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Joseph MM, Mahajan P, Snow SK, Ku BC, Saidinejad M. Optimizing Pediatric Patient Safety in the Emergency Care Setting. Pediatrics 2022; 150:189658. [PMID: 36189487 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient safety is the foundation of high-quality health care and remains a critical priority for all clinicians caring for children. There are numerous aspects of pediatric care that increase the risk of patient harm, including but not limited to risk from medication errors attributable to weight-dependent dosing and need for appropriate equipment and training. Of note, the majority of children who are ill and injured are brought to community hospital emergency departments. It is, therefore, imperative that all emergency departments practice patient safety principles, support a culture of safety, and adopt best practices to improve safety for all children seeking emergency care. This technical report outlined the challenges and resources necessary to minimize pediatric medical errors and to provide safe medical care for children of all ages in emergency care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Joseph
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine-Jacksonville, University of Florida Health Sciences Center-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sally K Snow
- Independent Consultant in Pediatric Emergency and Trauma Nursing; Graham, Texas
| | - Brandon C Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohsen Saidinejad
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Joseph MM, Mahajan P, Snow SK, Ku BC, Saidinejad M. Optimizing Pediatric Patient Safety in the Emergency Care Setting. Pediatrics 2022; 150:189657. [PMID: 36189490 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2022-059673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a revision of the previous American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement titled "Patient Safety in the Emergency Care Setting," and is the first joint policy statement by the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Emergency Physicians, and the Emergency Nurses Association to address pediatric patient safety in the emergency care setting. Caring for children in the emergency setting can be prone to medical errors because of a number of environmental and human factors. The emergency department (ED) has frequent workflow interruptions, multiple care transitions, and barriers to effective communication. In addition, the high volume of patients, high-decision density under time pressure, diagnostic uncertainty, and limited knowledge of patients' history and preexisting conditions make the safe care of critically ill and injured patients even more challenging. It is critical that all EDs, including general EDs who care for the majority of ill and injured children, understand the unique safety issues related to children. Furthermore, it is imperative that all EDs practice patient safety principles, support a culture of safety, and adopt best practices to improve safety for all children seeking emergency care. This policy statement outlines the recommendations necessary for EDs to minimize pediatric medical errors and to provide safe care for children of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Joseph
- Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Jacksonville, University of Florida Health Sciences Center, Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sally K Snow
- Independent Consultant in Pediatric Emergency and Trauma Nursing
| | - Brandon C Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohsen Saidinejad
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Chiotos K, Fitzgerald JC, Hayes M, Dashefsky H, Metjian TA, Woods-Hill C, Biedron L, Stinson H, Ku BC, Robbins Tighe S, Weiss SL, Balamuth F, Schriver E, Gerber JS. Improving Vancomycin Stewardship in Critically Ill Children. Pediatrics 2022; 149:185402. [PMID: 35362066 PMCID: PMC9647566 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2021-052165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Inappropriate vancomycin use is common in children's hospitals. We report a quality improvement (QI) intervention to reduce vancomycin use in our tertiary care PICU. METHODS We retrospectively quantified the prevalence of infections caused by organisms requiring vancomycin therapy, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), among patients with suspected bacterial infections. Guided by these data, we performed 3 QI interventions over a 3-year period, including (1) stakeholder education, (2) generation of a consensus-based guideline for empiric vancomycin use, and (3) implementation of this guideline through clinical decision support. Vancomycin use in days of therapy (DOT) per 1000 patient days was measured by using statistical process control charts. Balancing measures included frequency of bacteremia due to an organism requiring vancomycin not covered with empiric therapy, 30-day mortality, and cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal organ dysfunction. RESULTS Among 1276 episodes of suspected bacterial infection, a total of 19 cases of bacteremia (1.5%) due to organisms requiring vancomycin therapy were identified, including 6 MRSA bacteremias (0.5%). During the 3-year QI project, overall vancomycin DOT per 1000 patient days in the PICU decreased from a baseline mean of 182 DOT per 1000 patient days to 109 DOT per 1000 patient days (a 40% reduction). All balancing measures were unchanged, and all cases of MRSA bacteremia were treated empirically with vancomycin. CONCLUSION Our interventions reduced overall vancomycin use in the PICU without evidence of harm. Provider education and consensus building surrounding indications for empiric vancomycin use were key strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Chiotos
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics,Antimicrobial Stewardship Program,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Address correspondence to Kathleen Chiotos, MD, MSCE, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Wood Building, 6 Floor Room 6029, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail:
| | - Julie C. Fitzgerald
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Hannah Dashefsky
- Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Charlotte Woods-Hill
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Biedron
- Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hannah Stinson
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Brandon C. Ku
- Division of Emergency Medicine,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sheila Robbins Tighe
- Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott L. Weiss
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Fran Balamuth
- Division of Emergency Medicine,Pediatric Sepsis Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Gerber
- Antimicrobial Stewardship Program,Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Ku BC, Zonfrillo MR, Periyanayagam U, Bisanzo M, Rice B, Maling S, Cohn KA. The Association of Malnutrition and Disease Conditions in Mortality of Pediatric Patients Presenting to a Rural Emergency Department in Uganda. Pediatr Emerg Care 2021; 37:e1515-e1520. [PMID: 32398596 DOI: 10.1097/pec.0000000000002102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this study were to determine the effect of concurrent malnutrition on disease condition and the primary outcome of mortality in children younger than 5 years hospitalized after presenting to a rural emergency department (ED) in Uganda and to identify a high-risk patient population who may benefit from acute ED intervention. METHODS A retrospective, observational study was performed to examine the effect of any form of malnutrition on the primary disease conditions of lower-respiratory tract infection (LRTI), malaria, and diarrheal illness. This study was conducted via review of a quality assurance database between January 2010 and July 2014. RESULTS Of 3428 hospitalized children, the mean age (SD) was 19.8 months (13.9 months) and 56% were boys. Children diagnosed with malaria, an LRTI, or diarrheal illness all had a higher rate of mortality with concurrent malnutrition versus those without malnutrition (malaria, 6.2% [3.6-8.8%] vs 2.8% [2.0-3.7%]; P < 0.01; LRTI, 8.7% [5.0-12.4%] vs. 3.7% [2.6-4.9%], P < 0.01; and diarrheal illness, 10.9% [1.9-19.9%] vs 1.7% [0.1-3.4%], P < 0.01). In children with an LRTI or malaria with concurrent malnutrition, they were statistically significantly less likely to have abnormal temperature and heart rate during the ED encounter than those without concurrent malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, children with malnutrition and concurrent diseases with known high morbidity may not present with abnormal vital signs. This may have clinical relevance in patient management to the acute care provider in identifying and triaging children with malnutrition and acute disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Maling
- College of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mbarara, Uganda
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Abstract
Pediatric emergency medicine quality work continues to focus on the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's 6 domains of quality, with a need for specific emphasis on equity and patient centeredness. Adopting the principles of high-reliability organizations, pediatric emergency departments should become increasing transparent with benchmarking and collaboration across institutions in order to develop an infrastructure for quality and safety to improve the care of pediatric patients in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Ku
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA.
| | - James M Chamberlain
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine, 111 Michigan Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Kathy N Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3401 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19146, USA
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Frolov A, Schuller K, Tzeng CWD, Cannon EE, Ku BC, Howard JH, Vickers SM, Heslin MJ, Buchsbaum DJ, Arnoletti JP. ErbB3 expression and dimerization with EGFR influence pancreatic cancer cell sensitivity to erlotinib. Cancer Biol Ther 2007; 6:548-54. [PMID: 17457047 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.6.4.3849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression and signaling of ErbB receptors has been implicated in multiple epithelial malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), has been recently approved for pancreatic cancer treatment, but there are no reliable predictors of patient response. Expression of additional ErbB receptors seems to influence tumor response to EGFR-targeted therapy. We analyzed the influence of ErbB3 expression on pancreatic cancer cell response to erlotinib treatment. Proliferation assays of five human pancreatic cancer cell lines were performed following treatment with erlotinib. Expression and phosphorylation profiles of ErbB receptors and downstream adaptor protein (Akt, ERK1/2, STAT3, mTOR) were evaluated following stimulation with EGF or neuregulin-beta. The formation of EGFR homodimers and EGFR-ErbB3 heterodimers, necessary to enable ErbB3 downstream signaling, was demonstrated by chemical cross-linking assays. The effects of RNA inhibition of ErbB3 on sensitivity to erlotinib treatment were evaluated in AsPC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Erlotinib inhibited Akt phosphorylation and proliferation of all the ErbB3-expressing cell lines but did not affect mTOR activation. Cross-linking studies confirmed the presence of EGFR-ErbB3 heterodimers in pancreatic cancer cells. Only the ErbB3-deficient MIA PaCa-2 cells displayed persistent Akt activation and ongoing proliferation in spite of erlotinib treatment. siRNA-mediated inhibition of ErbB3 expression in AsPC-1 cells resulted in acquired resistance to erlotinib treatment. Pancreatic cancer cells which lack ErbB3 do not display activation of the ErbB3-PI3K-Akt cascade induced by EGFR/ErbB3 heterodimers and become less critically dependent on EGFR signaling and therefore resistant to erlotinib. Pancreatic cancer expression of ErbB3 may be useful for EGFR-targeted therapy patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Frolov
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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