli were presented every 20 s. After filtering for movement, we ended up with 15 participants that completed each trial and had enough usable data for our analyses. Connectivity matrices were calculated per participant across time for each stimuli type. A Repeated Measures ANOVA applied on the connectotypes was used to characterize differences across time for words and pseudowords. Our group level analyses found significantly different dynamic connectivity patterns during word vs. pseudoword processing between the Fronto-Parietal and Cingulo-Parietal Systems, areas involved in cognitive task control, memory retrieval, and semantic processing. Our findings support the presence of dynamic changes in functional connectivity during task execution and that such changes can be characterized using connectotyping but not with traditional Pearson’s correlations.
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Rubien-Thomas E, Berrian N, Cervera A, Nardos B, Cohen AO, Lowrey A, Daumeyer NM, Camp NP, Hughes BL, Eberhardt JL, Taylor-Thompson KA, Fair DA, Richeson JA, Casey BJ. Processing of Task-Irrelevant Race Information is Associated with Diminished Cognitive Control in Black and White Individuals. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci 2021; 21:625-638. [PMID: 33942274 PMCID: PMC8208919 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-021-00896-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The race of an individual is a salient physical feature that is rapidly processed by the brain and can bias our perceptions of others. How the race of others explicitly impacts our actions toward them during intergroup contexts is not well understood. In the current study, we examined how task-irrelevant race information influences cognitive control in a go/no-go task in a community sample of Black (n = 54) and White (n = 51) participants. We examined the neural correlates of behavioral effects using functional magnetic resonance imaging and explored the influence of implicit racial attitudes on brain-behavior associations. Both Black and White participants showed more cognitive control failures, as indexed by dprime, to Black versus White faces, despite the irrelevance of race to the task demands. This behavioral pattern was paralleled by greater activity to Black faces in the fusiform face area, implicated in processing face and in-group information, and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, associated with resolving stimulus-response conflict. Exploratory brain-behavior associations suggest different patterns in Black and White individuals. Black participants exhibited a negative association between fusiform activity and response time during impulsive errors to Black faces, whereas White participants showed a positive association between lateral OFC activity and cognitive control performance to Black faces when accounting for implicit racial associations. Together our findings propose that attention to race information is associated with diminished cognitive control that may be driven by different mechanisms for Black and White individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estée Rubien-Thomas
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| | - Nia Berrian
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Alessandra Cervera
- Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Binyam Nardos
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Alexandra O Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Lowrey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Natalie M Daumeyer
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Nicholas P Camp
- Department of Organizational Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brent L Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Damien A Fair
- Masonic Institute for the Developing Brain, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer A Richeson
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - B J Casey
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, Estée Rubien-Thomas, 2 Hillhouse Ave, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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4
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Greene DJ, Church JA, Dosenbach NUF, Nielsen AN, Adeyemo B, Nardos B, Petersen SE, Black KJ, Schlaggar BL. Multivariate pattern classification of pediatric Tourette syndrome using functional connectivity MRI. Dev Sci 2016; 19:581-98. [PMID: 26834084 PMCID: PMC4945470 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Individuals with TS would benefit greatly from advances in prediction of symptom timecourse and treatment effectiveness. As a first step, we applied a multivariate method – support vector machine (SVM) classification – to test whether patterns in brain network activity, measured with resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) MRI, could predict diagnostic group membership for individuals. RSFC data from 42 children with TS (8–15 yrs) and 42 unaffected controls (age, IQ, in‐scanner movement matched) were included. While univariate tests identified no significant group differences, SVM classified group membership with ~70% accuracy (p < .001). We also report a novel adaptation of SVM binary classification that, in addition to an overall accuracy rate for the SVM, provides a confidence measure for the accurate classification of each individual. Our results support the contention that multivariate methods can better capture the complexity of some brain disorders, and hold promise for predicting prognosis and treatment outcome for individuals with TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jessica A Church
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | | | - Ashley N Nielsen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Babatunde Adeyemo
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Binyam Nardos
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Steven E Petersen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kevin J Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, USA
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5
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Pruett JR, Kandala S, Hoertel S, Snyder AZ, Elison JT, Nishino T, Feczko E, Dosenbach NUF, Nardos B, Power JD, Adeyemo B, Botteron KN, McKinstry RC, Evans AC, Hazlett HC, Dager SR, Paterson S, Schultz RT, Collins DL, Fonov VS, Styner M, Gerig G, Das S, Kostopoulos P, Constantino JN, Estes AM, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Piven J. Accurate age classification of 6 and 12 month-old infants based on resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging data. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 12:123-33. [PMID: 25704288 PMCID: PMC4385423 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SVMs classified 6 versus 12 month-old infants above chance based on fcMRI data alone. We carefully accounted for the effects of fcMRI motion artifact. These results coincide with a period of dramatic change in infant development. Two interpretations about connections supporting this age categorization are given.
Human large-scale functional brain networks are hypothesized to undergo significant changes over development. Little is known about these functional architectural changes, particularly during the second half of the first year of life. We used multivariate pattern classification of resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) data obtained in an on-going, multi-site, longitudinal study of brain and behavioral development to explore whether fcMRI data contained information sufficient to classify infant age. Analyses carefully account for the effects of fcMRI motion artifact. Support vector machines (SVMs) classified 6 versus 12 month-old infants (128 datasets) above chance based on fcMRI data alone. Results demonstrate significant changes in measures of brain functional organization that coincide with a special period of dramatic change in infant motor, cognitive, and social development. Explorations of the most different correlations used for SVM lead to two different interpretations about functional connections that support 6 versus 12-month age categorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Pruett
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Sarah Hoertel
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Abraham Z Snyder
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Jed T Elison
- University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Tomoyuki Nishino
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Eric Feczko
- Emory University, 201 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - Nico U F Dosenbach
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Binyam Nardos
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Jonathan D Power
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20814, United States.
| | - Babatunde Adeyemo
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Kelly N Botteron
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
| | - Heather C Hazlett
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | - Stephen R Dager
- University of Washington, Seattle, 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | - Sarah Paterson
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
| | - Vladimir S Fonov
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
| | - Martin Styner
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
| | - Guido Gerig
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 201 Presidents Circle, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
| | - Samir Das
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
| | - Penelope Kostopoulos
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4.
| | - John N Constantino
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Annette M Estes
- University of Washington, Seattle, 1410 NE Campus Parkway, Seattle, WA 98195, United States.
| | | | - Steven E Petersen
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Bradley L Schlaggar
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - Joseph Piven
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, United States.
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6
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Nardos R, Gregory WT, Krisky C, Newell A, Nardos B, Schlaggar B, Fair DA. Examining mechanisms of brain control of bladder function with resting state functional connectivity MRI. Neurourol Urodyn 2013; 33:493-501. [PMID: 23908139 DOI: 10.1002/nau.22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This aim of this study is to identify the brain mechanisms involved in bladder control. METHODS We used fMRI to identify brain regions that are activated during bladder filling. We then used resting state connectivity fMRI (rs-fcMRI) to assess functional connectivity of regions identified by fMRI with the rest of the brain as the bladder is filled to capacity. RESULTS Female participants (n = 20) were between ages 40 and 64 with no significant history of symptomatic urinary incontinence. Main effect of time (MET) fMRI analysis resulted in 20 regions of interest (ROIs) that have significant change in BOLD signal (z = 3.25, P <0.05) over the course of subtle bladder filling and emptying regardless of full versus empty bladder state. Bladder-state by time (BST) fMRI analysis resulted in three ROIs that have significant change in BOLD signal (z = 3.25, P <0.05) over the course of bladder runs comparing full versus empty bladder state. Rs-fcMRI fixed effects analysis identified significant changes in connectivity between full and empty bladder states in seven brain regions (z = 4.0) using the three BST ROIs and sixteen brain regions (z = 7) using the twenty MET ROIs. Regions identified include medial frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate (PCC), inferiolateral temporal and post-central gyrus, amygdale, the caudate, inferior parietal lobe as well as anterior and middle cingulate gyrus. CONCLUSIONS There is significant and vast changes in the brain's functional connectivity when bladder is filled suggesting that the central process responsible for the increased control during the full bladder state appears to largely rely on the how distributed brain systems are functionally integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Nardos
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon; Kaiser Permanente, Clackamas, Oregon
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7
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Schwedt TJ, Schlaggar BL, Mar S, Nolan T, Coalson RS, Nardos B, Benzinger T, Larson-Prior LJ. Atypical resting-state functional connectivity of affective pain regions in chronic migraine. Headache 2013; 53:737-51. [PMID: 23551164 DOI: 10.1111/head.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic migraineurs (CM) have painful intolerances to somatosensory, visual, olfactory, and auditory stimuli during and between migraine attacks. These intolerances are suggestive of atypical affective responses to potentially noxious stimuli. We hypothesized that atypical resting-state functional connectivity (rs-fc) of affective pain-processing brain regions may associate with these intolerances. This study compared rs-fc of affective pain-processing regions in CM with controls. METHODS Twelve minutes of resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent data were collected from 20 interictal adult CM and 20 controls. Rs-fc between 5 affective regions (anterior cingulate cortex, right/left anterior insula, and right/left amygdala) with the rest of the brain was determined. Functional connections consistently differing between CM and controls were identified using summary analyses. Correlations between number of migraine years and the strengths of functional connections that consistently differed between CM and controls were calculated. RESULTS Functional connections with affective pain regions that differed in CM and controls included regions in anterior insula, amygdala, pulvinar, mediodorsal thalamus, middle temporal cortex, and periaqueductal gray. There were significant correlations between the number of years with CM and functional connectivity strength between the anterior insula with mediodorsal thalamus and anterior insula with periaqueductal gray. CONCLUSION CM is associated with interictal atypical rs-fc of affective pain regions with pain-facilitating and pain-inhibiting regions that participate in sensory-discriminative, cognitive, and integrative domains of the pain experience. Atypical rs-fc with affective pain regions may relate to aberrant affective pain processing and atypical affective responses to painful stimuli characteristic of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Schwedt
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Schwedt T, Schlaggar B, Mar S, Nolan T, Coalson R, Nardos B, Benzinger T, Larson-Prior L. Atypical Resting State Functional Connectivity of Pain Regions in Chronic Migraine (S16.004). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.s16.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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9
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Dosenbach NUF, Nardos B, Cohen AL, Fair DA, Power JD, Church JA, Nelson SM, Wig GS, Vogel AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Barnes KA, Dubis JW, Feczko E, Coalson RS, Pruett JR, Barch DM, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL. Prediction of individual brain maturity using fMRI. Science 2010; 329:1358-61. [PMID: 20829489 PMCID: PMC3135376 DOI: 10.1126/science.1194144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1421] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Group functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (fcMRI) studies have documented reliable changes in human functional brain maturity over development. Here we show that support vector machine-based multivariate pattern analysis extracts sufficient information from fcMRI data to make accurate predictions about individuals' brain maturity across development. The use of only 5 minutes of resting-state fcMRI data from 238 scans of typically developing volunteers (ages 7 to 30 years) allowed prediction of individual brain maturity as a functional connectivity maturation index. The resultant functional maturation curve accounted for 55% of the sample variance and followed a nonlinear asymptotic growth curve shape. The greatest relative contribution to predicting individual brain maturity was made by the weakening of short-range functional connections between the adult brain's major functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico U. F. Dosenbach
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Binyam Nardos
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander L. Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Damien A. Fair
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Power
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica A. Church
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven M. Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University,St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Gagan S. Wig
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alecia C. Vogel
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Kelly Anne Barnes
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joseph W. Dubis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Eric Feczko
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Coalson
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - John R. Pruett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychology, Washington University,St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven E. Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Psychology, Washington University,St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bradley L. Schlaggar
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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10
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White DA, Connor LT, Nardos B, Shimony JS, Archer R, Snyder AZ, Moinuddin A, Grange DK, Steiner RD, McKinstry RC. Age-related decline in the microstructural integrity of white matter in children with early- and continuously-treated PKU: a DTI study of the corpus callosum. Mol Genet Metab 2010; 99 Suppl 1:S41-6. [PMID: 20123469 PMCID: PMC3640282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 09/25/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Structural, volumetric, and microstructural abnormalities have been reported in the white matter of the brain in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU). Very little research, however, has been conducted to investigate the development of white matter in children with PKU, and the developmental trajectory of their white matter microstructure is unknown. In the current study, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to examine the development of the microstructural integrity of white matter across six regions of the corpus callosum in 34 children (7-18 years of age) with early- and continuously-treated PKU. Comparison was made with 61 demographically-matched healthy control children. Two DTI variables were examined: mean diffusivity (MD) and relative anisotropy (RA). RA was comparable to that of controls across all six regions of the corpus callosum. In contrast, MD was restricted for children with PKU in anterior (i.e., genu, rostral body, anterior midbody) but not posterior (posterior midbody, isthmus, splenium) regions of the corpus callosum. In addition, MD restriction became more pronounced with increasing age in children with PKU in the two most anterior regions of the corpus callosum (i.e., genu, rostral body). These findings point to an age-related decrement in the microstructural integrity of the anterior white matter of the corpus callosum in children with PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree A White
- Department of Psychology, Campus Box 1125, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Araujo GC, Christ SE, Steiner RD, Grange DK, Nardos B, McKinstry RC, White DA. Response monitoring in children with phenylketonuria. Neuropsychology 2009; 23:130-4. [PMID: 19210041 DOI: 10.1037/a0013488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is characterized by a disruption in the metabolism of phenylalanine and is associated with dopamine deficiency (Diamond, Prevor, Callender, & Druin, 1997) and cerebral white matter abnormalities (e.g., Anderson et al., 2007). From a neuropsychological perspective, prefrontal dysfunction is thought to underlie the deficits in executive abilities observed in individuals with PKU (Christ, Steiner, Grange, Abrams, & White, 2006; Diamond et al., 1997; White, Nortz, Mandernach, Huntington, & Steiner, 2001, 2002). The purpose of our study was to examine a specific aspect of executive ability, response monitoring, as measured by posterror slowing. The authors examined posterror reaction time (RT) in 24 children with well-controlled, early treated PKU and 25 typically developing control children using a go/no-go task. Results showed that RTs of both controls and children with PKU slowed significantly following the commission of errors. The magnitude of posterror slowing, however, was significantly less for children with PKU. These findings indicate deficient response monitoring in children with PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Araujo
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St.Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Fair DA, Snyder AZ, Connor LT, Nardos B, Corbetta M. Task-evoked BOLD responses are normal in areas of diaschisis after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008; 23:52-7. [PMID: 18796542 DOI: 10.1177/1545968308317699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral infarction can cause diaschisis, a reduction of blood flow and metabolism in areas of the cortex distant from the site of the lesion. Although the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal is increasingly used to examine the neural correlates of recovery in stroke, its reliability in areas of diaschisis is uncertain. DESIGN The effect of chronic diaschisis as measured by resting positron emission tomography on task-evoked BOLD responses during word-stem completion in a block design fMRI study was examined in 3 patients, 6 months after a single left hemisphere stroke involving the inferior frontal gyrus and operculum. RESULTS The BOLD responses were minimally affected in areas of chronic diaschisis. CONCLUSIONS Within the confines of this study, the mechanism underlying the BOLD signal, which includes a mismatch between neuronally driven increases in blood flow and a corresponding increase in oxygen use, appears to be intact in areas of chronic diaschisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Fair
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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