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Mcleod JC, Currier BS, Lowisz CV, Phillips SM. The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults: An umbrella review. J Sport Health Sci 2024; 13:47-60. [PMID: 37385345 PMCID: PMC10818109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training (RT) and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass, strength, and physical function in healthy adults. METHODS Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass (or its proxies), strength, and/or physical function in healthy adults aged >18 years. RESULTS We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews; standardized effectiveness statements were generated. We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass (4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence), strength (4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence), and physical function (1/1 review provided some evidence). RT load (6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence), weekly frequency (2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence), volume (3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence), and exercise order (1/1 review provided some evidence) impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength. We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass, while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass. There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day, periodization, inter-set rest, set configuration, set end point, contraction velocity/time under tension, or exercise order (only pertaining to hypertrophy) influenced skeletal muscle adaptations. A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function. CONCLUSION Overall, RT increased muscle mass, strength, and physical function compared to no exercise. RT intensity (load) and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy. RT volume (number of sets) influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Caroline V Lowisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S4L8, Canada.
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Coletta G, Currier BS, Phillips SM. Apples to apples? Discordant definitions still hinder evidence-based treatments for sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:2460-2461. [PMID: 37735928 PMCID: PMC10751397 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Brad S. Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of ScienceMcMaster UniversityHamiltonCanada
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Zanders BR, Currier BS, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Smith CR, Stecker RA, Richmond SR, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Changes in Energy Expenditure, Dietary Intake, and Energy Availability Across an Entire Collegiate Women's Basketball Season: Erratum. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2325. [PMID: 38015727 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Breyannah R Zanders
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Charles R Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SA
| | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Scott R Richmond
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St Charles, MO; and
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Currier BS, Mcleod JC, Banfield L, Beyene J, Welton NJ, D'Souza AC, Keogh JAJ, Lin L, Coletta G, Yang A, Colenso-Semple L, Lau KJ, Verboom A, Phillips SM. Resistance training prescription for muscle strength and hypertrophy in healthy adults: a systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1211-1220. [PMID: 37414459 PMCID: PMC10579494 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine how distinct combinations of resistance training prescription (RTx) variables (load, sets and frequency) affect muscle strength and hypertrophy. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched until February 2022. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised trials that included healthy adults, compared at least 2 predefined conditions (non-exercise control (CTRL) and 12 RTx, differentiated by load, sets and/or weekly frequency), and reported muscle strength and/or hypertrophy were included. ANALYSES Systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis methodology was used to compare RTxs and CTRL. Surface under the cumulative ranking curve values were used to rank conditions. Confidence was assessed with threshold analysis. RESULTS The strength network included 178 studies (n=5097; women=45%). The hypertrophy network included 119 studies (n=3364; women=47%). All RTxs were superior to CTRL for muscle strength and hypertrophy. Higher-load (>80% of single repetition maximum) prescriptions maximised strength gains, and all prescriptions comparably promoted muscle hypertrophy. While the calculated effects of many prescriptions were similar, higher-load, multiset, thrice-weekly training (standardised mean difference (95% credible interval); 1.60 (1.38 to 1.82) vs CTRL) was the highest-ranked RTx for strength, and higher-load, multiset, twice-weekly training (0.66 (0.47 to 0.85) vs CTRL) was the highest-ranked RTx for hypertrophy. Threshold analysis demonstrated these results were extremely robust. CONCLUSION All RTx promoted strength and hypertrophy compared with no exercise. The highest-ranked prescriptions for strength involved higher loads, whereas the highest-ranked prescriptions for hypertrophy included multiple sets. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42021259663 and CRD42021258902.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Banfield
- Health Sciences Library, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicky J Welton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alysha C D'Souza
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua A J Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lydia Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antony Yang
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Colenso-Semple
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle J Lau
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandria Verboom
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Lim C, McKendry J, Giacomin T, Mcleod JC, Ng SY, Currier BS, Coletta G, Phillips SM. Fortetropin supplementation prevents the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men with limb immobilization: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286222. [PMID: 37220119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with Fortetropin® (FOR), a naturally occurring component from fertilized egg yolks, reduces circulating myostatin concentration. We hypothesized that FOR would mitigate muscle atrophy during immobilization. We examined the effect of FOR supplementation on muscle size and strength during 2-wk of single-leg immobilization and recovery. Twenty-four healthy young men (22 ± 2 yrs; BMI = 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were randomly allocated to either a Fortetropin® supplement (FOR-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming 19.8 g/d of FOR or placebo (PLA-SUPP, n = 12) group consuming energy- and macronutrient-matched cheese powder for 6-wk. The 6-wk period consisted of 2-wk run-in, 2-wk single-leg immobilization, and 2-wk recovery phase returning to habitual physical activities. Ultrasonography, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, muscle biopsies and isometric peak torque assessments were performed prior to and following each phase (days 1, 14, 28, and 42) to measure vastus lateralis and muscle fiber cross-section area (CSA), leg lean mass (LM), and muscular strength. Blood samples were taken on days 1 and 42 for measurement of plasma myostatin concentration, which increased in PLA-SUPP (4221 ± 541 pg/mL to 6721 ± 864 pg/mL, P = 0.013) but not in FOR-SUPP (5487 ± 489 pg/mL to 5383 ± 781 pg/mL, P = 0.900). After the immobilization phase, vastus lateralis CSA, LM, and isometric peak torque were decreased by 7.9 ± 1.7% (P < 0.001), -1.6 ± 0.6% (P = 0.037), and -18.7 ± 2.7% (P < 0.001) respectively, with no difference between groups. The decreased peak torque was recovered after 2-wk of normal activity (vs. day 1, P = 0.129); however, CSA and LM were not recovered (vs. day 1, P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no differences between groups. Supplementation with FOR prevented the rise in circulating myostatin but not disuse-induced muscle atrophy in young men after 2-wk of single-leg immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhyun Lim
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Giacomin
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan C Mcleod
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean Y Ng
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia Coletta
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Metabolism Research Group, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Nunes EA, Stokes T, McKendry J, Currier BS, Phillips SM. Disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in disease and non-disease states in humans: mechanisms, prevention, and recovery strategies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1068-C1084. [PMID: 35476500 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00425.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decreased skeletal muscle contractile activity (disuse) or unloading leads to muscle mass loss, also known as muscle atrophy. The balance between muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) is the primary determinant of skeletal muscle mass. A reduced mechanical load on skeletal muscle is one of the main external factors leading to muscle atrophy. However, endocrine and inflammatory factors can act synergistically in catabolic states, amplifying the atrophy process and accelerating its progression. Additionally, older individuals display aging-induced anabolic resistance, which can predispose this population to more pronounced effects when exposed to periods of reduced physical activity or mechanical unloading. Different cellular mechanisms contribute to the regulation of muscle protein balance during skeletal muscle atrophy. This review summarizes the effects of muscle disuse on muscle protein balance and the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy in the absence or presence of disease. Finally, a discussion of the current literature describing efficient strategies to prevent or improve the recovery from muscle atrophy is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everson A Nunes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Laboratory of Investigation of Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zanders BR, Currier BS, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Smith CR, Stecker RA, Richmond SR, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Changes in Energy Expenditure, Dietary Intake, and Energy Availability Across an Entire Collegiate Women's Basketball Season. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:804-810. [PMID: 30234694 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Zanders, BR, Currier, BS, Harty, PS, Zabriskie, HA, Smith, CR, Stecker, RA, Richmond, SR, Jagim, AR, and Kerksick, CM. Changes in energy expenditure, dietary intake, and energy availability across an entire collegiate women's basketball season. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 804-810, 2021-The purpose of this study was to identify changes in energy expenditure and dietary intake across an entire women's basketball season. On 5 different occasions across the competitive season, female collegiate basketball players (19.8 ± 1.3 years, 173.9 ± 13.6 cm, 74.6 ± 9.1 kg, 27.1 ± 3.2% fat, 53.9 ± 6.4 ml·kg-1·min-1, n = 13) were outfitted with heart rate and activity monitors over 4 consecutive days and completed 4-day food and fluid records to assess changes in energy expenditure and dietary status. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess baseline body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured before and after the season. Data were analyzed using 1-factor repeated-measures analysis of variance. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE, p = 0.059) and physical activity levels (TDEE/REE, p = 0.060) both tended to decrease throughout the season. Energy balance was negative at all time points throughout the season. Absolute and normalized daily protein intake at the end of the season was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than at the beginning of the season. Carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.4 g·kg-1·d-1) and protein (1.17 ± 0.16 g·kg-1·d-1) intakes were lower than commonly recommended values based on previously published guidelines. These findings suggest that greater education and interventions for collegiate athletes and coaches regarding dietary intake and energy expenditure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breyannah R Zanders
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Charles R Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Scott R Richmond
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri; and
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Moon JM, Ratliff KM, Blumkaitis JC, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Stecker RA, Currier BS, Jagim AR, Jäger R, Purpura M, Kerksick CM. Effects of daily 24-gram doses of rice or whey protein on resistance training adaptations in trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:60. [PMID: 33261645 PMCID: PMC7706190 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large (48-g), isonitrogenous doses of rice and whey protein have previously been shown to stimulate similar adaptations to resistance training, but the impact of consuming smaller doses has yet to be compared. We evaluated the ability of 24-g doses of rice or whey protein concentrate to augment adaptations following 8 weeks of resistance training. METHODS Healthy resistance-trained males (n = 24, 32.8 ± 6.7 years, 179.3 ± 8.5 cm, 87.4 ± 8.5 kg, 27.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2, 27.8 ± 6.0% fat) were randomly assigned and matched according to fat-free mass to consume 24-g doses of rice (n = 12, Growing Naturals, LLC) or whey (n = 12, NutraBio Labs, Inc.) protein concentrate for 8 weeks while completing a standardized resistance training program. Body composition (DXA), muscular strength (one-repetition maximum [1RM]) and endurance (repetitions to fatigue [RTF] at 80% 1RM) using bench press (BP) and leg press (LP) exercises along with anaerobic capacity (Wingate) were assessed before and after the intervention. Subjects were asked to maintain regular dietary habits and record dietary intake every 2 weeks. Outcomes were assessed using 2 × 2 mixed (group x time) factorial ANOVA with repeated measures on time and independent samples t-tests using the change scores from baseline. A p-value of 0.05 and 95% confidence intervals on the changes between groups were used to determine outcomes. RESULTS No baseline differences (p > 0.05) were found for key body composition and performance outcomes. No changes (p > 0.05) in dietary status occurred within or between groups (34 ± 4 kcal/kg/day, 3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day, 1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day, 1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) throughout the study for daily relative energy (34 ± 4 kcals/kg/day), carbohydrate (3.7 ± 0.77 g/kg/day), fat (1.31 ± 0.28 g/kg/day), and protein (1.87 ± 0.23 g/kg/day) intake. Significant main effects for time were revealed for body mass (p = 0.02), total body water (p = 0.01), lean mass (p = 0.008), fat-free mass (p = 0.007), BP 1RM (p = 0.02), BP volume (p = 0.04), and LP 1RM (p = 0.01). Changes between groups were similar for body mass (- 0.88, 2.03 kg, p = 0.42), fat-free mass (- 0.68, 1.99 kg, p = 0.32), lean mass (- 0.73, 1.91 kg, p = 0.37), fat mass (- 0.48, 1.02 kg, p = 0.46), and % fat (- 0.63, 0.71%, p = 0.90). No significant between group differences were seen for BP 1RM (- 13.8, 7.1 kg, p = 0.51), LP 1RM (- 38.8, 49.6 kg, p = 0.80), BP RTF (- 2.02, 0.35 reps, p = 0.16), LP RTF (- 1.7, 3.3 reps, p = 0.50), and Wingate peak power (- 72.5, 53.4 watts, p = 0.76) following the eight-week supplementation period. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of daily isonitrogenous 24-g doses of rice or whey protein in combination with an eight-week resistance training program led to similar changes in body composition and performance outcomes. Retroactively registered on as NCT04411173 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Moon
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
| | - Kayla M Ratliff
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
| | - Julia C Blumkaitis
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA.
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Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Stecker RA, Currier BS, Tinsley GM, Surowiec K, Jagim AR, Richmond SR, Kerksick CM. Caffeine Timing Improves Lower-Body Muscular Performance: A Randomized Trial. Front Nutr 2020; 7:585900. [PMID: 33330586 PMCID: PMC7719671 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.585900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the optimal time to consume caffeine prior to exercise to maximize the ergogenic benefits of the substance. Purpose: To determine the optimal pre-exercise time interval to consume caffeine to improve lower-body muscular performance. A secondary aim was to identify the presence of any sex differences in responses to timed caffeine administration. Methods: Healthy, resistance-trained males (n = 18; Mean±SD; Age: 25.1 ± 5.7 years; Height: 178.4 ± 7.1 cm; Body mass: 91.3 ± 13.5 kg; Percent body fat: 20.7 ± 5.2; Average caffeine consumption: 146.6 ± 100.3 mg/day) and females (n = 11; Mean ± SD; Age: 20.1 ± 1.6 years; Height: 165.0 ± 8.8 cm; Body mass: 65.8 ± 10.0 kg; Percent bodyfat: 25.8 ± 4.2; Average caffeine consumption: 111.8 ± 91.7 mg/day) participated in this investigation. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover fashion, participants consumed 6 mg·kg−1 caffeine or placebo solution at three time points: 2 h prior (2H), 1 h prior (1H), or 30 min prior (30M) to exercise testing. During three visits, caffeine was randomly administered at one time point, and placebo was administered at the other two time points. During one visit, placebo was administered at all three time points. Next, participants performed isometric mid-thigh pulls (IMTP), countermovement vertical jumps (CMVJ), and isometric/isokinetic knee extensor testing (ISO/ISOK). Results: Caffeine administered at 1H significantly improved absolute CMVJ and ISO performance relative to placebo. Mean CMVJ jump height was significantly higher during 1H compared to 30M. However, only caffeine administered at 30M significantly improved absolute measures of isokinetic performance. Analysis of the pooled caffeine conditions revealed that muscular performance was more consistently augmented by caffeine in males compared to females. Conclusions: Pre-exercise caffeine timing significantly modulated participant responses to the substance, with 1H exerting the most consistent ergogenic benefits relative to other time points, particularly compared to 2H. Male participants were found to respond more consistently to caffeine compared to female participants. These results suggest that active individuals can maximize the ergogenic effects of caffeine by consuming the substance ~1 h prior to the point when peak muscular performance is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States.,Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Hannah A Zabriskie
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Richard A Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Brad S Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Kazimierz Surowiec
- Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI, United States
| | - Scott R Richmond
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, United States
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McKendry J, Currier BS, Lim C, Mcleod JC, Thomas AC, Phillips SM. Nutritional Supplements to Support Resistance Exercise in Countering the Sarcopenia of Aging. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072057. [PMID: 32664408 PMCID: PMC7399875 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays an indispensable role in metabolic health and physical function. A decrease in muscle mass and function with advancing age exacerbates the likelihood of mobility impairments, disease development, and early mortality. Therefore, the development of non-pharmacological interventions to counteract sarcopenia warrant significant attention. Currently, resistance training provides the most effective, low cost means by which to prevent sarcopenia progression and improve multiple aspects of overall health. Importantly, the impact of resistance training on skeletal muscle mass may be augmented by specific dietary components (i.e., protein), feeding strategies (i.e., timing, per-meal doses of specific macronutrients) and nutritional supplements (e.g., creatine, vitamin-D, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.). The purpose of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based account of nutritional strategies to enhance resistance training-induced adaptations in an attempt to combat age-related muscle mass loss. In addition, we provide insight on how to incorporate the aforementioned nutritional strategies that may support the growth or maintenance of skeletal muscle and subsequently extend the healthspan of older individuals.
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Currier BS, Joanisse S, McKendry J. Clash of the cascades: Release the inhibition. J Physiol 2020; 598:4153-4154. [PMID: 32628271 DOI: 10.1113/jp280253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brad S Currier
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie Joanisse
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James McKendry
- Exercise Metabolism Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Moon JM, Zabriskie H, Zanders BR, Harty PS, Currier BS, Stecker RA, Mumford PW, Jagim A, Kerksick CM. Comparison Of Energy Expenditure Observed Between Scheduled Activities In Female Collegiate Basketball And Lacrosse Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000680772.22401.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zabriskie HA, Blumkaitis JC, Moon JM, Currier BS, Stefan R, Ratliff K, Harty PS, Stecker RA, Rudnicka K, Jäger R, Roberts MD, Young K, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Yeast Beta-Glucan Supplementation Downregulates Markers of Systemic Inflammation after Heated Treadmill Exercise. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041144. [PMID: 32325856 PMCID: PMC7230631 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise and thermal stress instigate robust challenges to the immune system. Various attempts to modify or supplement the diet have been proposed to bolster the immune system responses. The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of yeast beta-glucan (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation. Healthy, active men (29.6 ± 6.7 years, 178.1 ± 7.2 cm, 83.2 ± 11.2 kg, 49.6 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min, n = 16) and women (30.1 ± 8.9 years, 165.6 ± 4.1 cm, 66.7 ± 10.0 kg, 38.7 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min, n = 15) were randomly assigned in a double-blind and cross-over fashion to supplement for 13 days with either 250 mg/day of yeast beta-glucan (YBG) or a maltodextrin placebo (PLA). Participants arrived fasted and completed a bout of treadmill exercise at 55% peak aerobic capacity (VO2Peak) in a hot (37.2 ± 1.8 °C) and humid (45.2 ± 8.8%) environment. Prior to and 0, 2, and 72 h after completing exercise, changes in white blood cell counts, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, markers of muscle damage, markers of muscle function, soreness, and profile of mood states (POMS) were assessed. In response to exercise and heat, both groups experienced significant increases in white blood cell counts, plasma creatine kinase and myoglobin, and soreness along with reductions in peak torque and total work with no between-group differences. Concentrations of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in YBG were lower than PLA for macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β) (p = 0.044) and tended to be lower for interleukin 8 (IL-8) (p = 0.079), monocyte chemoattractment protein 1 (MCP-1) (p = 0.095), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) (p = 0.085). Paired samples t-tests using delta values between baseline and 72 h post-exercise revealed significant differences between groups for IL-8 (p = 0.044, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): (0.013, 0.938, d = −0.34), MCP-1 (p = 0.038, 95% CI: 0.087, 2.942, d = −0.33), and MIP-1β (p = 0.010, 95% CI: 0.13, 0.85, d = −0.33). POMS outcomes changed across time with anger scores in PLA exhibiting a sharper decline than YBG (p = 0.04). Vigor scores (p = 0.04) in YBG remained stable while scores in PLA were significantly reduced 72 h after exercise. In conclusion, a 13-day prophylactic period of supplementation with 250 mg of yeast-derived beta-glucans invoked favorable changes in cytokine markers of inflammation after completing a prolonged bout of heated treadmill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia C. Blumkaitis
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Jessica M. Moon
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Brad S. Currier
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Riley Stefan
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Kayla Ratliff
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Richard A. Stecker
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
| | - Karolina Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Milwaukee, WI 53202, USA;
| | | | - Kaelin Young
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, 209 S. Kingshighway, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA; (J.C.B.); (J.M.M.); (B.S.C.); (R.S.); (K.R.); (R.A.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-636-627-4629
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Currier BS, Harty PS, Zabriskie HA, Stecker RA, Moon JM, Jagim AR, Kerksick CM. Fat-Free Mass Index in a Diverse Sample of Male Collegiate Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:1474-1479. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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